从依赖到韧性：降低欧洲石墨供应的排放和风险.pdf

1、From Reliance to Resilience:Reducing Emissions and Risks in Europes Graphite SupplyJakob Way,CEONordic Bio-Graphite ABCARBON IN CONTRAST Layers structure:storage capacityStable charge/discharge cyclingLow costWithstands extreme temperaturesExcellent electrical conductivityChemically inert in reactio

2、nsHigh mechanical strengthDIAMOND VS.GRAPHITEPROPERTIESUSAGELITHIUM-ION BATTERIESGraphite Anode Dominates anode:95%25%of total cell weight 70 kg per electric vehicleA LOOMING GLOBAL SUPPLY DEFICIT97%of european natural graphite is importedHITTING EUROPE PARTICULARLY HARDDec 2023:New Chinese export p

3、ermitsDec 2023:EU added graphite to the Critical Raw Materials Act(CRMA)Extraction:At least 10%of the EUs annual consumption.Processing:At least 40%of the EUs annual consumption.Recycling:At least 15%of the EUs annual consumptionJan 2024:US Foreign Entity of Concern:Chinese graphite disqualified for

4、 EV creditsAt least 60%of graphite must be sourced from U.S./FTA countries by 2025,and 80%by 2027 onwardsDec 2024:North American graphite miners petitioned the U.S.government to impose tariffs of up to 920%Dec 2024:NATO released a list of 12 defence-critical raw materials,including graphiteDec 2024:

5、The Swedish Inspectorate of Strategic Products halted a 1.4 billion anode material plant by the Chinesecompany PutailaiMar 2025:Japan announced a 95.2%duty on Chinese graphite electrodesMay 2025:US announced 160%+tariffs and anti-dumping measures on Chinese graphiteOct 2025:China implemented expande

6、d export controls on refined graphiteGAME OF GRAPHITETHE SINGLE BIGGEST SOURCE OF EMISSIONS IN A BATTERYON AVERAGE:17 KG CO2EMISSIONS FOR EVERY KG GRAPHITE PRODUCED The Critical Raw Materials Act(CRMA)requires 25%recycledcontent in synthetic graphite by 2030.F