1、Geneva,2023HANDBOOK OFSTATISTICS2023U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T2023Handbook of Statistics 2023,United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at

2、 .All other queries on rights and licences,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to:United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York,New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail:publicationsun.orgWebsite:https:/shop.un.org/The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein

3、 are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concer

4、ning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland

5、Islands(Malvinas).The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.The final status of the following territories has not yet been agreed or determined:Abyei area,Aksai Chin,Arunachal Pra

6、desh,Bir Tawil,Halaib Triangle,Ilemi Triangle,Kuril Islands,Paracel Islands,Scarborough Shoal,Senkaku Islands and Spratly Islands.Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.This publication has not been formally edited.United Nations publication issu