1、Your Brain on ChatGPT:Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task Nataliya Kosmyna 1 MIT Media Lab Cambridge,MA Eugene Hauptmann MIT Cambridge,MA Ye Tong Yuan Wellesley College Wellesley,MA Jessica Situ MIT Cambridge,MA Xian-Hao Liao Mass.College of Art and Desig

2、n(MassArt)Boston,MA Ashly Vivian Beresnitzky MIT Cambridge,MA Iris Braunstein MIT Cambridge,MA Pattie Maes MIT Media Lab Cambridge,MA United States Figure 1.The dynamic Direct Transfer Function(dDTF)EEG analysis of Alpha Band for groups:LLM,Search Engine,Brain-only,including p-values to show signifi

3、cance from moderately significant(*)to highly significant(*).1 Nataliya Kosmyna is the corresponding author,please contact her at nkosmynamit.edu Distributed under CC BY-NC-SA Abstract With todays wide adoption of LLM products like ChatGPT from OpenAI,humans and businesses engage and use LLMs on a d

4、aily basis.Like any other tool,it carries its own set of advantages and limitations.This study focuses on finding out the cognitive cost of using an LLM in the educational context of writing an essay.We assigned participants to three groups:LLM group,Search Engine group,Brain-only group,where each p

5、articipant used a designated tool(or no tool in the latter)to write an essay.We conducted 3 sessions with the same group assignment for each participant.In the 4th session we asked LLM group participants to use no tools(we refer to them as LLM-to-Brain),and the Brain-only group participants were ask

6、ed to use LLM(Brain-to-LLM).We recruited a total of 54 participants for Sessions 1,2,3,and 18 participants among them completed session 4.We used electroencephalography(EEG)to record participants brain activity in order to assess their cognitive engagement and cognitive load,and to gain a deeper und