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1、Geneva,2023HANDBOOK OFSTATISTICS2023U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T2023Handbook of Statistics 2023,United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at

2、 .All other queries on rights and licences,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to:United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York,New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail:publicationsun.orgWebsite:https:/shop.un.org/The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein

3、 are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concer

4、ning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland

5、Islands(Malvinas).The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.The final status of the following territories has not yet been agreed or determined:Abyei area,Aksai Chin,Arunachal Pra

6、desh,Bir Tawil,Halaib Triangle,Ilemi Triangle,Kuril Islands,Paracel Islands,Scarborough Shoal,Senkaku Islands and Spratly Islands.Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.This publication has not been formally edited.United Nations publication issu

7、ed by the United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentTD/STAT.48ISBN:978-92-1-002951-3eISBN:978-92-1-358553-5ISSN:1992-8408eISSN:2225-3270Sales No.E.23.II.D.282UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Handbook of Statistics12023NotesThe figures,maps and tables in this handbook represent extractions f

8、rom or analytical summaries of datasets contained in the UNCTADstat Data Centre,which was upgraded in 2023 to enable faster and easier browsing and downloading of the data.The new UNCTADstat Data Centre is available at:https:/unctadstat.unctad.org/The content of UNCTADstat is continuously updated an

9、d enhanced,thus providing users with the latest available statistics.Consequently,the figures from this handbook,which presents statistics at a point in time,may not always correspond with the latest figures in UNCTADstat.Basic information on concepts,definitions and calculation methods of the prese

10、nted statistics are provided in the boxes titled“Concepts and definitions”in each section and in annex 6.3 of this handbook.More detailed information on the sources and methods used for production of data available in UNCTADstat can be found in the documentation attached to the respective UNCTADstat

11、 dataset(UNCTAD,2023a).Where the designation“economy”appears,it refers to a country,territory or area.The assignment of economies to specific groups is done for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding the political or other affiliation of these economies by the United Nat

12、ions.Likewise,the designations“developing”and“developed”are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular economy in the development process.For more details concerning the grouping of economies,see annex 6.2 of this handbook

13、and the UNCTADstat Classifications webpage(UNCTAD,2023b).Unless otherwise specified,the values of groups of economies represent the sums of the values of the individual economies included in the group.Calculation of these aggregates may take into account data estimated by the UNCTAD secretariat that

14、 are not necessarily reported separately.When data coverage is insufficient within a group of economies,no aggregation is undertaken and the symbol(-)is assigned.Due to rounding,values do not necessarily add up exactly to their corresponding totals.United States dollars($)are expressed in current Un

15、ited States dollars of the year to which they refer,unless otherwise specified.“Ton”means metric ton(1 000 kg).Due to space constraints,the names of the following countries may appear in abbreviated form:the Plurinational State of Bolivia,the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea,the Democratic Repub

16、lic of the Congo,the Islamic Republic of Iran,Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,the Federated States of Micronesia,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023 is available in PDF format from the UNCTAD website

17、,at https:/unctad.org/HandbookOfStatistics and the e-handbook is available at https:/hbs.unctad.org.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 20233Handbook of Statistics1TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction 71.International merchandise trade102.International tradein services266.Annexes78Abbreviations and symbols 83.Ec

18、onomic trends364.Population545.Maritime transport642023Abc5UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 20237The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023 provides a wide range of statistics and indicators relevant to the analysis of international trade,economy,investment,maritime transport,and development overall.In the

19、se uncertain times,reliable statistical information becomes even moreindispensable for effective policy responses and decisions,aiding countries to recover from different crises and build a more just,inclusive,andsustainable economy.The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics and the UNCTADstat Data Centre ma

20、ke internationally comparable data sets available to policymakers,specialists,researchers,of?cials of nation l a Governments,representatives of internation l a organizations,journalists,academia,the privatesector,and experts of non-government l a organizations.In addition,these statistics underpin a

21、ll UNCTAD activities.Whether for research,policyadvice or technical cooperation,UNCTAD needs reliable and internationally comparable trade,?nanci l a and macroeconomic data with globalcoverage,spanning sever l a decades.The 2022 data show continued growth of the economy after the COVID-19 pandemic f

22、or gross domestic product(GDP)and internationaltrade.Growth of re l a GDP was 3.1 per cent after an unusually high growth of 5.9 per cent in 2021.A strong boost made internationalmerchandise trade exceed by far its pre-pandemic levels already in 2021,with a continued increase in 2022,albeit at a red

23、uced pace.Thegrowth of trade in services was more moderate than in merchandise trade,leading it to exceed pre-pandemic levels only in 2022.This wasprimarily driven by a strong recovery of international travel.Digitally deliverable services,on the other hand,saw a notable expansion amid thepandemic,i

24、n 2021,with a moderate growth of 3 per cent in 2022.According to UNCTADs nowcast,the growth of internation l a trade and economic output is losing momentum in 2023.Real GDP growth isnowcast to slow down to 2.2 per cent,and growth in services trade to 7.0 per cent in 2023.According to the?rst statist

25、ics,internationalmerchandise trade decreased by 4.6 per cent in the?rst half of 2023,year over year.UNCTAD nowcast indicates a continued decline for thethird and fourth quarters of 2023,year on year.The 2023 nowcasts on global trade and GDP included in this handbook are updated weekly in a dedicated

26、 dashboard on UNCTADstat,whichallows tracking the development of the nowcast outcomes and their drivers inalmost real time;seehttps:/unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Nowcasts.html.This year again,the online edition of the handbook,the e-handbook,incorporates interactive charts and maps at:https:/hbs.unctad.

27、org/.IntroductionAbbreviationsBPM6Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual,Sixth EditionBRICSBrazil,Russia,India,China and South AfricaCIFcost,insurance and freightCPIconsumer price indexDem.Rep.Democratic Republicdwtdead weight tonsEBOPS 20102010 Extended Balance of Payments

28、 Services Classi?cationFDIforeign direct investmentFOBee on boardG20Group of TwentyGDPgross domestic productGFCFgross xed capital formationgtgross tonsHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemIMFInternational Monetary FundISICInternational Standard Industrial Classi?cation of All Economic

29、 ActivitiesLDCsleast developed countriesLLDCslandlocked developing countriesLNGlique?ed natural gasLPGlique?ed petroleum gasLSCIliner shipping connectivity indexRep.RepublicSARSpecial Administrative RegionSIDSsmall island developing StatesSITCStandard International Trade Classi cationTEUtwenty-foot

30、equivalent unitUCPIUNCTAD Commodity Price IndexUN-OHRLLSUnited Nations Of?ce of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries,Landlocked Developing Countriesand Small Island Developing StatesWTOWorld Trade Organizationfrf fi8UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023The use of a hyphen on data a

31、rea means that data is estimated and included in the aggregations but not published.An en dash between years(e.g.19851990)signi?es the full period involved,including the initial and?nal years.(e)EstimateSymbols0Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible._The symb l o underscore indicates that t

32、he item is not applicable.Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are not separately reported.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 20239INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADE1International merchandise trade11KEY FIGURES 2022First half of 2023LDCs share in global exports1.12%Change of world merchandis

33、e exports+11.4%Value ofworld merchandiseexports$24.9 trillionGrowth of global merchandise exports year over year-4.6%111.1 Total merchandise tradeINTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADEMap 1.Merchandise exports growth rate,2022(Percentage)In 2022,the value of world merchandise exports increased by 11.4per c

34、ent.It was the second year of solid growth after twoconsecutive years of decline during the COVID-19 pandemic.Globalexports amounted to$24.9 trillion,$2.5 trillion higher than in theprevious year.However,in the?rst half of 2023,the exports valuedecreased by 4.6 percent,year over year.That year over

35、yeardecline is nowcast to continue in the third and fourth quarters.In 2022,almost all developed economies registered increasingexports,with the exceptions of Belarus(-42.7 per cent)and Ukraine(-34.8 percent).Among developing economies,considerabledecline was recorded in Tuvalu(-84.5 per cent),Saint

36、 Kitts and Nevis(-40.5 per cent),as well as in several other small island States.TheNorthexported more merchandise than the South in2022:developed economies contributed$13.7 trillion and developingeconomies$11.2 trillion to the world total.Global trends and patternsFigure 1.World merchandise exports

37、(Trillions of United States dollars)Note:The dotted line indicates UNCTAD nowcasts(as of November 2023).For the weeklyupdate of the nowcast and its methodology,see UNCTAD(2023c).20082010201220142016201820202022101418222650 and more20 to less than 502 to less than 20-2 to less than 2-20 to less than-

38、2Less than-20No data12UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023In 2022,merchandise exports and imports increased signi?cantly,bymore than 10 per cent in developed economies and by 12 per centin developing economies in Asia and Oceania.African and Americandeveloping economies experienced the highest rise in

39、 exports(16.9per cent).In terms of imports,developing economies in the Americasregistered the highest increase(21.4 per cent)with Africandeveloping economies in the second position(18.9 per cent).Indeveloping Asia and Oceania,imports increased much less(10.2 percent).Trade upswing in all regionsFigu

40、re 2.Merchandise trade annual growth rates,2022(Percentage)ExportsImportsDeveloped economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:Asia and Oceania0510152025Developing economies registered a considerable increase in theirtrade surplus in 2022

41、 for the second consecutive year.Their tradebalance stood at$692 billion in 2021 and reached$864 billion in2022.By contrast,developed economies have recorded acontinuously rising merchandise trade de?cit in recent years,reaching$1.6 trillion in 2022.The developed worlds importsincreased more than th

42、eir exports.Trade imbalance between developing and developed economies risingFigure 3.Merchandise trade balance(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Trade balances do not add up to zero at world level due to transport and insurancecosts included in imports and cross-country differences in compilat

43、ion methods.20182019202020212022Developed economiesDeveloping economies-2 000-1 500-1 000-50005001 000Concepts and definitionsThe?gures on international merchandise trade in this chapter measure the value of goods which add or subtract from the stock ofmaterial resources of an economy by entering or

44、 leaving its territory(UNSD,2011).This de?nition is slightly different from the de?nition oftrade in goods in the balance-of-payments framework(see Current account).The value of exports is mostly recorded as the free-on-board(FOB)value,whereas the value of imports includes cost,insurance andfreight(

45、CIF).The trade balance is calculated as the difference between the values of exports and imports.Merchandise trade?gures from 2014 to 2022,at total product level with partner world,are jointly produced by UNCTAD and the WorldTrade Organization(WTO).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202313Table 1.Merchan

46、dise trade by group of economiesGroup of economiesExportsImportsTrade balanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrateValueRatio toimports(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)20212022202220212022202220222022World22 36624 92611.422 60325 67013.6-744-2.9Develo

47、ped economies12 43113 68310.113 36015 29114.5-1 608-10.5Developing economies9 93511 24313.29 24310 37912.38648.3Developing economies:Africa56966516.961973618.9-71-9.6Developing economies:Americas1 2101 41516.91 2681 54021.4-126-8.2Developing economies:Asia andOceania8 1569 16312.37 3568 10310.21 060

48、13.1Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China6 5777 65016.36 5567 66316.9-13-0.2Developing economies excluding LDCs9 69710 96413.18 93410 02512.29399.4LDCs23827917.430935414.7-75-21.1LLDCs22027726.324929016.5-13-4.5SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)53361816.051860617.0122.0BRICS4 6525 0929.53 9134 1456.09472

49、2.8G2017 08318 90610.717 40619 83013.9-924-4.7Table 2.Merchandise trade of least developed countries,main exportersEconomyaExportsImportsTrade balanceValueAnnualgrowth rateValueAnnualgrowth rateValueRatio toimports(Millions of$)(Percentage)(Millions of$)(Percentage)(Millions of$)(Percentage)20212022

50、202220212022202220222022LDCs238 004279 44217.4308 975354 30914.7-74 867-21.1LDCs:Africa145 278170 90117.6145 191178 41422.9-7 514-4.2Angola34 47251 27548.711 37917 80356.533 472188.0Congo,Dem.Rep.of the24 125(e)28 200(e)16.97 658(e)11 000(e)43.6(e)17 200(e)156.4Zambia10 10111 65115.36 4359 04740.62

51、60428.8Mozambique5 5838 28148.38 61814 66570.2-6 384-43.5Guinea10 239(e)7 650(e)-25.34 187(e)4 679(e)11.7(e)2 971(e)63.5LDCs:Asia90 544106 36417.5157 347169 0077.4-62 643-37.1Bangladesh44 22354 69523.780 44888 2349.7-33 539-38.0Cambodia19 30722 47216.428 58329 8054.3-7 334-24.6Myanmar15 15417 08512.

