国际可再生能源署：2024年可再生能源的关键材料改善数据治理（英文版）（44页）.pdf

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1、Critical materialsfor renewable energy Improving data governance 4078445857ZirconiumPlatinumRutheniumCeriumLanthanumZrPtRuCeLaAbout IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future,an

2、d serves as the principal platform for international co-operation,a centre of excellence,and a repository of policy,technology,resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy.IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,including bioenergy,geotherm

3、al,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access,energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.About NUPIThe Norwegian Institute of International Affairs(NUPI)was established by the Norwegian Storting(parliament)in 1959 and is an indep

4、endent research institution.NUPI carries out research on international issues,including the global energy transition and climate policy.IRENA and NUPI 2024 Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printed and/or stored,provided that appropriate

5、 acknowledgement is given of IRENA and NUPI as the source and copyright holders.Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions,and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such

6、 material.ISBN:978-92-9260-631-2 Citation:IRENA and NUPI(2024),Critical materials for renewable energy:Improving data governance,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.Available for download:www.irena.org/publications For further information or to provide feedback:publicationsirena.orgAckno

7、wledgements This report was authored by Roman Vakulchuk(NUPI),Dastan Bekmuratov(NUPI),Francisco Boshell(IRENA),Ida Dokk Smith(NUPI),Isaac Elizondo Garcia(IRENA),Benjamin Gibson(ex-IRENA),Luis Janeiro(IRENA),Julia Loginova(University of Queensland),Gavkharkhon Mamadzhanova(NUPI),Andr Mnberger(Lund Un

8、iversity),Indra Overland(NUPI),Thiri Shwesin Aung(Harvard University),Tatjana Stankovic(NUPI),Philip Swanson(NUPI)under the direction of Indra Overland(Head of Centre for Energy Research,NUPI)and Roland Roesch(Director,IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre).Valuable input was also provided by Dora

9、Lopez(University of Oklahoma),Jinlei Feng(IRENA),Michael Taylor(ex-IRENA),Thijs van de Graaf(Ghent University)and Zafar Samadov(IRENA).The report was copy-edited by Justin French-Brooks and a technical review was provided by Paul Komor.Editorial support was provided by Francis Field and Stephanie Cl

10、arke.The graphic design was provided by Phoenix Design Aid.IRENA is grateful for the support received from the Government of Norway for the production of this report.DisclaimerThis publication and the material herein are provided“as is”.All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA and NUPI to

11、 verify the reliability of the material in this publication.However,neither IRENA,NUPI,nor any of their officials,agents,data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use o

12、f the publication or material herein.The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA.The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA or NUPI in preference to others of a

13、similar nature that are not mentioned.The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA or NUPI concerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitatio

14、n of frontiers or boundaries.3Contents Figures,tables and boxes.4 Abbreviations.5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.7CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.9CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINS.112.1 National institutions.122.2 International and intergovernmental organisations.132.3 Mineral

15、 associations.162.4 Commercial data providers.162.5 Summary.17CHAPTER 3EXISTING MEASURES TO IMPROVE DATA AVAILABILITY IN COMMODITY MARKETS.20CHAPTER 4MATERIALS FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION:REPOSITORY&INFORMATION COLLECTION(METRIC).23CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD.26References.27Annex 1:List of da

16、ta sources on critical materials for renewable energy.30CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 4FIGURESFigure 1 Selected organisations that provide data on critical materials.11Figure 2 Number of international data sources covering various dimensions of critical materials

17、value chains.13Figure 3 Number of data sources covering each critical material.14Figure 4 Sources of primary data and degree of data availability along critical materials supply chains.19Figure 5 Principles and content of a unified database on critical materials.24TABLESTable 1 A global ranking of c

18、ritical materials for renewable energy by criticality score.10Table 2 Extract from review of selected data sources on critical materials for renewable energy.18Table 3 Data dimensions.25BOXESBox 1 Data from national institutions.12Box 2 Data from international organisations.15Box 3 Data from mineral

