1、CO-CHAIRMENSenator Angus King(I-Maine)Representative Mike Gallagher(R-Wisconsin)DECEMBER 2021COUNTERING DISINFORMATION IN THE UNITED STATESCSC White Paper#6Cyberspace Solarium Commission 1CONTENTSExecutive Summary 2Introduction Why Disinformation Is a Cyberspace Issue 4Section I:Te Commissions Strat

2、egic Approach and Recommendations as Tey Pertain to Disinformation 5Section II:Te United States Information Ecosystem 6Section III:Te Federal Governments Role 11Section IV:Current Federal Government Eforts 12Section V:Recommendations for Combating Disinformation 17Conclusion 28Abbreviations 29Endnot

3、es 302 Cyberspace Solarium CommissionEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn its March 2020 Final Report,the U.S.Cyberspace Solarium Commission called on the U.S.government to promote digital literacy,civic education,and public awareness in order to build societal resilience to foreign malign cyber-ena

4、bled information operations.As the scourge of disinformation swept across the globe and expanded its scope beyond elections,the Commission decided to conduct a deeper examination of cyber-enabled disinformation and propose steps that the United States could take to begin building greater resilience

5、to disinformation,particularly from foreign actors.While many facets of the Commissions original strategy of“layered cyber deterrence”can be applied in the context of combating cyber-enabled disinformation,further action is needed from policymakers and lawmakers to enable the United States to better

6、 prevent,withstand,and respond to disinformation.In the context of disinformation,the United States faces stark foreign threats from nation-state adversaries,including most prominently China,Russia,and Iran.Tese governments leverage intelligence operators,foreign media outlets,businesses,and expatri