52、714 32717 40321.5-319-1.8Lao Peoples Dem.Rep.7 6958 1986.56 2757 24415.495413.2Nepal1 6841 296-23.115 89313 735-13.6-12 439-90.6LDCs:Islands and Haiti2 1822 177-0.26 4366 8877.0-4 710-68.4Haiti1 1301 28213.54 3044 6227.4-3 340-72.3Timor-Leste616473-23.28739347.0-461-49.4Solomon Islands371335-9.8(e)5

53、56(e)648(e)16.6(e)-314(e)-48.4Comoros345457.53273486.1-293-84.4Sao Tome and Principe21225.116619618.1-174-88.9Ranked by value of exports 2022a14UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.Leading exporters and importers in developing economies,by group of economies,2022Developing economies:AfricaExpor

54、ter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)South Africa1230.49-0.5Nigeria630.2534.6Algeria(e)61(e)0.24(e)58.0Angola510.2148.7Egypt(e)49(e)0.20(e)19.7Developing Africa6652.6716.9Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(

55、Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)South Africa(e)136(e)0.53(e)19.5Egypt(e)86(e)0.33(e)17.0Morocco720.2823.7Nigeria600.2416.3Algeria(e)39(e)0.15(e)4.2Developing Africa7362.8718.9Developing economies:AmericasExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage

56、)(Percentage)Mexico5782.3216.9Brazil3341.3419.0Chile990.404.0Argentina880.3513.5Peru610.252.8Developing Americas1 4155.6716.9Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Mexico6262.4419.9Brazil2921.1424.5Chile1050.4113.1Argentina820.3229.0Co

57、lombia770.3026.7Developing Americas1 5406.0021.4Developing economies:Asia and OceaniaExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China3 59414.427.0China,Hong Kong SAR6102.45-9.0United Arab Emirates5332.1425.3Singapore5162.0712.8China,Taiwan

58、 Province of4781.926.7Developing Asia andOceania9 16336.7612.3Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China2 71610.581.1India7202.8125.7China,Hong Kong SAR6682.60-6.3Singapore4761.8517.1China,Taiwan Province of4361.7014.1Developing Asia

59、 andOceania8 10331.5610.2UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023151.2 Merchandise trade by partnerINTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADEMap 1.Main world import?ows,2022(Billions of United States dollars)Notes:Economies with one bilateral import higher than$125 billion are shown.The worlds largest bilateral?ows

60、of merchandise trade run betweenChina and the United States of America,and between theirrespective neighbouring economies.In 2022,goods worth$576billion were imported by the United States from China and$179billion by China from the United States.Chinas trade exports andimports with Hong Kong(China),

61、Japan,Taiwan Province of China,and the Republic of Korea totalled$1.47 trillion.The United Statestrade with Mexico and Canada was worth$1.59 trillion.Intra-regional trade was most pronounced in Europe and Asia.In2022,68 per cent of all European exports were to trading partnerson the same continent.I

62、n Asia,this rate was 59 per cent.Bycontrast,in Oceania,Latin America and the Caribbean,Africa,andNorthern America,the main trade partners were extra-regional.Main global trade patternsFigure 1.Intra-and extra-regional exports,2022(Percentage of total exports)IntraExtraAfricaNorthern AmericaLatin Ame

63、rica andthe CaribbeanAsiaEuropeOceania0255075100Top threebilateral importsTotal imports100 and more10 to less than 1000 to less than 10No data16UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023In 2022,goods worth$9.5 trillion were exchanged betweendeveloped economies(North-North trade),whereas merchandisetrade amo

64、ng developing economies(South-South trade)amountedto$6.1 trillion.Exports from developed to developing economiesand vice-versa(North-South,and South-North trade)totaled$8.9trillion.Thus,for developed economies,trade with developingeconomies was slightly less important than trade within their owngrou

65、p.Trade within and between hemispheresFigure 2.Global trade?ows,2022Note:North refers to developed economies,South to developing economies.Trade ismeasured from the export side.Deliveries to ship stores and bunkers as well as minor andspecial-category exports with unspeci?ed destination are not incl

66、uded.Between North and Sout$8.9 trillionNorth-North:$9.5 trillionSouth-South:$6.1 trillionIn 2022,developing economies shipped most of their exports to theUnited States of America($1.8 trillion),followed by China($1.4trillion)and other Asian economies.In terms of imports,Chinaranked number one($1.7

67、trillion)and was followed by the UnitedStates of America($1.1 trillion)and the Republic of Korea($0.5trillion).Exports from American developing economies were mainly orientedtowards the United States of America($589 billion).China camesecond($186 billion)at some distance.For African developingeconom

68、ies,main export market was China($101 billion).Italy($46billion),India($42 billion)and Spain($39 billion)were the other maindestinations.With whom do developing economies mainly trade?Figure 3.Developing economies main exportdestinations,2022(Billions of United States dollars)DevelopingAfricaChinaIt

69、alyIndiaSpainUnited Arab EmiratesDevelopingAmericasUnited States of AmericaChinaBrazilNetherlandsCanada0200400600Concepts and definitionsIntra-trade is the trade between economies belonging to the same group.Extra-trade is the trade of economies of the same group with alleconomies outside the group.

70、It represents the difference between a groups total trade and intra-trade.The exports from an economy A to an economy B,recorded FOB,do not exactly equal the imports of economy B from economy A,recorded CIF.The reasons for these trade asymmetries include:a conceptual difference between exporting eco

71、nomy and country oforigin;different times of recording for exports and imports;different treatment of transit trade;underreporting;measurement errors;mispricing and mis-invoicing.The exports to(imports from)all economies of the world do not always exactly add up to total exports(imports).The differe

72、nce is causedby ship stores,bunkers and other exports of minor importance.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202317Table 1.Exports by origin and destination,2022(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationWorldDevelopedeconomiesDevelopi

73、ng economiesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld2479014630997378914167768(100)(59)(40)(3)(6)(31)Developed economies13562954838672968252745(100)(70)(29)(2)(6)(20)Developing economies11228508161064925915023(100)(45)(54)(4)(5)(45)Africa6673143519116244(100)(47)(53)(14)(2)(37)Americas1411837539242103

74、05(100)(59)(38)(2)(15)(22)Asia and Oceania9151393052163773654473(100)(43)(57)(4)(4)(49)Table 2.Exports by origin and destination,selected years(Billions of United States dollars)OriginYearDestinationWorldDevelopedeconomiesDeveloping economiesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld201218 33410 9207 2

75、426071 1245 511201717 59010 4867 0185399875 492202224 79014 6309 9737891 4167 768Developed economies201210 5077 2363 1342786702 186201710 1977 0663 0632346142 215202213 5629 5483 8672968252 745Developing economies20127 8273 6844 1083294553 32420177 3933 4203 9563053733 277202211 2285 0816 1064925915

76、 023Africa201263434628683221812017438199236711015620226673143519116244Americas20121 1186694392222319420179926193651816418420221 41183753924210305Asia and Oceania20126 0742 6693 3832252092 94920175 9632 6023 3542171992 93820229 1513 9305 2163773654 47318UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.Top d

77、estinations of developing economies exportsDestination(Ranked by value of exports)Rank202220222017ValueShare in total exportsCumulative share(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)United States of America111 78415.915.9China221 35912.128.0China,Hong Kong SAR335224.632.6Japan445164.637.2India554974.44

78、1.7Korea,Republic of664183.745.4Netherlands(Kingdom of the)792922.648.0Singapore872882.650.5Germany982662.452.9Viet Nam10102532.355.2Malaysia11132412.157.3United Arab Emirates12122242.059.3Italy13162141.961.2China,Taiwan Province of14152111.963.1Thailand15142071.864.9Rest of the world-3 93835.1100.0

79、World-11 228100.0.Table 4.Top origins of developing economies importsOrigin(Ranked by value of imports)Rank202220222017ValueShare in totalimportsCumulative share(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China111 70616.516.5United States of America221 06710.326.8Korea,Republic of345125.031.8China,Taiwan

80、Province of454904.736.5Japan534684.541.1Germany663223.144.2Malaysia773113.047.2Russian Federation8143103.050.2India992602.552.7Brazil10122502.455.1United Arab Emirates11152472.457.5Saudi Arabia12172432.459.9Australia13102432.362.2Indonesia14202272.264.4Singapore1582222.166.6Rest of the world-3 45533

81、.4100.0World-10 332100.0.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023191.3 Merchandise trade by productINTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADEMap 1.Main export products,2022All food itemsAgricultural raw materialsFuelsManufactured goodsOres,metals,precious stones and non-monetary goldChinaChina,HongKong SARFranceGerm

82、anyItalyJapanKorea,Republic ofMexicoNetherlands(Kingdom of the)United Statesof AmericaMillions of$3 500 0003 000 0002 500 0002 000 0001 500 0001 000 000500 0000Note:Top 10 exporting economies are shown.The supply of goods to the world market has a regional pattern.In2022,economies in Northern and Ce

83、ntral America,Europe andSouthern,Eastern and South-Eastern Asia exported mainlymanufactured goods.Economies primarily exporting fuels werelocated along the northern coast of South America,in Middle andNorthern Africa and Western and Central Asia.In Africa,primary goods accounted for 79 per cent of m

84、erchandiseexports in 2022.Fuels made up 42 per cent.Developing Asia andOceania relied much less on primary goods exports(28 per cent)than developing economies in Africa and the Americas(54 per cent).Among the three developing regions,developing Asia and Oceaniarecorded the lowest proportion of food

85、exports(5 per cent),farbehind developing America(25 per cent)and developing Africa(11per cent).Regional specialization patternsFigure 1.Export structure of developing economies byproduct group,2022(Percentage)Note:Non-allocated products are not considered.All food itemsAgricultural raw materialsFuel

86、sManufactured goodsOres,metals,precious stones and non-monetary goldAfricaAmericasAsia andOceania025507510020UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023The continued upswing in the value of world merchandise trade in2022(see Total merchandise trade)was strongly driven by fuels.Fuels exports increased by 62 p

87、er cent,whereas exports of foodgrew by 10 per cent and that of manufactured goods by only 5 percent.Exports of ores,metals,precious stones,and non-monetarygold rose by 2 per cent and agricultural raw materials exportsrecorded a modest increase of 1 per cent.The uptrend continues in all product group

88、sFigure 2.Annual growth rate of exports by product group,2022(Percentage)All food itemsAgricultural raw materialsFuelsManufactured goodsOres,metals,precious stonesand non-monetary gold0204060In 2022,developing economies in Asia and Oceania recorded amerchandise trade surplus of 15 per cent of the va

