1、WORKING PAPER|Version 1.0|December 2024|1CONTENTSExecutive summary.2Introduction.4Findings:Trends,revenue sources,and financing for urban public transport operations before and during COVID.6Examining urban public transit operation funding cases.12Looking ahead and conclusion.21Appendix A.23Endnote.

2、25References.25Acknowledgments.31About the authors.31About WRI .32Working Papers contain preliminary research,analysis,findings,and recommendations.They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback,and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues.Suggested Citation:Kustar,A.

3、,A.Davidson,T.H.Tun,B.Welle,S.Muralidaran.2024.“A fare look:Funding urban public transport operations.”Working Paper.Washington,DC:World Resources Institute.Available online at doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.21.00002.WORKING PAPERA fare look:Funding urban public transport operationsAnna Kustar,Adam Davidson

4、,Thet Hein Tun,Ben Welle,Santosh MuralidaranHIGHLIGHTS As the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted daily commuting patterns and restricted use of shared mobility systems,transit agencies faced falling revenue and unprecedented financial challenges.Case studies from Addis Ababa,Ethiopia;Bengaluru,India;Chicag

5、o,Hous-ton,and Washington,DC,United States;Copenhagen,Denmark;Jakarta,Indonesia;Mexico City,Mexico;Paris,France;and Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo,Brazil,reveal the impact of lost fare revenue and how various transit agencies were able to cope.On average,transit agencies in the United States and Europe

6、 have more revenue sources than those in Latin America and Africa,and with additional subsidies,were better able to stabilize total revenue through-out the pandemic.In most cities,farebox revenue alone is insufficient to fund the public transport services needed,especially when fares are set low to