1、 EN EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels,4.1.2023 SWD(2023)4 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Drivers of food security 1 Table of Contents 1.Introduction.3 2.Conceptual framework for the analysis of drivers of food security.4 3.Overview of the main elements of the drivers identified.7 3.1.Biophysi

2、cal and environmental drivers.7 3.2.Research,innovation and technology.11 3.3.Economic and market drivers.12 3.4.Food supply chain performance.17 3.5.Political and institutional drivers.17 3.6.Socio-cultural drivers.18 3.7.Demographic drivers.19 4.Interlinkages between drivers of food security in th

3、e EU.20 5.Short-term and long-term trends.23 6.Focus on key drivers in low-income countries.26 7.Conclusions.29 8.Analysis of the individual drivers.32 8.1.Climate change.32 8.2.Environmental pollution.36 8.3.Soil health.38 8.4.Pests and diseases.42 8.5.Biodiversity.47 8.6.Research,innovation and te

4、chnology.51 8.7.Intensity of production.55 8.8.Trade.57 8.9.Speculation in agricultural commodity markets.61 8.10.Energy prices.63 8.11.Fertilisers.65 8.12.Pesticide use.67 8.13.Availability of workers.72 8.14.Agricultural and consumer food prices.75 8.15.Farm income.77 2 8.16.Access to finance.78 8

5、.17.Household income.80 8.18.Competing land and crop uses.82 8.19.Supply chain performance.86 8.20.Food loss and waste.88 8.21.Governance and legislative framework.91 8.22.Conflict .93 8.23.Generational renewal.96 8.24.Food choices.98 8.25.Demographic trends.101 Annex I:Synopsis report-Stakeholder c

6、onsultations.104 References.109 3 1.Introduction Today food security is at the forefront of the political agenda,both at the EU and global levels.Ensuring the availability and access to food for consumers at reasonable prices are objectives set out in Article 39 of the Treaty on the Functioning of t