将 GIS 集成到刑事司法研究中.pdf

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1、INTEGRATING GISINTO CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCHCory Schnell,Ph.D.Hunter M.Boehme,Ph.D.Department of Criminology&Criminal JusticeFebruary 2,2024GEOSPATIAL CRIME RESEARCH Examine various quantitative criminological data Crime points,arrests,calls for service Hot spot analyses,space/time Within/across un

2、its of analysis Cities/counties/census tracts/block-groups:socio-demographics confluence with crime Recent development:street segments and the“law of crime concentration”A small number of street segments(2-7%)generate over 50%of a citys violent crimePOLICE CONTACTS Criminologists seek to understand

3、the causes,outcomes,and why some communities may be more exposed to police contact“Routine police work”vs.“social characteristic”explanations Contacts may be beneficial to communities and the public Community-policing,problem-solving,crime prevention Contacts may also be detrimental(over-and under-p

4、olicing)Perceptions of police,use of force,arrests but also neglectCOUNTS VS.GINI Aggregated counts of contacts(or crime)within larger units of analysis(e.g.,census tracts)are informative,but can only tell us so much.Does not explain whether these counts/contacts are diffused or concentrated Are pol

5、ice contacts likely to occur across more micro-locations(diffusion)or do contacts concentrate in few micro-locations within/across neighborhoods?IMPLICATIONS Race was the strongest predictor to more diffused police contacts,after controlling for crime and other social factors Police may cast a large

6、r“net”across certain racially diverse neighborhoods These areas may be over-policed Potential:officers hold implicit biases,a rare number hold explicit biases Agencies may not monitor habitual officer behavior;lack of accountability Specifi