89、lue of exports,driven by high exports of manufactured goods.For the developingeconomies of the Americas as a group,positive trade balances infood,agricultural raw materials,and ores,metals,precious stones,and non-monetary gold were not suf?cient to offset a negative tradebalance in manufacturing.A t

90、rade de?cit of 7 per cent of the value ofexports remained.In Africa,high imports of manufactured productsand negative balance in food were only partly offset by surpluses infuels,agricultural raw materials and ores,metals,precious stones,and non-monetary gold,leading to a trade de?cit 6 per cent of

91、thevalue of exports.What do developing regions trade with others?Figure 3.Developing economies extra-trade structure,2022(Percentage of exports)Note:Non-allocated products are not considered.020406080100120AfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaConcepts and definitionsThe breakdown of merchandise trade by pro

92、duct group is based on the entries in the customs declarations that are coded in accordancewith a globally harmonized classi?cation system,called the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System(HS).The values ofthe individual customs declarations have been summed up to the level of product gr

93、oup,error-checked and submitted to the UnitedNations Statistics Division for integration in the UN Comtrade database(United Nations,2023).The UN Comtrade database contains product breakdowns based on the Standard International Trade Classi?cation(SITC).These havebeen obtained by conversion of the ra

94、w data coded in HS and constitute the main source of the?gures presented in this section.Forcorrespondence between SITC codes and the?ve broad product groups presented in this section,see Classi?cations page.All food itemsAgricultural raw materialsFuelsManufactured goodsOres,metals,precious stones a

95、nd non-monetary goldExportsImportsExportsImportsExportsImportsUNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202321Table 1.Exports by product group,origin and destination,2022(Millions of United States dollars)All food itemsNote:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationWorldDevelopede

96、conomiesDeveloping economiesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld20797661201016872911120515121994630402(100)(58)(42)(6)(6)(30)Developed economies12047088564003442395037965903227957(100)(71)(29)(4)(5)(19)Developing economies8750583446175286727013656091402445(100)(39)(60)(8)(6)(46)Africa734933424439

97、2461790764420695(100)(47)(53)(24)(1)(28)Americas3366191514611835201641848452118650(100)(45)(55)(5)(14)(35)Asia and Oceania464947158912305906358116995263099(100)(34)(66)(8)(2)(57)Agricultural raw materialsNote:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationWorldDevelopedecon

98、omiesDeveloping economiesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld311950167717143477830913411121756(100)(54)(46)(3)(4)(39)Developed economies199420126463728104941902758842(100)(63)(37)(2)(5)(30)Developing economies11253141254706673368438562915(100)(37)(63)(3)(4)(56)Africa13489442490651216807769(100)(3

99、3)(67)(9)(1)(58)Americas296981362715463220236312880(100)(46)(52)(1)(8)(43)Asia and Oceania6934423203461401933194242265(100)(33)(67)(3)(3)(61)22UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023FuelsNote:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationWorldDevelopedeconomiesDeveloping econom

100、iesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld4025018222941217190011549982249211339082(100)(55)(43)(4)(6)(33)Developed economies1998766144408650876857525161856289387(100)(72)(25)(3)(8)(14)Developing economies2026252785325121023397473630651049695(100)(39)(60)(5)(3)(52)Africa277958147407128425205096378101

101、538(100)(53)(46)(7)(2)(37)Americas183781697708854718273796648753(100)(38)(48)(1)(21)(27)Asia and Oceania15645125681489932617513718720899404(100)(36)(63)(5)(1)(57)Manufactured goodsNote:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationWorldDevelopedeconomiesDeveloping economie

102、sTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld15855080974126561008234567429562744687807(100)(61)(38)(3)(6)(30)Developed economies8613204622360523785591659225274311685206(100)(72)(28)(2)(6)(20)Developing economies7241876351765937222642908214288433002600(100)(49)(51)(4)(6)(41)Africa1389676533673616395877572

103、26457(100)(47)(53)(28)(5)(19)Americas608705477886129874363010052825717(100)(79)(21)(1)(17)(4)Asia and Oceania6494204297443735187732476043207432950427(100)(46)(54)(4)(5)(45)Ores,metals,precious stones and non-monetary goldNote:Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.OriginDestinationW

104、orldDevelopedeconomiesDeveloping economiesTotalAfricaAmericasAsia andOceaniaWorld17782318441189304593327835312861869(100)(47)(52)(2)(2)(48)Developed economies980979554400422979910917678396192(100)(57)(43)(1)(2)(40)Developing economies7972522897185074802416817634465677(100)(36)(64)(3)(2)(58)Africa158

105、994584551005381192999387615(100)(37)(63)(8)(1)(55)Americas17360471978101608945806392601(100)(41)(59)(1)(5)(53)Asia and Oceania464654159285305334112948578285461(100)(34)(66)(2)(2)(61)UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023231.4 Trade indicatorsINTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADEMap 1.Trade openness index,2022

106、(Percentage)Note:This index measures the importance of international trade in goods relative to the domestic economic output of an economy.Exports are given equal weight to imports.How important is trade foreconomies?In 2022,Hong Kong(China)reported the highest trade opennessindex,as the average val

107、ue of its exports and imports of goodsrepresented 170 per cent of its GDP.Djibouti(122 per cent)andSingapore(117 per cent)ranked second and third,respectively.Theratios are much lower for some of the worlds largest economies.The United States of America recorded 10 per cent,Japan 19 percent,and Chin

108、a 17 per cent.How did the volume of tradechange?Adjusting the development of merchandise trade by the movementsin the traded goods prices reveals that the increase in global tradein 2022(see chapter 1.1)was primarily a monetary phenomenon.The volume index of global merchandise exports remained almos

109、tconstant throughout the year,seasonally adjusted.In the?rst twoquarters of 2023,export volumes slightly increased in developingand slightly decreased in developed economies.Figure 1.Volume of merchandise exports(2005=100,seasonally adjusted)Note:This index indicates the change in exports,adjusted f

110、or the movementof prices,relative to the base year.Seasonal adjustment is based on X-12-ARIMA.WorldDeveloping economiesDeveloped economies20182019202020212022202310012014016018020022050 and more35 to less than 5025 to less than 3515 to less than 250 to less than 15No data24UNCTAD Handbook of Statist

111、ics 2023Looking at the geographic distribution of exports by product group,manufactured products have been the group with the highestconcentration of global supply from a few exporting economies,since 2005.In 2022,its market concentration index stood at 0.21.Fuels(0.15)and agricultural raw materials

112、(0.14)ranked second andthird.The index of ores,metals,precious stones and non-monetarygold has averaged 0.13 over the last 18 years.Food exports havebeen most diversi?ed since the last decade,showing an index scoreof 0.12 in 2022.How concentrated was global product supply?Figure 2.Market concentrati

113、on index of exportsNote:This index measures the extent to which a high proportion of exports is delivered by asmall number of economies.It has a value of 1 if all exports originate from a single economy.Manufactured goodsFuelsAgricultural raw materialsOres,metals,precious stones and non-monetary gol

114、dAll food items20052010201520200.100.140.180.22In 2022,the region with the most diversi?ed exports over productswas Europe,as indicated by a product concentration index ofexports of 0.07,followed by Latin America and the Caribbean(0.10).Western Asia and Northern Africa(0.31)was the region in whichex

115、ports were most concentrated on few products.Several Sub-Saharan African economies strongly engaged in the export of naturalresources,such as Mali(0.85),Guinea-Bissau(0.85),South Sudan(0.84),and Botswana(0.79),were among the top?fteen withreference to the index.Tokelau(0.98)and the Marshall Islands(

116、0.92)ranked highest.How concentrated was the structure of exports?Figure 3.Product concentration index of exports,2022Note:This index measures the extent to which a large share of exports is accounted for by asmall number of product groups.The index has a value of 1 when an economy exports onlyone g

117、roup of products and a value of 0 if all product groups are equally represented.Western Asia and Northern AfricaOceaniaSub-Saharan AfricaCentral and Southern AsiaEastern and South-Eastern AsiaNorthern AmericaLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope00.10.20.30.4Concepts and definitionsThis section prese

118、nts different indices that can be used to analyze trade?ows and trade patterns over time from the perspective of,forexample,relative competitiveness,structure of global exports and imports markets,or the importance of trade for the economy,both forindividual economies and for groups of economies.For

119、 information on how the indices in this section are calculated,see on Calculation methods page.Further guidance on theirinterpretation can be obtained from the“Indicators Explained”section on UNCTADstat(UNCTAD,2023d).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 20232581International merchandise trade1INTERNATIONAL

120、 TRADE IN SERVICES2International merchandise trade1International trade in servicesNOWCAST 2023KEY FIGURES 2022Share of travel in world servicesexports15.7%Value of worldservices exports$7.1 trillion2Growth of global services exports+7.0%Change of world services exports+14.8%272.1 Total trade inservi

121、cesINTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICESMap 1.Exports of services as a ratio to gross domestic product,2022(Percentage)After the pandemic-driven decline of 17.2 per cent in 2020,worldservices exports value continued its recovery path in 2021 and2022.In 2022,it increased by 14.8 per cent.An annual growth o

122、f7.0 per cent is nowcast for 2023.In 2022,global services exports were valued at$7.1 trillion,representing 7.1 per cent of world GDP and 23 per cent of totalworld trade in both goods and services.Compared to the pre-pandemic period,all main service categories surpassed their valueof 2019,except trav

123、el and construction.In 2022,the services exports share in GDP exceeded 30 per cent in21 economies.Those are either small islands where travel exportsare important,or other small economies with signi?cant businessand?nancial services exports.Notably,Luxembourg and SintMaarten(Dutch part)recorded serv

124、ices exports at 162 and 133 percent of GDP,respectively.Global services trade up 15 per cent in 2022Figure 1.World services exports(Trillions of United States dollars)Source:The dotted line indicates UNCTAD nowcasts(as of November 2023).For the weeklyupdate of the nowcast and its methodology,see UNC

125、TAD(2023c).200820102012201420162018202020220246820 and more10 to less than 203 to less than 100 to less than 3No data28UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Looking at the trends by development status and region,in 2022,asolid continuation of the recovery of services trade from 2020 wasobserved in all g

126、roups of economies,in developing more than indeveloped.The highest relative rise was measured in Americandeveloping economies,where travel and transport had a prominentrole and more ground to recover after the pandemic.Exportsincreased faster than imports in all groups of developing economies,wherea

127、s in developed economies,imports increased faster thanexports.All regions recovered in 2022Figure 2.Services trade annual growth rates,2022(Percentage)Developed economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:Asia and OceaniaImportsExports010

128、203040With$929 billion worth of services sold internationally in 2022,theUnited States of America remained the worlds leading exporter,capturing a 13 per cent share of the global market.It was followed,at some distance,by the United Kingdom($494 billion).China,theleading exporter among developing ec

129、onomies,ranked third($424billion).The top?ve services exporters from the developing worldwere Asian.In 2022,they captured 18 per cent of the global market.Leading services exportersFigure 3.Top?ve services exporters,2022(Billions of United States dollars)Exports from developing economies20212022Chin

130、aIndiaSingaporeUnited Arab EmiratesTrkiyeExports from developed economies20212022United States of AmericaUnited KingdomGermanyIrelandFrance02505007501000Concepts and definitionsIn this chapter,in accordance with the concepts of the balance of payments(IMF,2009)and national accounts(United Nations et

131、 al.,2009),services are understood as the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units,or facilitates theexchange of products or?nancial assets.International trade in services takes place when a service is supplied in any of the following modes:from one economy

132、to another(services cross the border);within an economy to service a consumer of another economy(consumer crosses the border);or through thepresence of natural persons of one economy in another economy(supplier crosses the border)(United Nations et al.,2012).Trade-in-services?gures are jointly compi

