1、LITHIUM ION BATTERY RECYCLING:A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT METHODS AND GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS First commercially introduced in 1991,lithium ion batteries(LIBs)(Figure 1)have become an indispensable part of modern technology,being used in vehicles,consumer electronics,power tools,medical devices,and backup p

2、ower systems.However,the manufacturing and disposal of lithium ion batteries has had a wide range of political,economic,and environmental concerns.The explosion in popularity of electric cars with ever-increasing battery sizes,in tandem with the rapid disposal of smartphones and other electronics to

3、 landfill,has increased energy waste and reliance on non-renewable resources.The increasing use of LIBs and their high disposability supports a rationale for increased recycling and their components and materials.Currently,LIB recycling methods are associated with financial incentives.The benefits o

4、f recycling batteries are dependent upon the component materials and their value.While batteries at end-of-life are likely to contain materials of value,this is not uniformly the case.Significant battery design variability and the lack of technological convergence contribute to the challenges faced

5、with recycling.Design variability makes automation of recycling processes difficult and contributes to higher costs.Furthermore,many recycling benefits are public goods and so do not reward individuals or companies directly.However,there are both material security and environmental benefits of recyc

6、ling LIBs,such as:a decrease in water consumption and pollution from mining,reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions,as well as reduced pollution and safety risks.These benefits are not easily monetized.The costs of battery recycling are highly dependent on the capacity and technologi