19、 associations and private mining companies.16Box 4 Data from commercial entities.175ABBREVIATIONSAl aluminium B boron Be beryllium BGS British Geological Survey BOM bill of materialsCd cadmium Ce cerium CM critical material Co cobalt Cr chromium Cu copper Dy dysprosium EITI Extractive Industries Tra

20、nsparency InitiativeEu europium EV electric vehicleFe iron Ga gallium Gd gadolinium Ge germanium Gr graphite In indium Ir iridium JODI Joint Organisations Data InitiativeK potassium La lanthanum Li lithium METRIC Materials for the Energy Transition:Repository&Information CollectionMg magnesium Mn ma

21、nganese Mo molybdenum Nb niobium Nd neodymium Ni nickel ODC Open Data CharterOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOLADE Latin American Energy OrganizationP phosphorus Pb lead Pd palladium PGM platinum group metalPr praseodymium Pt platinum Re rhenium REE rare earth elementRh rh

22、odium Ru ruthenium Se selenium Si silicon Sm samarium Sn tin Sr strontium Ta tantalum Tb terbium Te tellurium Ti titanium UN United NationsUSGS US Geological SurveyV vanadium W tungsten WTO World Trade OrganizationY yttrium Zn zinc Zr zirconiumAbbreviationsCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMP

23、ROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 67EXECUTIVE SUMMARYExecutive summaryThe success of the global energy transition depends on a rapidly growing and uninterrupted supply of critical materials for renewable energy technologies.This requires a unified,open and transparent global repository of data on critical mate

24、rials,covering extraction,trade and criticality assessment.The lack of such a repository leads to actors taking less-well-informed decisions about critical materials markets.Data opacity delays the supply of critical materials to international markets and interrupts the deployment of renewable energ

25、y.This study reviews the main actors involved in the governance of critical materials supply chain data,including national government institutions,international organisations and foundations,mineral associations,and commercial data providers.A total of 45 data sources produced by these actors were r

26、eviewed in the study,with a focus on data accessibility,transparency and coverage.Key challenges for the governance of data on critical materials supply chains Critical materials markets are opaque,as existing data on critical materials suffer from missing values,low quality,outdated or being limite

27、d in coverage,and difficult to compare.In many cases,data on critical materials are embedded in larger databases that include other types of commodities.Such general databases often lack the detailed data on the rapidly growing demand for minerals,technological innovation and upscaling of recycling

28、needed for governments and private actors in the mining sector to take better informed decisions.Critical materials data governance is highly fragmented.It involves at least 37 actors with different agendas and interests.Although detailed data are available for some materials,most are scattered acro

29、ss different sources.Access to the most recent data often requires subscriptions from commercial providers,with some costing tens of thousands of USD per data source.The lack of transparency creates risks for the energy transition:it can lead to poor investment decisions,competitive international re

30、lations,supply chain disruptions,price spikes,trade disputes,resource nationalism and rising geopolitical tensions.CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 8There is a need to improve data for:Reserves,mines and processing:Proven geological reserves;geological accessibility;

31、exploration;mining sites;market concentration;valuable by-products from mining;ore grade;processing facilities;environmental,social and governance factors affecting mining;type of technology/process used by each processing facility to allow assessment of life cycle emissions and water consumption fo

32、r mining and processing.Trade flows:Supply chains;tariff and non-tariff measures;illegal trade;trade restrictions;recycling;real-time and historical benchmark pricing;supply/demand forecasts;patent and trademark information.Assessment of criticality:Regularly updated list of critical materials for t

33、he energy transition;definition of a criticality threshold value;demand forecasts for technologies,storage and other supporting infrastructure;renewable energy mix forecast;material use;material use for different renewable energy technologies;materials substitution;recycling technologies,recycling f

34、acilities,recycling rates and market outlook.A solution:Materials for the Energy Transition Repository&Information Collection(METRIC)As of October 2024,no global unified critical materials data repository exists.This report proposes to establish the Materials for the Energy Transition Repository&Inf

35、ormation Collection(METRIC),which would enhance the transparency of supply chain data and could have global benefits.It could substantially improve the quality,transparency,timeliness and completeness of data from a variety of sources.The design of METRIC draws on good governance theory and lessons

