1、Net-zero heatLong Duration Energy Storage to accelerate energy system decarbonizationPublished in November 2022 by the LDES Council.Copies of this document are available upon request or can be downloaded from our website:.This report was authored by the LDES Council in collaboration with McKinsey&Co

2、mpany as knowledge partner.This work is independent,reflects the views of the authors,and has not been commissioned by any business,government,or other institution.The authors of the report confirm that:1.There are no recommendations and/or any measures and/or trajectories within the report that cou

3、ld be interpreted as standards or as any other form of(suggested)coordination between the participants of the study referred to within the report that would infringe EU competition law;and2.It is not their intention that any such form of coordination will be adopted.While the contents of the report

4、and its abstract implications for the industry generally can be discussed once they have been prepared,individual strategies remain proprietary,confidential,and the responsibility of each participant.Participants are reminded that,as part of the invariable practice of the LDES Council and the EU com

5、petition law obligations to which membership activities are subject,such strategic and confidential information must not be shared or coordinatedincluding as part of this report.ContentsPreface 4Executive summary 8Acronyms 131.The role of LDES in net-zero energy 142.TES as an enabler to decarbonizin

6、g heat 183.LDES technologiescost and competitiveness 244.TES business cases 345.An integrated energy system perspective 486.Unlocking the TES opportunity 54Conclusion 57Appendix A:Methodology and assumptions 58Appendix B:State of the TES industry 67Acknowledgements 693Net-zero heat:Long Duration Ene