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1、 Executive summary This report presents a review of recent empirical evidence of generative AI(GenAI)impact on learning outcomes in formal education.Its purpose is to provide educators with an overview of top concerns for ensuring students learning gains when using LLM-based learning tools and concl

2、udes with research-derived guidance for deciding when and how to use these tools in the classroom.The report unfolds as follows:Section 1 distinguishes between the needs of education and industry,where the benefits of LLMs were first explored,primarily for productivity gains.Educators priorities are

3、 different.Pedagogical concerns include consideration of inequities in education,developing students critical thinking skills,and the potential for GenAI to inhibit social development.These concerns extend beyond technologists focus on mitigating technical harms such as toxic content,bias,or accurac

4、y in system outputs.Section 2 presents several key variables that affect learning with GenAI:(1)AI literacyunderstanding the capabilities and limitations of an AI systemis a critical new variable for student success when using GenAI.(2)Educational equity is a variable where GenAI renders mixed exper

5、iences for marginalized groups.Studies show how GenAI can be an effective resource for students with disabilities.In other contexts,it entrenches existing patterns in academic performance of the weakest students and can exacerbate inequities for economically marginalized students.(3)GenAI can impact

6、 psychological and social conditions long recognized to facilitate learning:self-efficacy,individual pace,and human connection.On self-efficacy,studies show that students can be overconfident about their skill mastery when using GenAI and need help calibrating their mental model of learning gains.Fo