133、led by UNCTAD and WTO.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202329Table 1.Trade in services by group of economiesGroup of economiesExportsImportsValueShare inworldAnnualgrowthrateValueShare inworldAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)202120222022202220

134、21202220222022World6 2107 127100.014.85 7556 602100.014.7Developed economies4 5225 02270.511.03 8724 40466.713.7Developing economies1 6882 10629.524.81 8832 19833.316.7Developing economies:Africa1011331.931.01621912.918.0Developing economies:Americas1552143.037.92112764.231.0Developing economies:Asi

135、a andOceania1 4321 75924.722.91 5111 73126.214.6Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China1 2951 68123.629.81 4421 73326.220.2Developing economies excluding LDCs1 6532 06328.924.81 8112 11232.016.6LDCs35430.622.572861.319.3LLDCs37530.743.964801.225.8SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)3223625.112.72863084.77.7B

136、RICS73083511.714.478688313.412.4G204 9995 64079.112.84 4795 12477.614.4Table 2.Leading services exporters and importers by group of economies,2022Developed economiesExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)United States of America92913.0

137、15.9United Kingdom4946.98.7Germany(e)412(e)5.8(e)6.2Ireland3555.02.3France3374.711.9Developed economies5 02270.511.0Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)United States of America69710.624.6Germany(e)459(e)7.0(e)18.6Ireland3735.67.6Uni

138、ted Kingdom3174.821.6France2864.310.7Developed economies4 40466.713.7Developing economiesExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China4245.9(e)8.1India3094.3(e)28.6Singapore2914.19.3United Arab Emirates(e)155(e)2.2(e)51.9Trkiye901.347.0

139、Developing economies2 10629.524.8Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China4657.0(e)5.4Singapore2593.96.5India(e)250(e)3.8(e)27.3United Arab Emirates(e)97(e)1.5(e)27.3Saudi Arabia831.313.0Developing economies2 19833.316.730UNCTAD Han

140、dbook of Statistics 2023Developing economies:AfricaExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Egypt320.444.2Morocco220.342.6South Africa130.238.2Ghana(e)8(e)0.1(e)-9.5Ethiopia70.125.8Developing Africa1331.931.0Importer(Ranked by value)Valu

141、eShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Egypt250.49.8Nigeria190.317.2South Africa180.333.2Ghana(e)12(e)0.2(e)-3.9Angola110.260.2Developing Africa1912.918.0Developing economies:AmericasExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(

142、Percentage)(Percentage)Brazil390.625.3Mexico(e)36(e)0.5(e)32.7Panama(e)16(e)0.2(e)50.1Argentina140.253.1Colombia(e)12(e)0.2(e)56.7Developing Americas2143.037.9Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Brazil791.236.0Mexico(e)47(e)0.7(e)20

143、.8Chile(e)23(e)0.3(e)27.6Argentina210.362.7Colombia(e)18(e)0.3(e)24.0Developing Americas2764.231.0Developing economies:Asia and OceaniaExporter(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China4245.9(e)8.1India3094.3(e)28.6Singapore2914.19.3United A

144、rab Emirates(e)155(e)2.2(e)51.9Trkiye901.347.0Developing Asia andOceania1 75924.722.9Importer(Ranked by value)ValueShare inWorld totalAnnualgrowth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China4657.0(e)5.4Singapore2593.96.5India(e)250(e)3.8(e)27.3United Arab Emirates(e)97(e)1.5(e)27.3Saudi Arabia83

145、1.313.0Developing Asia andOceania1 73126.214.6UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023312.2 Trade in services by categoryINTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICESMap 1.Growth in services exports,20172022(Average annual growth rate*,percentage)TransportTravelInsurance,?nancial,intellectual property,and other busines

146、s servicesTelecommunications,computer and informationOther categoriesAfricaAsiaEuropeOceaniaNorthern AmericaLatin America andthe Caribbean20100-10-20Note:Europe includes the Russian Federation and the French overseas departments.*Least squares growth rate(see Calculation methods page).International

147、trade in services was more severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic than merchandise trade.Among services,travel andtransport were most affected.Owing to a renewed demand forgoods,transport recovered well in 2021.By contrast,internationaltravel,particularly long-distance,only saw signi?cant recovery in

148、2022.At$1 116 billion recorded for 2022 however,travel exportsremained 25 per cent below their 2019 record value.Besides travel,construction was the only main service category not surpassing its2019 exports value in 2022.Over the period 2017-2022,Africa,Asia,Europe,and Latin Americaand the Caribbean

149、 recorded positive 5-year average growth for mainservice items other than travel,with the highest increase intelecommunications,computer,and information services.InNorthern America and Oceania in addition to travel transportservices also exhibited negative average annual growth rates overthis time p

150、eriod.Regional trends over the last five yearsFigure 1.Annual growth rate of services exports,2022(Percentage)TransportTravelInsurance,?nancial,intellectualproperty,and other business servicesTelecommunications,computer andinformationOther categories0204060801 and more-1 to less than 1Less than-132U

151、NCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Among main service categories,travel exports recorded the highestannual growth in 2022(75 per cent).They were followed by exportsof transport services,which expanded by 24 per cent.Most otherprincipal categories exhibited increases of less than 10 per cent,while?nanc

152、ial services exports declined by 3 per cent.Transport and travel remained signi?cant in services trade ofdeveloping economies of Africa and the Americas.They representedclose to 60 per cent of all services exported.In developedeconomies,travel and transport accounted for about a third of totalservic

153、es sold abroad.Global trends by service category in 2022Figure 2.Structure of services exports,2022(Percentage)Developed economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:Asia and OceaniaTransportTravelInsurance,?nancial,intellectual property,a

154、nd other business serviTelecommunications,computer and informationOther categories0255075100In 2021,amid the COVID-19 lockdown that disrupted manytraditional trade?ows,world digitally deliverable services exportsincreased by a notable 16 per cent.The expansion continued in2022 at the more moderate r

155、ate of 3 per cent.More than threequarters of digitally deliverable services exports originated fromdeveloped economies(some$2 996 billion).Developing worldexports were estimated at$946 billion.In 2022,the growth in exports of digitally deliverable services fromdeveloping economies was assessed at 12

156、.6 per cent.The growthwas prominent across all developing regions:Africa,Americas,Asia,and Oceania.At the same time,developed economies recorded arelatively modest 0.6 per cent increase.In 2022,the share of digitallydeliverable services in total services exports of developed economieswas 60 per cent

157、,while for the developing world it stood at 45 percent.Digitally deliverable servicesFigure 3.Export trends of digitally deliverable servicesand other types of services,20152022(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Digitally deliverable services?gures are UNCTAD estimates.Digitally deliverable ser

158、vices include insurance,pension,?nancial,intellectual property usage,telecommunications,computer,information,research-and-development,professional-and-management,architectural,engineering,scienti?c,trade-related,other business,audiovisual,health,education,heritage,and recreational services.Developin

159、g economiesDeveloped economiesDigitally deliverable servicesOther types services201520222015202205001 0001 5002 0002 5003 000Concepts and definitionsThe breakdown by service category in this section has been built from the division of services in the balance of payments statistics,knownas the 2010 E

160、xtended Balance of Payments Services Classi?cation(EBOPS 2010)(United Nations et al.,2012).For the correspondenceto the EBOPS 2010 categories and to the main groups presented in UNCTADstat,see Classi?cations page.Digitally deliverable services comprise services that can be delivered remotely over co

161、mputer networks.The value of trade in digitallydeliverable services therefore provides the upper threshold for the value of digitally delivered trade.The presented trade-in-services?gures are jointly compiled by UNCTAD and WTO,except for the digitally deliverable services,which areestimated by UNCTA

162、D on the basis of the joint UNCTAD-WTO services trade data set.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202333Table 1.Trade in services by service category and group of economiesWorldNote:Exports do not equal imports at world level,due to imperfect geographical coverage and cross-country differences in compila

163、tion methods.Service categoryExportsImportsValueAnnualgrowth rateValueAnnualgrowth rate(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(Percentage)201720222022201720222022Total services5 5547 12714.85 3726 60214.7Transport9341 48123.61 1251 71323.0Travel1 3371 11674.81 3081 03465.1Others3 2824 5303.62 9393 85

164、43.2Developed economiesService categoryExportsImportsBalanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrate(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)20172022202220172022202220172022Total services4 0175 02211.03 4824 40413.7534618Transport63691322.862090925.9163Travel82170869.37186558

165、3.310354Others2 5593 4001.22 1442 8401.7415561Developing economiesService categoryExportsImportsBalanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrate(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)20172022202220172022202220172022Total services1 5382 10624.81 8902 19816.7-352-92Transport29

166、856824.950580419.9-207-236Travel51740785.359138041.0-7428Others7231 13011.67941 0147.5-71116Developing economies:AfricaService categoryExportsImportsBalanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrate(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)20172022202220172022202220172022Total s

167、ervices11013331.016019118.0-49-58Transport283828.4578325.6-29-45Travel444566.4262539.71920Others385011.377836.5-39-3334UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Developing economies:AmericasService categoryExportsImportsBalanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrate(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(

168、Percentage)(Billons of$)20172022202220172022202220172022Total services19021437.923327631.0-43-62Transport283530.76311032.1-35-75Travel899075.06245102.52745Others738915.810812215.1-35-32Developing economies:Asia and OceaniaService categoryExportsImportsBalanceValueAnnualgrowthrateValueAnnualgrowthrat

169、e(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)(Percentage)(Billons of$)20172022202220172022202220172022Total services1 2371 75922.91 4971 73114.6-26028Transport24249624.238561217.2-143-116Travel38327392.650231035.1-119-37Others61299111.26098106.62181Table 2.Exports of selected services,by region,2022(Milli

170、ons of United States dollars)Group of economiesInsuranceandpension servicesFinancialservicesCharges for theuseof intellectualproperty n.i.e.Telecommunications,computer,and informationservicesOtherbusinessservicesWorld184 307622 650446 912968 5581 736 808Northern America24 426179 946135 22482 415284

171、851Latin America and the Caribbean7 4995 9971 45914 71341 102Europe95 838317 522215 449548 056863 423Sub-Saharan Africa6664 6683494 51910 813Western Asia and Northern Africa33 2467 3516 97455 93154 161Central and Southern Asia3 7708 3161 328105 054126 929Eastern and South-Eastern Asia17 89795 81683

172、810151 603344 370Oceania9653 0352 3206 26711 158Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China56 16698 97724 017200 048369 491Developing economies excluding LDCs60 453103 44637 423280 224466 387LDCs2577031342 7474 086LLDCs4678071924 0605 938SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)15 61542 43512 43225 40290 914BRICS9 69

173、115 90116 403193 572252 613G20128 610505 641391 740818 4891 449 297UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202335ECONOMIC TRENDS3Economic trends13NOWCAST 2023World real GDP growth+2.2%LDCsKEY FIGURES 2022UNCTAD Commodity Price Index+40%FDI inflows to LDCs$22 billionChange of world real GDP per capita+2.2%373.