36、learnt from a review of nine international and national initiatives for improving data governance in other sectors.METRIC could mitigate critical materials risks,increase predictability,and strengthen international collaboration on renewable energy by providing more unified,comparable and detailed d

37、ata on all major critical materials data dimensions located in one place.Currently,one has to search across a broad variety of sources for data that are often non-standardised and non-unified and thus non-comparable.This complicates the process of key stakeholders taking well-informed decisions abou

38、t critical materials markets.9INTRODUCTION1.IntroductionThe success of the global transition to renewable energy depends on a rapidly growing and uninterrupted supply of critical materials for the manufacture of renewable energy technologies,energy storage and electric vehicles(EVs)(see Table 1).A u

39、nified,open and transparent data repository for critical materials supply chains can facilitate more effective governance of critical materials.The lack of such a repository leads to actors taking less-informed decisions about critical materials markets.In turn,data opacity may slow down the supply

40、of materials to international markets and interrupt the deployment of renewable energy.This study examines existing major data sources on critical materials.It reviews the main actors involved in the governance of critical materials supply chain data,including national government institutions,intern

41、ational organisations and foundations,mineral associations and commercial data providers.A total of 45 data sources produced by these actors are reviewed in the study with a focus on data accessibility,transparency and coverage.The list of data actors is not exhaustive,but it includes the major crit

42、ical materials data providers.The study has three purposes:It reviews existing primary and secondary data sources on critical materials.It evaluates their strengths and weaknesses,focusing on the degree of accessibility,transparency and coverage.It reviews existing international and national initiat

43、ives to improve data availability in various other sectors that might serve as examples for a critical materials data repository.It proposes to establish a Materials for the Energy Transition:Repository&Information Collection(METRIC)initiative to improve data transparency,access and quality for crit

44、ical materials markets.Motivation for the studyWith the world growing increasingly dependent on critical materials,demands for greater transparency of global supply chains and markets for materials,including availability of data,have been growing at a similar pace.For example,Gielen and Lyons(2022)c

45、all for measures to increase the transparency of the lithium market in order to reduce risks for both suppliers and consumers.They note that even such a mature market suffers from opacity and limited data availability.The limited data on critical materials supply chains create risks for the ongoing

46、effort to accelerate the energy transition in a number of ways:It complicates assessment of the criticality of materials.It makes supply and demand forecasting more difficult and reduces the accuracy of research results.It makes resource governance less transparent.It can cause misallocation of capi

47、tal and limit investment decisions on existing and new mines.It can undermine a level playing field and provoke competitive rather than co-operative behaviour among states and other energy transition actors.CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 10In summary,the lack of tr

48、ansparency surrounding critical materials may result in unreliable supply chains,raise costs and exacerbate geopolitical risks.The creation of a unified,open-access and transparent data governance repository can reduce these risks and create an important global public benefit.MOST CRITICALLEAST CRIT

49、ICALMODERATELY CRITICALTABLE 1 A global ranking of critical materials for renewable energy by criticality scoreSource:IRENA and NUPI(2024).Notes:The mineral groups REEs(rare earth elements)and PGMs(platinum group metals)and the individual minerals that are part of these groups are treated separately

50、.This is because of the scoring system for the clean energy meta-list,which is designed to accommodate the fact that some critical materials lists include only the group names,while others refer to individual minerals that belong to the groups.This also explains why the scores between the groups and

51、 their individual minerals diverge.Theoretical range of criticality score 0-1.Lithium 0.81 Cobalt 0.81 Gallium 0.73 REEs*0.72 Neodymium 0.68 Indium 0.68 PGMs*0.67 Dysprosium 0.65 Nickel 0.63 Tellurium 0.61 Praseodymium 0.57 Graphite 0.57 Manganese 0.54 Copper 0.52 Germanium 0.51 Silver 0.49 Strontiu

52、m 0.48 Platinum 0.47 Phosphorus 0.47 Chromium 0.47 Rhodium 0.45 Lanthanum 0.45 Ruthenium 0.44 Aluminium 0.44 Boron/borate 0.43 Selenium 0.43 Palladium 0.42 Cerium 0.41 Vanadium 0.41 Titanium 0.40 Silicon 0.40 Molybdenum 0.39Magnesium 0.39Yttrium 0.39Cadmium 0.38Terbium 0.38Zinc 0.36Iridium 0.36Zirco

