1、 Air quality implications of coal-ammonia co-firing Key findings Fine Particles (PM 2.5 )are an atmospheric pollutant that are responsible for thousands of premature deaths in Japan each year,and millions worldwide.We estimated total emissions of PM 2.5 and precursor gases at Unit 4 of Hekinan Therm

2、al Power Station,where 0%,20%and 50%of the energy demand is met by NH 3 (and the remaining energy demand is met by coal).We found that total emissions of PM 2.5 and precursor gases increase by 67%when NH 3 displaces 20%of the energy demand,and by 167%when NH 3 displaces 50%of the energy demand.These

3、 large increases in total emissions are due to the emissions of the PM 2.5 precursor gas NH 3 ,which are released during the shipping and combustion of this fuel.The increased total emission will likely lead to increased PM 2.5 concentrations and an even larger public health burden of this pollutant

4、.Contents Key findings 1 Contents 2 Impacts of coal on air pollution and climate 3 Fueling a power plant with ammonia 3 Uncertain climate impacts 4 Unexplored pollution impacts 5 Methodology for calculating pollutant emissions from the trial 6 Increased pollutant emissions 7 Implications for regiona

5、l public health 9 Implications for ecosystem health 10 Plans to scale up the energy transition 10 Comparisons with previous research 11 Conclusions and recommendations 12 References 14 Appendix A-Supplemental information(SI)20 Impacts of coal on air pollution and climate The combustion of coal is a

6、major source of electricity.However,burning this fuel also leads to the formation of air pollutants,which are detrimental to human health,and to the emissions of greenhouse gases,which are contributing to climate change.Exposure to Fine Particles (PM 2.5 )leads to a variety of respiratory and cardio