174、1 Gross domesticproductECONOMIC TRENDSMap 1.Gross domestic product per capita,2022(United States dollars)In 2022,the global economy grew by 3.1 per cent.It is around halfof the 5.9 per cent growth in 2021.In 2023,GDP growth is nowcastto slow down to 2.2 per cent.Large differences in GDP per capita p

175、ersist throughout the world.In2022,the majority of developed economies produced an output perperson greater than$30 000,with economies in Eastern andSouthern Europe as the main exception.By contrast,two out of?vedeveloping economies in Africa recorded a per capita output of lessthan$1 000.Most devel

176、oping economies in the Americas,Asia andOceania reached an output higher than$3 000 per person.Trends in global economyFigure 1.World real gross domestic product,annualgrowth rate(Percentage)Note:In constant 2015 United States dollars.The dotted line indicates UNCTAD nowcasts(as of October 2023).For

177、 the weekly update of the nowcast and its methodology,seeUNCTAD(2023c).20082010201220142016201820202022-4-2024630000 and more8000 to less than 300003000 to less than 80001000 to less than 30000 to less than 1000No data38UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Growth of GDP in developed economies fell from

178、 5.2 in 2021 to 2.5per cent in 2022.In developing economies,after a strong recoveryof 6.9 per cent in 2021,growth decelerated to 3.8 per cent in 2022.In 2022,GDP grew by 2.9 per cent in developing Africa and by 3.9per cent in developing America.In developing Asia GDP grew by 3.9per cent which is bel

179、ow pre-pandemic rates.Developing Oceaniapicked up from-0.2 in 2021 to 3.5 per cent in 2022.LDCs GDP grew by 4.3 per cent in 2022 remaining below the 7 percent target set by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Their growth rate of GDP per capita was 1.9 per cent.Regional trendsFigure 2.Growth

180、 of real gross domestic product by groupof economies,2022(Percentage)Note:In constant 2015 United States dollars.Developed economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:Asia and Oceania01234Over the last 10 years,the global distribution of

181、nominal GDP acrosseconomies has trended towards more equal.For example,in 2012,the poorest economies,accounting for 85 per cent of the worldspopulation,contributed 37 per cent to world GDP.By 2022,theirshare in GDP was 40 per cent.The last?ve years,however,did notshow any signi?cant reduction in ine

182、quality among economies.The highest GDP per capita,in nominal terms,was recorded forLiechtenstein($172 409),Luxembourg($128 481),Bermuda($119204),Ireland($101 803),Cayman Islands($96 643),and Switzerland($93 947).Global economic inequalityFigure 3.Distribution of world gross domestic product(Percent

183、age)Note:Lorenz curves,as in this graph,reveal the structure of inequality.Inequality is greaterthe further the curve runs below the diagonal line(see Calculation methods page).Inequalitywithin economies is not considered.Proportion of the world population,ordered by economy-levelGDP per capitaCumul

184、ative share in world nominal GDP201220172022Equality00.20.40.60.810.00.20.40.60.81.0Concepts and definitionsGDP is an aggregate measure of production,income and expenditure of an economy.As a production measure,it represents the grossvalue added,i.e.,the output net of intermediate consumption,achiev

185、ed by all resident units engaged in production,plus any taxes lesssubsidies on products not included in the value of output.As an income measure,it represents the sum of primary incomes(gross wagesand entrepreneurial income)distributed by resident producers,plus taxes less subsidies on production an

186、d imports.As an expendituremeasure,it depicts the sum of expenditure on?nal consumption,gross capital formation(i.e.,investment,changes in inventories,andacquisitions less disposals of valuables)and exports after deduction of imports(United Nations et al.,2009).The GDP?gures presented in this sectio

187、n are usually calculated from the expenditure side.All GDP growth is expressed in real terms.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202339Table 1.Gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capitaGroup of economiesValueAnnual growth rateNominalGDPNominalGDPper capitaReal GDPaReal GDPa per capita(Bi

188、llions of$)($)(Percentage)(Percentage)202220222021202220212022World100 17812 5645.93.15.02.2Developed economies59 69644 4455.22.55.22.5Developing economies40 4826 1056.93.85.82.8Developing economies:Africa2 8151 9765.22.92.70.6Developing economies:Americas5 8628 9396.63.95.93.2Developing economies:A

189、sia and Oceania31 8066 9907.13.96.43.3Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China22 4064 3055.94.54.53.2Developing economies excluding LDCs39 1597 1137.13.86.23.1LDCs1 3231 1762.64.30.21.9LLDCs1 0261 8194.73.52.21.2SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)93313 3396.24.35.33.4BRICS25 9797 9627.63.17.22.7G2086 37317 5

190、116.03.05.62.6In constant 2015 United States dollars.aTable 2.Nominal gross domestic product by type of expenditure,2021(Percentage)Group of economiesFinal consumptionGross capitalformationNet exportsof goodsand servicesHouseholdsaGovernmentbWorld54.817.126.81.0Developed economies58.518.522.50.4Deve

191、loping economies49.214.933.51.8Developing economies:Africa66.512.623.3-2.4Developing economies:Americas63.816.319.8-1.2Developing economies:Asia and Oceania45.114.836.72.7Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China58.614.025.31.2Developing economies excluding LDCs48.515.133.62.1LDCs69.19.628

192、.1-7.0LLDCs60.513.427.7-2.3SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)45.519.122.013.4BRICS43.815.737.82.4G2054.417.427.20.7Including non-pro?t institutions serving households.aGeneral government.b40UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.Nominal gross value added by economic activity(Percentage)Group of economiesAgriculture

193、IndustryServices201120212011202120112021World4.34.529.828.466.067.1Developed economies1.61.524.623.373.875.2Developing economies9.49.139.736.250.954.8Developing economies:Africa14.316.734.030.851.752.5Developing economies:Americas5.46.531.929.362.764.2Developing economies:Asia and Oceania10.08.843.0

194、37.747.053.5Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China9.210.536.533.054.356.5Developing economies excluding LDCs8.98.740.036.351.155.0LDCs22.521.232.131.545.547.3LLDCs16.618.036.533.046.949.0SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)3.23.127.626.469.270.5BRICS9.18.639.536.951.554.5G203.63.828.627.867.868.4Table 4.Eco

195、nomies with highest gross domestic product per capitaNote:Economies are ranked by the nominal value in 2022.EconomyNominal valueReal annualgrowth rateaStructure by type of expenditureFinal consumptionGrosscapitalformationNet exportsof goodsand servicesHouseholdbGovernmentc($)(Percentage)(Percentage)

196、(Percentage)(Percentage)(Percentage)2021202220222021202120212021Luxembourg133 745128 4811.430.217.517.634.7Bermuda112 653119 2042.948.811.913.525.7Ireland101 109101 8037.423.612.324.739.4Cayman Islands85 25096 6433.153.810.217.216.8Switzerland,Liechtenstein93 86494 2991.650.011.723.614.8Qatar66 7998

197、4 3294.920.016.738.624.8United States of America68 81574 9001.768.214.421.1-3.6Iceland69 13374 7595.651.527.522.8-1.8Singapore66 82273 1703.031.011.524.431.4In constant 2015 United States dollars.aIncluding non-pro?t institutions serving households.bGeneral government.c41UNCTAD Handbook of Statistic

198、s 20233.2 Current accountECONOMIC TRENDSMap 1.Current account balance as a ratio to gross domestic product,2022(Percentage)Current account imbalances across the worldIn 2022,for many economies in the Americas,in Africa,and in South and South-East Asia,payments made for transactions with othereconomi

199、es exceeded their receipts earned,leading to negative current account balances.By contrast,most economies in Western,Centraland Eastern Asia recorded current account surpluses.Since 2019,developing economies have recorded a growing surplus in trade in goods vis-vis the developed economies,and their

200、de?cit intrade in services has decreased.In 2022,Guyana recorded the highest current account surplus relative to GDP(40 per cent).Norway,Kuwait,Azerbaijan,and Papua NewGuinea enjoyed surpluses of over 30 per cent of their respective GDP.In absolute terms,the United States of America($944 billion),th

201、e United Kingdom($121 billion),and India($80 billion)ran the worlds largestcurrent account de?cits.China($402 billion)recorded the largest absolute surplus,followed by the Russian Federation($233 billion)andNorway($175 billion).5 and more1 to less than 5-1 to less than 1-5 to less than-1-10 to less

202、than-5Less than-10No data42UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023In 2022,the current account surplus of developing economiesreached$675 billion.Its increase can mainly be attributed to agrowing surplus in developing economies of Asia.Asian developingeconomies recorded about$100 billion rise,annually,in

203、their currentaccount surplus in 2019 and 2020,followed by some$200 billionrise,annually,in 2021 and 2022.Developed economies reported$336 billion de?cit for 2022,achange of over$600 billion from a surplus of$277 billion recordedfor 2021.Although this de?cit was high in terms of current dollarvalues

204、as percentage of GDP,at 0.56 per cent,it was far from therecord relative de?cit of 1.53 per cent measured in 2008.Rise in developed economies current account deficitFigure 1.Balances in the current account(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Current account de?cits and surpluses do not add up to

205、zero at the world level,due toimperfect geographic coverage and cross-country differences in compilation methods.Developing economiesDeveloped economiesCurrent accountTrade in goodsTrade in goods and servicesTrade in services20122014201620182020202220122014201620182020 2022-1200-800-40004008001200Th

206、e least developed countries(LDCs)current account de?cit wasshrinking from 2015 till 2020,resulting in its reduction by almost ahalf,from$60 billion to$31 billion over that period.But in 2021,LDCs current account de?cit rose to$51 billion and,in 2022,to$64billion.The trade de?cit also increased,surpa

207、ssing$100 billion inboth years.A greater relative current account de?cit,accounting for 4.9 per centof GDP in 2022,distinguishes LDCs from other developingeconomies,which,as a group,ran a surplus of 1.7 per cent of GDP.In 2022,as a group,the small island developing States(SIDS)recorded a surplus of

208、almost 11 per cent of their collective GDP.Yet,excluding Singapore,the group would have had a negative balance,with 14 SIDS recording a de?cit of 10 per cent of GDP,or more,andsome SIDS faced de?cits close to,or over,30 per cent of GDP.Least developed countries combined deficit increased in 2021 and

209、 again in 2022Figure 2.Balances in least developed countries currentaccount(Billions of United States dollars)Current accountTrade in goods and services201220142016201820202022-125-100-75-50-250Concepts and definitionsThe current account,within the balance of payments,displays the transactions betwe

210、en residents and non-residents of a reportingeconomy,involving economic values,namely the cross-national exchange of goods and services as well as cross-national transfers ofprimary and secondary income.The current account balance shows the difference between the sum of exports and income receivable

211、,and the sum of imports andincome payable,where exports and imports refer to both goods and services,while income refers to both primary and secondary income.A surplus in the current account is recorded when receipts exceed payments;a de?cit is recorded when payments exceed receipts.The current acco

212、unt data in this section correspond to the latest reporting standard,known as BPM6,de?ned by the IMF(2009).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202343Table 1.Current account balance by group of economiesNote:Current account de?cits and surpluses do not add up to zero at the world level,due to imperfect geo

213、graphic coverage and cross-country differences in compilation methods.Group of economiesValueRatio to GDP(Billions of$)(Percentage)2018-2022a202120222018-2022a20212022World4438043390.50.80.3Developed economies97277-3360.20.5-0.6Developing economies3465276750.91.41.7Developing economies:Africa-66-43-

214、44-2.6-1.6-1.6Developing economies:Americas-105-105-145-1.9-2.0-2.5Developing economies:Asia and Oceania5176758631.82.22.7Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China1201742730.60.91.2Developing economies excluding LDCs3935787391.11.61.9LDCs-46-51-64-3.9-4.1-4.9LLDCs-23-200-2.7-2.20.0SIDS(UN-

215、OHRLLS)6673988.08.810.8BRICS2544114961.11.71.9G20149471-2290.20.6-0.3Annual average.aTable 2.Current account balance in largest surplus and de?cit economiesEconomy(Ranked by 2021 value)2018-2022a20212022ValueRatio to GDPValueRatio to GDPValueRatio to GDP(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Perce