53、nium 0.35Samarium 0.35Tungsten 0.34Beryllium 0.33Tin 0.32Iron/Steel 0.32Europium 0.31Potassium 0.31Niobium 0.29Tantalum 0.27Gadolinium 0.24Lead 0.24Rhenium 0.2211REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINSNotes:CRM=critical materials;EITI=Extractive Industries Transparency I

54、nitiative;IEA=International Energy Agency;IMF=International Monetary Fund;IRENA=International Renewable Energy Agency;ISO=International Organization for Standardization;OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development;UN=United Nations.2.Review of existing datasources for critical materia

55、lssupply chainsAs of October 2024,there is no single,comprehensive and unified global geological data repository that would include all important data dimensions relevant to the global energy transition.Different aspects of data on critical materials are often part of broader databases that cover ma

56、ny other types of commodities.This is not surprising,as global data gathering on critical materials has never been planned or co-ordinated.The limitation of general-purpose databases is that they often lag behind markets and do not take into account the specific needs of the global energy transition

57、,characterised by rapidly growing demand for materials that currently cannot be easily replaced by other materials,continuous technological innovation and upscaling of recycling infrastructure.Many databases therefore are not updated as frequently as required to meet the needs of fast-developing ren

58、ewable energy technologies.As a result,such databases are less relevant to the energy transition.As shown in Figure 1,several types of actors shape the current governance of critical materials data.Some of them collect,manage and provide primary data,while others collect,manage and systematise exist

59、ing secondary data.The criteria for selecting actors in each category relates to the need to cover most of the major players and for illustrative purposes(see Annex 1 for more detail).FIGURE 1 Selected organisations that provide data on critical materialsNational institutionsNational geological surv

60、eyse.g.US Geological Survey,British Geological Survey,German Geological Survey,Indian Bureau of MinesNational statistical agenciesCustoms agencies Mineral associations and private companiesInternational Manganese Institute,World Platinum Investment Council,Rio TintoCommercial providersAdamas Intelli

61、gence,SNL Metals&Mining,Roskill,Statista,Global Data,Global Trade Atlas,Mining IntelligenceInternational organisationsUN Comtrade,Eurostat,IEA,EITI,IRENA,ISO Strategic Advisory Group on CRM,OECD International Trade by Commodity StatisticsPrivate foundationsSt Gallen Endowment Financial institutionsW

62、orld Integrated Trade Solution(World Bank),IMF Commodity Terms of Trade,IMF Primary Commodity Prices DatabaseORGANISATIONSCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 122.1.National institutionsNational geological surveys play a primary role in the collection and provision of da

63、ta on mineral resources and reserves.Geological data include information on the location and estimated volumes of mineral resources,types of reserves and grade of commodities.Some national agencies,such as the US Geological Survey(USGS)and the British Geological Survey(BGS),also collect and provide

64、data on international resources and reserves.National statistics agencies typically provide data on the production,processing and trade in materials.These data can include information on the quantity and value of produced commodities,domestic consumption,and commodity exports and imports,including v

65、olumes,values and destinations.National statistics generally inform company strategies and domestic policy decisions related to mineral exploration,processing needs and trade measures.They also serve as a source of primary data for international statistics organisations,such as the UN Comtrade.The q

66、uality of trade data varies from country to country.Data can be manipulated or withheld from the public by government agencies,which may seek to benefit from the informational advantage or have national security concerns,particularly when state-owned companies are involved.National statistics genera

67、lly do not cover unreported artisanal and small-scale mining(Sturman et al.,2022).Unreported or misreported flows represent a significant data gap for some minerals,such as cobalt,for which hidden flows may represent over 50%of total trade(Leon et al.,2021).There are also data gaps in information co

68、ncerning embedded materials in products such as EVs and electrical appliances(McCaffrey et al.,2023).Strengths-Credibility:Many countries have well-established data collection and reporting systems,ensuring accurate information.-Accessibility:Countries usually make statistical data publicly availabl