216、ntage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)China2261.43532.04022.2Russian Federation1146.21226.923310.9Norway5912.46613.717536.4Germany2837.03307.71734.2Saudi Arabia566.0445.315114.2Brazil-51-2.9-46-2.9-57-3.0France-21-0.8110.4-60-2.1India-35-1.1-33-1.0-80-2.3United Kingdom-91-3.1-47-1.5-121-4.0United States o

217、f America-659-2.9-846-3.6-944-3.7Annual average.aTable 3.Current accounts of?ve leading exporters(goods and services)by group of economies,2021Developed economiesEconomy(Ranked by export share)Current account balanceTrade balanceaExportsaImportsaValueRatio to GDPValueShare in worldShare in world(Bil

218、lions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)United States of America-944-3.7-9599.612.9Germany1734.2(e)66(e)6.5(e)6.4France-60-2.1-933.23.6United Kingdom-121-4.0-1073.23.6Netherlands(Kingdom of the)444.4(e)70(e)3.1(e)3.0Developed economies-336-0.6-35958.661.1Goods and services.a44UNC

219、TAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Developing economiesEconomy(Ranked by export share)Current account balanceTrade balanceaExportsaImportsaValueRatio to GDPValueShare in worldShare in world(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China4022.262812.010.2Singapore9020.61692.82.3India

220、-80-2.3(e)-2152.4(e)3.2China,Hong Kong SAR3810.4(e)13(e)2.2(e)2.2United Arab Emirates(e)60(e)12.1(e)230(e)2.0(e)1.3Developing economies6751.71 01441.438.9Goods and services.aDeveloping economies:AfricaEconomy(Ranked by export share)Current account balanceTrade balanceaExportsaImportsaValueRatio to G

221、DPValueShare in worldShare in world(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)South Africa-2-0.480.40.4Egypt-11-2.6(e)-31(e)0.2(e)0.3Nigeria10.2-80.20.3Algeria189.3220.20.2Morocco-5-3.5-150.20.2Developing Africa-44-1.6-882.52.8Goods and services.aDeveloping economies:AmericasEco

222、nomy(Ranked by export share)Current account balanceTrade balanceaExportsaImportsaValueRatio to GDPValueShare in worldShare in world(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Mexico-13-0.9(e)-37(e)2.0(e)2.1Brazil-57-3.041.21.2Chile-27-9.0(e)-11(e)0.3(e)0.4Argentina-4-0.660.30.3Co

223、lombia-21-6.2(e)-17(e)0.2(e)0.3Developing Americas-145-2.5-1035.25.7Goods and services.aDeveloping economies:Asia and OceaniaEconomy(Ranked by export share)Current account balanceTrade balanceaExportsaImportsaValueRatio to GDPValueShare in worldShare in world(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(

224、Percentage)(Percentage)China4022.262812.010.2Singapore9020.61692.82.3India-80-2.3(e)-2152.4(e)3.2China,Hong Kong SAR3810.4(e)13(e)2.2(e)2.2United Arab Emirates(e)60(e)12.1(e)230(e)2.0(e)1.3Developing Asia and Oceania8632.71 20433.630.4Goods and services.aUNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023453.3 Forei

225、gn direct investmentECONOMIC TRENDSMap 1.Foreign direct investment in?ows as a ratio to gross?xed capital formation,2022(Percentage)In 2022,global foreign direct investment(FDI)?ows experienced a12.4 per cent decline,amounting to$1.3 trillion.This decline wasmostly in developed economies,where FDI f

226、ell by 36.7 per cent to$378 billion.Conversely,FDI?ows into developing economies roseby 4.0 per cent reaching a historic peak of$916 billion.However,this increase was uneven across regions.FDI?ows to developingAfrica declined by 43.5 per cent to$45 billion in 2022 following arecord-breaking year of$

227、80 billion in 2021.FDI in?ows in developingAsia and Oceania remained?at at$663 billion.And a signi?cantincrease was to developing America where?ows rose by 51.2 percent reaching$208 billion.FDI fell by 16.5 per cent to$22 billion inthe LDCs.In 2022,the United States of America remained the largest h

228、osteconomy for FDI.It was followed by China,Singapore,Hong Kong(China),and Brazil.Nine of the top 20 host economies weredeveloping economies.FDI inflowsFigure 1.World foreign direct investment in?ows(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1 b

229、elow).200820102012201420162018202020227501 0001 2501 5001 7502 0002 25020 and more10 to less than 205 to less than 100 to less than 5Less than 0No data46UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023In 2022,FDI out?ows from developed economies decreased by 17.1per cent to$1 trillion.The value of FDI out?ows fro

230、m developingeconomies decreased by 5.4 per cent to$459 billion.Flows fromdeveloping Asia and Oceania fell by 11.2 per cent.The top economies for FDI out?ows in 2022 were led by the UnitedStates,followed by Japan.China was the third largest investor homeeconomy followed by Germany and United Kingdom.

231、FDI outflowsFigure 2.Foreign direct investment in?ows and out?ows,2022(Billions of United States dollars)Note:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1 below).In?owsOut?owsDeveloped economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping econ

232、omies:Asia and Oceania02505007501 0001 250In 2022,developing Asia and Oceania is the largest recipient of FDI,accounting for half of global in?ows.Developing Africa accounted for3.5 per cent of global FDI.Developing America accounted for 16.1per cent of global FDI.Flows to the LDCs continue to accou

233、nt forless than 2 per cent of global FDI.Within the same year,the share of developed economies in globaloutward FDI remained stable,accounting for over two-thirds of thetotal.Even though FDI?ows from developing Asia and Oceania fellby 11.2 per cent,it remained an important source of investment,contr

234、ibuting to a quarter of global FDI.Share of FDI flowsFigure 3.Selected foreign direct investment?ows(Percentage of world total)Note:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1 below).Out?ows fromdeveloped economiesIn?ows todeveloping economiesAsia and OceaniaEuropeAmericasAfrica20122

235、0172022 201220172022-20020406080Concepts and definitionsForeign direct investment(FDI)is de?ned as an investment re?ecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor,resident inone economy,in an enterprise resident in another economy(foreign af?liate).FDI in?ows comprise capital pro

236、vided by a foreign direct investor to a foreign af?liate,or capital received by a foreign direct investor from aforeign af?liate.FDI out?ows represent the same?ows from the perspective of the other economy.FDI?ows are presented on a net basis,i.e.,as credits less debits.Thus,in cases of reverse inve

237、stment or disinvestment,FDI may benegative.FDI stock is the value of capital and reserves attributable to a non-resident parent enterprise,plus the net indebtedness of foreign af?liatesto parent enterprises(UNCTAD,2023e).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202347Table 1.Foreign direct investment?ows by gr

238、oup of economiesNote:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean,namely:Anguilla,Antigua and Barbuda,Aruba,the Bahamas,Barbados,British Virgin Islands,Cayman Islands,Curaao,Dominica,Grenada,Montserrat,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Sint Maarten and Turks and Caicos

239、 Islands.Group of economiesIn?owsOut?owsValueAnnual growth rateValueAnnual growth rate(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Billions of$)(Percentage)20212022202120222021202220212022Worlda1 4781 29553.7-12.41 7291 490136.3-13.8Developed economies59737889.3-36.71 2441 031255.5-17.1Developing economies88191636.34

240、.048545927.0-5.4Developing economies:Africa8045103.0-43.536176.184.7Developing economies:Americas13820853.551.23859-3860.355.2Developing economies:Asia and Oceania66366328.2-0.144439416.2-11.2Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China70072740.83.930631234.12.1Developing economies excluding

241、LDCs85489437.04.748545827.6-5.8LDCs262214.9-16.5-11-142.2-331.0LLDCs192024.06.02-2-210.0-240.1SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)14215574.49.0505231.33.9BRICS35631539.5-11.528119979.1-29.0G201 04974761.5-28.81 5381 267183.8-17.6At world level,recorded FDI in?ows may not equal recorded FDI out?ows,due to imperfect geogr

242、aphic coverage and cross-country differences in compilation methods.aTable 2.Foreign direct investment stock by group of economiesNote:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1).Group of economiesIn?owsOut?owsShare in world totalShare in world total(Percentage)(Percentage)202120222

243、0212022Worlda100.0100.0100.0100.0Developed economies40.429.272.069.2Developing economies59.670.828.030.8Developing economies:Africa5.43.50.20.4Developing economies:Americas9.316.12.24.0Developing economies:Asia and Oceania44.951.225.726.5Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China47.456.217.

244、721.0Developing economies excluding LDCs57.869.128.130.7LDCs1.81.7-0.00.1LLDCs1.31.50.1-0.1SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)9.611.92.93.5BRICS24.124.316.213.4G2071.057.788.985.1At world level,recorded FDI in?ows may not equal recorded FDI out?ows,due to imperfect geographic coverage and cross-country differences in c

245、ompilation methods.a48UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.Foreign direct investment in?ows,top 20 host economies,2022Note:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1).Economy(Ranked by in?ow value)In?owsInward stockValueRatio to GFCFRatio to GDP(Billions of$)(Percentage)(Percen

246、tage)United States of America2855.840.9China1892.521.1Singapore141153.5541.7China,Hong Kong SAR118183.0575.7Brazil8627.943.6Australia6215.542.2Canada5311.167.7India495.114.7Sweden4628.260.0France365.132.1Mexico3513.745.9Spain3512.256.2Japan332.65.4Poland2925.439.2Israel2827.346.1United Arab Emirates

247、2326.439.4Indonesia226.020.0Italy204.722.4Chile2026.085.1Korea,Republic of183.116.3Table 4.Foreign direct investment out?ows,top 20 home economies,2022Note:Excluding?nancial centres in the Caribbean(see note,table 1).Economy(Ranked by out?ow value)Out?owsOutward stockValueRatio to GFCFRatio to GDP(B

248、illions of$)(Percentage)(Percentage)United States of America3737.531.5Japan16112.946.4China1472.016.2Germany14315.347.3United Kingdom13023.371.8Australia11729.336.8China,Hong Kong SAR104161.0565.8Canada7916.795.6Korea,Republic of6611.638.9Sweden6238.281.7Singapore5155.2364.9France486.753.3Spain3913.

249、839.3Brazil258.217.5United Arab Emirates2528.848.6Belgium2416.8116.3Saudi Arabia199.615.8China,Taiwan Province of168.160.6Finland1522.052.9India151.56.4UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023493.4 PricesECONOMIC TRENDSMap 1.Annual growth of consumer prices,2022(Percentage)In 2022,growth of the worlds con

250、sumer prices was the fastest ithas ever been in the twenty-?rst century.In?ation was above 100 percent in Venezuela,Zimbabwe,Lebanon and Sudan.Another 44economies recorded in?ation of over 12 per cent.Only South Sudanexperienced de?ation.Developing economies generally experiencedhigher growth in con

251、sumer prices than developed economies.However,relatively low in?ation in China brought the aggregate fordeveloping economies closer to that for developed economies.Trends in exchange ratesFrom 2021 to 2022,the yuan,the pound sterling,the euro and theyen depreciated against the United States dollar,a

252、t rates of 17 percent for the yen,11 per cent for the euro,10 per cent for the poundsterling and 4 per cent for the yuan.The appreciation of the dollaragainst these currencies in 2022 marks the continuation of a ten-year trend.Inflation worldwideFigure 1.Exchange rates against the United States doll

253、ar(Annual average)1 euro1 poundsterling10 yuan100 yen1 US$2012201420162018202020220.751.001.251.501.7512 and more5 to less than 122 to less than 50 to less than 2-1 to less than 0Less than-1No data50UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Commodity prices increased 40 per cent in 2022,adding to a sharpris

254、e of the UNCTAD Commodity Price Index(UCPI)in 2021 andleading to a surpassing of all highs recorded since 1995.Fuel prices,rising by 64 per cent,accounted for most of the increase in theoverall index.Excluding fuels,prices rose by only 1.6 per cent,andthe sub-index approached its previous peak in 20

255、11.Prices of minerals,ores and non-precious metals remained highcompared to the last ten years,despite the 5 per cent drop in 2022.The commodity price index rose sharply,led by fuel pricesFigure 2.UNCTAD Commodity Price Index(2015=100)All groupsAll groups excl.fuels2008201020122014201620182020202275

256、100125150175200225Looking at infra-annual trends,from March to August 2022,fuelprices were around double their value 12 months earlier.They thendepreciated and,by the beginning of 2023,no longer recordedpositive year-on-year growth.By August 2023,they were 43 percent lower than in the previous year.

257、Prices of other commodities also changed from a positive to anegative annual trend during 2022.Food prices showed relativelystrong year-on-year growth in the?rst and second quarters of 2022,yet by March 2023 growth had turned negative(-15 per cent).Bycontrast,year-on-year growth in prices of mineral

258、s,ores and metalsturned from negative(-16 per cent)into positive(9 per cent)betweenJuly 2022 and July 2023 and slightly dipped down in August(to 4per cent year-on-year).Commodity prices changed direction by the beginning of 2023Figure 3.Year-on-year growth of prices by commoditygroup(Percentage)Note

259、:Percentage change of UCPI sub-indices,compared to the same month in the previousyear.All foodAgricultural raw materialsMinerals,ores and metalsFuelsJan22Apr22Jul22Oct22Jan23Apr23Jul23-50050100150Concepts and definitionsChanges in consumer prices are measured by the consumer price index(CPI),which d

260、epicts the price of a basket of consumer goodsand services representing average consumption by private households during a year,relative to the base year 2010.The UNCTAD Commodity Price Index(UCPI)measures the average price,in United States dollars,of main primary commodities exportedby developing e

261、conomies relative to the base year 2015.The weights used in the calculation of the average price represent the shares ofcommodity groups in developing economies total commodity exports observed over three years from 2014 to 2016.The overall index isdecomposed into sub-indices displaying the price mo

262、vements of individual commodity groups.The basket of the UCPI was entirelyoverhauled in 2018.For details,see Calculation methods and UNCTAD(2018).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202351Table 1.Consumer prices by group of economiesNote:Venezuela is not considered.Group of economiesConsumer price indexAn

263、nual growth ratea(2010=100)(Percentage)201720222017-20222022World1221524.18.5Developed economies1131312.77.7Developing economies1411926.39.7Developing economies:Africa18638916.217.7Developing economies:Americas16026910.617.4Developing economies:Asia and Oceania1321644.37.4Selected groupsDeveloping e

264、conomies excluding China1552479.416.0Developing economies excluding LDCs1391855.79.3LDCs20151121.021.8LLDCs16832214.418.2SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)1231838.114.8BRICS1321543.14.0G201191433.58.0Least squares growth rate(see the Calculation methods page).aTable 2.Exchange rate and consumer prices among main expor

265、ting economies(Percentage)Economy(Ranked by share in worldexports)Exchange rate toUnited States dollarConsumer price indexShare inworldexportsa(2010=100)(Percentage)2020202120222020202120222022China0.144910.155060.1484312812913212.0United States of America1.000001.000001.000001191241349.6Germany1.14

266、2201.182741.05305114118128(e)6.5France1.142201.182741.05305(e)112(e)114(e)1213.2United Kingdom1.282051.375391.232591221251363.2Netherlands(Kingdom of the)1.142201.182741.05305116119133(e)3.1Japan0.009370.009110.00760105105108(e)2.9Singapore0.724770.744330.725341141171242.8Korea,Republic of0.000850.0

267、00870.00077116119125(e)2.6India0.013500.013530.012721821922052.4Italy1.142201.182741.053051111131232.4Ireland1.142201.182741.053051051081162.3Canada0.745630.797530.76831118122130(e)2.3China,Hong Kong SAR0.128910.128650.12769135137140(e)2.2Russian Federation0.013870.013580.01460187199227(e)2.0United

268、Arab Emirates0.272290.272290.27229112112117(e)2.0Switzerland,Liechtenstein1.065001.094281.0473099991022.0Mexico0.046540.049330.04968146155167(e)2.0Spain1.142201.182741.053051101141231.9Belgium1.142201.182741.053051181211341.8Exports of goods and services.a52UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.

269、Price indices of selected primary commodities(2015=100)Commodity group20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022All groups1771701571009110612311496149208All food1321201191001041029694100130146Food1271201181001041039698102121130Tropical beverages112901111009794868185109134Vegetable oilseeds and oil

270、s15213612310010710610093106157181Agricultural raw materials1431311151001001051039997110108Minerals,ores and metals153138121100105116118125145175169Minerals,ores and non-preciousmetals159156133100101128131135140201192Precious metals148125111100107108108117148153151Fuels1971941801008310413311679146240

271、Selected groupsTropical beverages and food124112117100102101949498118131All groups excl.fuels145131119100104110109112124153155All groups excl.precious metals1811761631008810612611489148215All groups excl.precious metalsand fuels143134123100102112109109114153157Table 4.Monthly price indices by main c

272、ommodity groups(2015=100)YearPeriodAll groupsAll foodAgriculturalraw materialsMinerals,oresand metalsFuels2022January177143114175189February189150116181204March225159116194256April211159116193234May217159117177249June226155113174266July225142108156274August236141106160290September216139100151261Octo

273、ber19613696149230November19013697155219December1831341001652052023January170134103175181February165137101173173March15913699173162April163139102176168May149137101169147June148133100169146July153134100170154August15813199167165UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202353POPULATION4Population14KEY FIGURES 202

274、2Child dependency ratio in LDCs67%Share of people of working age65%Annual population growth+0.8%World population8.0 billion554.1 Total and urban populationPOPULATIONMap 1.Annual population growth,2022(Percentage)The world population is estimated to have surpassed 8 billiontowards the end of 2022.Sin

275、ce the late 1980s,population growthhas gradually slowed down.This slowdown was especiallyaccentuated during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.Populationgrowth has been projected to be 0.8 per cent in 2022 and isexpected to accelerate in 2023,before continuing its descenttowards a forecast 0.5 per cent a

276、nnual growth in 2050.Population was projected to decrease in 42 economies in 2022,including Bermuda,China,Germany,and Jamaica,which had allseen increases in 2021.The population of 62 economies isprojected to be lower in 2050 than in 2022,including the fouraforementioned economies.India has been proj

277、ected to overtakeChina as the most populous country in the world in 2023.Population movements from Ukraine to neighboring countriescontributed to some economies in Eastern Europe having the fastestgrowing populations in 2022.Among continents,the population ofAfrica is growing fastest,with some Afric

278、an economies recordingannual growth rates above 3 per cent.Slowdown of world population growthFigure 1.Annual growth rate of world population(Percentage)Note:Annual exponential rate of growth of the population(see on the Calculations methodspage).Forecast195019601970198019902000201020202030204020500

279、.00.51.01.52.02.53 and more2 to less than 31 to less than 20 to less than 1Less than 0No data56UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Over the last 25 years,the world population has increased by 2.1billion people.Almost all this growth has occurred in developingeconomies,mainly in Asia and Oceania(1.1 bi

280、llion)and Africa(0.7billion).In 2022,?ve in six people in the world lived in a developingeconomy.In the coming 25 years,the global population is projected to grow by1.6 billion people.The population of the economies classi?ed todayas developing will continue to increase.Africa is expected to leadthi

281、s growth(0.9 billion)followed by developing economies in Asiaand Oceania(0.6 billion).Developing economies drive population growthFigure 2.World population by group of economies(Billions)ProjectionDeveloping economies:Asia and OceaniaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloped

282、economies1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500246810All over the world,a growing proportion of the population lives incities.In 2012,52.5 per cent lived in urban areas.The share ofurban population was projected to have increased to 56.9 per centin 2022.It is generally higher in the

283、 developed(79.7 per cent in2022)than in the developing world(52.3 per cent).In LDCs,thepeople living in urban areas are in the minority(35.8 per cent).Over the last ten years,urbanization has been most pronounced indeveloping economies,especially in Asia and Oceania,which sawthe urban rate increase

284、from 44.0 in 2012 to 50.6 per cent in 2022.Africa has seen a 4.6 percentage point increase in the same period.By contrast,the share of people living in urban areas was alreadyhigh in developing economies of the Americas and furtherurbanization has been relatively modest.Urbanization continuesFigure

285、3.Urban population by group of economies(Percentage of total population)20122022Developed economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasDeveloping economies:Asia and Oceania0100255075Concepts and definitionsThe population estimates and projections reported in t

286、his chapter were made in 2022 and represent the population present in aneconomy(including residents,migrants and refugees)as of 1 July of a given year(UN DESA,2022a,2022b).The?gures for the years from 2022 to 2050 are based on the medium fertility variant projection.The assumptions for these project

287、ionsimply that the average fertility rate of the world will decline from 2.3 births per woman in 2021 to 2.1 in 2050.The United Nations alsoproduce other projection variants.Their outcome is highly dependent on the path that future fertility takes(UN DESA,2022b).Urban population is de?ned as the pop

288、ulation living in areas classi?ed as urban according to the criteria used by each country or territory.The latest estimates and projections for urban population were made in 2018(UN DESA,2018,2019).UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202357Table 1.Total population by group of economies(as of 1 July)Group

289、of economiesPopulationAnnual growth ratea(Millions)(Percentage)2017202220502017-202220222022-2050World7 6007 9759 7091.00.80.7Developed economies1 3331 3431 3320.1-0.0-0.0Developing economies6 2666 6328 3771.11.00.8Developing economies:Africa1 2621 4252 4832.42.32.0Developing economies:Americas63165

290、67450.80.60.5Developing economies:Asia and Oceania4 3734 5505 1490.80.60.4Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China4 8565 2067 0651.41.31.1Developing economies excluding LDCs5 2675 5066 4490.90.70.6LDCs9991 1251 9282.42.31.9LLDCs5015649542.42.31.9SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)6770841.00.90.6BRICS3 1753 2

291、633 4210.50.30.2G204 8074 9325 1810.50.40.2Exponential growth rate(see on the Calculation methods page).aTable 2.Urban population by group of economies(as of 1 July)Group of economiesUrban populationShare in total population(Millions)(Percentage)201720222050201720222050World4 1624 5406 60554.856.968

292、.0Developed economies1 0501 0701 15378.779.786.6Developing economies3 1123 4705 45149.752.365.1Developing economies:Africa5326341 46342.144.558.9Developing economies:Americas50753565480.381.587.7Developing economies:Asia and Oceania2 0742 3013 33447.450.664.8Selected groupsDeveloping economies exclu

293、ding China2 2952 5634 40047.349.262.3Developing economies excluding LDCs2 7813 0674 43852.855.768.8LDCs3314031 01333.135.852.5LLDCs15318043530.532.045.6SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)40435659.660.767.4BRICS1 5981 7532 31650.353.767.7G202 8403 0453 81459.161.773.658UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 3.Most popu

294、lated economies(as of 1 July)EconomyTotalUrbanPopulationAnnual growth rateaShare in totalpopulationAnnual growth ratea(Millions)(Percentage)(Percentage)(Percentage)20222017-20222022-205020222017-20222022-2050China1 4260.2-0.363.62.10.5India1 4170.90.635.92.22.0United States of America3420.50.483.20.

295、70.6Indonesia2760.80.557.92.01.3Pakistan2361.71.637.72.42.7Nigeria2192.42.053.54.02.9Brazil2150.60.287.60.90.4Bangladesh1711.10.639.73.22.0Russian Federation145-0.1-0.375.10.10.1Mexico1280.70.481.31.10.7Japan124-0.4-0.692.0-0.3-0.5Ethiopia1232.62.022.74.83.9Philippines1161.61.148.02.12.0Egypt1111.71

296、.343.01.92.2Congo,Dem.Rep.of the993.22.846.84.53.9Viet Nam980.90.338.82.81.7Iran(Islamic Republic of)890.90.476.81.60.8Trkiye850.80.477.01.40.8Germany830.2-0.277.60.30.1Thailand720.2-0.252.91.70.8Exponential growth rate(see on the Calculation methods page).aUNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023594.2 Ag

297、e structurePOPULATIONMap 1.Dependency ratio,2022(Percentage)In 2022,for every 100 persons of working age in the world therewere 54 children or older people.Among the thirty economies withthe highest dependency ratio,all except Afghanistan were in Africa.In these cases,the high ratios were a result o

298、f an extraordinarily highchild dependency.In Africa as a whole,the child dependency ratioalone was 71 per cent.By contrast,the lowest dependency ratioswere found on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Caribbean.Severaldeveloped economies,most notably Japan,show rising dependencyratios due to increasing

299、 old-age dependency.Globally,65 per cent of people were of working age in 2022.Fiftyyears ago,this number was 57 per cent.The marked change is thatthe proportion of children has decreased from 37 per cent in 1972 to25 per cent while the proportion of older persons has increased from5 to 10 per cent.

300、People above the age of 64 are projected to makeup 17 per cent of the global population by 2050.Regional distribution of dependency ratios and trends over timeFigure 1.World population by age group(Percentage)Note:The?gures from 2022 to 2050 are based on the medium fertility variant projection(UNDES

301、A,2022b).Projection0-1415-6465+19501970199020102030205002040608010080 and more65 to less than 8055 to less than 6545 to less than 550 to less than 45No data60UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Young age cohorts are smaller in developed economiesThe age structure in developing economies is pyramid-sha

302、ped with older age classes successively smaller than younger classes.By contrast,in developed economies,the biggest age groups are 35 to 54 years old.A temporarily accelerated decrease in births worldwide during theCOVID-19 pandemic is re?ected by less children under 5 than in the next higher age gr

303、oup.Globally,in 2022,59 per cent of people over 75years were women,while only 48 per cent of children were girls.This imbalance can be seen in both developed and developing economies.Figure 2.Population pyramids,2022(Percentage)FemaleMale04101420243034404450546064707480849094100+012345012345Developi

304、ng economiesFemaleMale04101420243034404450546064707480849094100+012345012345Developed economiesIn most economies,the age structure has seen a trajectory overtime,where dependency ratios?rst decrease,due to shrinkingproportions of children,and later increase,as more people reach anage over 64.In most

305、 regions of the world,the bulk of the dependency ratiodecrease has already taken place.Further decreases in the childdependency ratio are projected to be more than offset by increasesin the old-age dependency ratio.In Africa,however,the decline ofthe dependency ratio is expected to continue beyond 2

306、050,and by2050,the indicator is projected to fall to 60 per cent from 77 percent in 2022.In developed economies,dependency ratios arealready increasing and are projected to reach 73 per cent by 2050.Working age people support fewer children but a larger number of older peopleFigure 3.Dependency rati

307、o by age structure(Percentage)Note:The total dependency ratio is the sum of the child and old-age dependency ratios.Child dependency,2022Old-age dependency,2022Child dependency,2050Old-age dependency,2050Developed economiesDeveloping economiesDeveloping economies:AfricaDeveloping economies:AmericasD

308、eveloping economies:Asia and Oceania020406080Concepts and definitionsIn this section,the term“persons of working age”refers to persons aged from 15 to 64 years.The term“children”refers to persons underthe age of 15.The term“older persons”refers to persons over the age of 64.The dependency ratio is d

309、e?ned as the number of children and older persons per hundred persons of working age.It can be expressedas the sum of the child dependency ratio and the old-age dependency ratio.The child dependency ratio is de?ned as the number of children per hundred persons of working age.The old-age dependency r

310、atio isde?ned as the number of older persons per hundred persons of working age.UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202361Table 1.Age structure and dependency ratio by group of economies(as of 1 July)Group of economiesYearPopulationDependency ratio(Millions)(Percentage)014156465+Child(014)Old-age(65+)Tota

311、lWorld19508681 50312857.78.566.220222 0145 17878338.915.154.020502 0106 0961 60333.026.359.3Developed economies19502415526443.611.755.2202221486526524.730.755.4205018777137424.348.472.7Developing economies19506279526465.96.772.620221 8004 31351841.712.053.720501 8235 3251 22934.223.157.3Developing e

312、conomies:Africa195094125875.36.081.320225728045071.26.277.420507861 55514250.59.159.7Developing economies:Americas19506892573.85.879.620221534436034.513.547.9205012647914126.329.455.7Developing economies:Asia and Oceania19504657345163.37.070.320221 0753 06640935.113.348.420509113 29194727.728.856.5S

313、elected groupsDeveloping economies excluding China19504386243670.15.876.020221 5543 32932246.79.756.420501 6734 55783436.718.355.0Developing economies excluding LDCs19505468435764.76.871.620221 3643 66547737.213.050.220501 2284 1101 11129.927.056.9LDCs195081109774.86.080.820224366484167.26.473.62050

314、5951 21511948.99.858.7LLDCs19503242276.85.682.420222203232068.26.374.520502906075647.89.257.0SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)1950812170.26.476.620221846638.812.451.2205017541331.724.155.7BRICS19504066925158.67.466.020226912 23134131.015.346.320505232 16173624.234.158.3G2019506411 18710654.08.963.020221 0023 32160930

315、.218.348.520507943 2201 16724.736.260.962UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023Table 2.Age structure by group of economies,1 July 2022Group of economiesPopulation(Millions)Percentage of totalAll ageclasses014152425394064657475+World7 975100.025.315.522.127.36.23.6Developed economies1 343100.015.911.219.

316、633.610.88.9Developing economies6 631100.027.116.322.726.15.22.6Developing economies:Africa1 425100.040.119.220.516.72.41.0Developing economies:Americas655100.023.316.223.428.05.83.4Developing economies:Asia and Oceania4 550100.023.615.423.228.76.02.9Selected groupsDeveloping economies excluding Chi

317、na5 205100.029.917.722.823.54.22.0LDCs1 125100.038.719.920.916.92.61.1LLDCs563100.039.119.621.016.72.51.0SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)70100.025.716.223.027.05.32.9Selected economiesChina1 426100.017.211.322.335.59.14.6India1 417100.025.318.024.225.64.72.2Nigeria219100.043.019.718.915.32.10.8Brazil215100.020.315.1

318、24.030.76.43.4Russian Federation145100.017.710.122.334.110.25.6Japan124100.011.69.315.633.513.616.3Table 3.Female population by age class,1 July 2022Group of economiesPopulation(Millions)Percentage of femaleAll ageclasses014152425394064657475+World3 96749.748.548.448.950.253.659.3Developed economies

319、68851.248.748.749.350.954.460.6Developing economies3 27849.448.448.448.850.053.258.4Developing economies:Africa71450.149.449.650.051.154.759.0Developing economies:Americas33350.749.049.350.151.754.659.5Developing economies:Asia and Oceania2 23249.047.947.748.349.652.858.2Selected groupsDeveloping ec

320、onomies excluding China2 58049.648.848.849.150.153.358.6LDCs56650.349.349.650.551.754.557.5LLDCs28450.349.249.650.652.056.361.3SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)3549.448.948.848.649.752.457.7Selected economiesChina69849.046.546.147.649.753.158.1India68648.447.847.547.949.051.055.7Brazil11050.949.049.249.851.855.560.5N

321、igeria10849.549.349.149.450.051.852.9Russian Federation7853.648.749.049.753.863.073.5Japan6451.448.948.949.049.752.060.0UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 202363MARITIME TRANSPORT5Maritime transport15KEY FIGURES 2022Size of the worlds merchant fleet(as of 31 December)105 500 vesselsRegistered port calls4

322、.6 millionChange of world merchant fleet capacity+3.2%World merchantfleet capacity(as of 31 December)2.3 billion dwt655.1 World seaborne tradeMARITIME TRANSPORTMap 1.Tonnage loaded and discharged,2021(Billions of tons)Goods loadedGoods dischargedAfricaAsiaEuropeOceaniaNorthern AmericaLatin America a

323、ndthe CaribbeanBillions of tons86420Note:Europe includes the Russian Federation and the French overseas departments.In 2021,international maritime trade bounced back by an estimated3.2 per cent from 2020.Shipments reached 11.0 billion tons,avolume slightly below pre-pandemic levels.Asia remained the

324、 world-leading maritime freight area with Asianports,in both developed and developing regions,loading around 4.6billion tons of goods,or about 42 per cent of total goods loaded inports worldwide.About 7.1 billion tons,equivalent to 64 per cent oftotal goods discharged worldwide,were received by Asia

325、n ports in2021.In 1970,more than half of global seaborne trade was tanker cargo.In 2021,almost three-quarters of loaded goods were dry cargo,including bulk and cargo shipped in containers.Of the total maritimefreight shipped internationally in 2021,8.0 billion tons was drycargo.1Trends and geography

326、 of world seaborne tradeFigure 1.Goods loaded worldwide(Billions of tons)20002005201020152020024681012Seaborne trade balance(Billions of tons)1 and more0 to less than 1-1 to less than 0Less than-166UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023In 2021,developing economies still accounted for the majority ofglob

327、al seaborne trade.Asian developing economies alonedischarged 50 per cent and loaded 35 per cent of the world total.Participation in globalized manufacturing and containerized tradehas generally been concentrated in Asia,notably in China andneighbouring East Asian economies.Other developing regions d

328、idnot contribute equally,a re?ection of their varying degrees ofintegration into global value chains and manufacturing networks.Contribution of developing economiesFigure 2.Seaborne trade of developing economies(Percentage of corresponding world tonnage)Goods loadedGoods discharged201020122014201620

329、1820204550556065Developing economies reported a maritime trade de?cit of 648million tons in 2021 while developed economies had a maritimetrade surplus.This is a reversal of roles from 2010 when thedeveloping economies had a maritime trade surplus of similarmagnitude.The maritime trade de?cit for dev

330、eloping economies can beattributed to discharging dry cargo including bulk and containerizedgoods more than loading.This in turn is concentrated in thedeveloping economies of Asia.For other cargo types and in othergeographical areas developing economies often have a maritimetrade surplus.This parall

331、els the development in the composition of seaborne trade.There were 2.2 billion tons more goods traded by sea in 2021 thanin 2011.Of that added volume,92 per cent was dry cargo.Developments in seaborne trade balancesFigure 3.Seaborne trade balance(Millions of tons)201020152021Developed economiesDeve

332、loping economies-750-500-2500250500750Concepts and definitionsThe?gures on seaborne trade in this section measure the volumes of international shipments,in metric tons,of goods loaded anddischarged in the worlds seaports.Cabotage and transshipments are not included.Goods loaded for international shi

333、pment are assumed to be exports,while goods discharged from ships are assumed to be imports.Theseaborne trade balance measures the difference between the volumes of loaded and discharged goods.Dry cargo refers to cargo that is usually not carried in tankers,such as dry bulks(e.g.,coal,ores,grains),pallets,bags,crates,andcontainers.“Other”tanker trade refers to tanker trade,excluding crude oil.It i