69、e.-Time coverage:National statistics agencies commonly provide internally consistent data on an annual and sometimes quarterly or monthly basis,making data comparable over time.Weaknesses-Limited comparability:Low levels of comparability between data from different countries are due to differences i

70、n methods of data collection and reporting,units of measurement and levels of data aggregation.-Limited granularity:National statistics agencies often provide data at an aggregate level without details about specific mineral subtypes.-Incomplete data:Some activities along critical minerals value cha

71、ins may take place outside the formal economy(illegal mining and trade)and may not be captured by official national statistics.-Limited capacity and resources:Many developing countries lack the capacity and financial resources to produce reliable statistics.-Lack of reliability and accessibility:In

72、the case of some countries and minerals,data can be outdated,manipulated or made inaccessible.BOX 1.Data from national institutions13REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINSNational customs data can provide more nuanced information on specific trade flows.For example,the

73、Uljas customs database of Finland,which is a significant importer of cobalt concentrates and exporter of processed cobalt,has been used to analyse details about the trade in semi-processed cobalt,which are not available in international databases such as UN Comtrade or EUROSTAT(Leon et al.,2021).Box

74、 1 summarises the main strengths and weaknesses of critical materials data produced by national institutions.2.2.International and intergovernmental organisationsFigure 2 shows that data about reserves,production and trade are provided by at least 28 international data sources,while the availability

75、 of data on supply and demand forecasts(15),changing product composition in technologies(14)and recycling(13)is more limited.Moreover,data on specific by-products are presented in only five sources(see Annex 1 for more detail).Two widely used sources of international trade data are the UN Comtrade d

76、atabase and the European Unions EUROSTAT.Both provide comprehensive and consistent information about international trade for a wide range of countries and commodities,using standardised methodologies.However,international trade data on critical materials is complex and usually requires expert knowle

77、dge and the assessment of additional information in order to fully interpret such data(Jin et al.,2016;Schrijvers et al.,2020).According to Schrijvers et al.(2020),UN Comtrade data have significant gaps and limitations in regard to critical materials trade flows.There are well-known general problems

78、 with these trade statistics,such as the substantial average gap between traded goods as reported by exporting and importing countries(Melchior,2012;Schrijvers et al.,2020).For many critical materials,however,there are additional limitations.The UN Comtrade database does not always distinguish betwe

79、en forms and grades of materials.It also tends to group many minor producers and traders into the“other”category,treating them as one source,thus obscuring potentially important trade flows.For trade in metal concentrates,precise data on metal content and associated elements are almost non-existent.

80、A commodity might pass through one or more intermediate countries before reaching its final destination,or undergo minor,value-adding processing in an intermediate country(Fortier et al.,2021).Such intermediate trade may or may not be reported.FIGURE 2 Number of international data sources covering v

81、arious dimensions of critical materials value chainsNote:See Annex 1 for a detailed overview of data sources.051015202530Trade Pricing Supply and demand forecasts Changing product composition in technologiesRecyclingBy-productNumber of data sourcesCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DA

82、TA GOVERNANCE 14Figure 3 shows the number of international data sources covering selected critical materials.Markets shown as green are more broadly covered(nickel,copper,aluminium and cobalt),compared with those shown as orange(graphite,iron,platinum group metals and rare earth elements are moderat

83、ely covered)or red(titanium,tungsten,vanadium and zirconium are covered the least).Due to the complexity of critical materials supply chains,it is difficult to determine which materials are contained in a technology product,let alone upstream information about their sourcing and extraction.For examp

84、le,some data sources do not specify which type of graphite is referred to and this may complicate data analysis.According to Jin et al.(2016),“the various sub-contractors and confidentiality clauses have made or make the supply chain more and more complex”.The presence of limited and often incoheren

85、t trade data complicates forecasts of future demand and scenario-building exercises for critical materials(Klimenko,Ratner and Tereshin,2021).For example,EUROSTAT provides limited data on the supply of raw materials for battery value chains in the European Union and therefore needs to be complemente

86、d by other sources.Different data sources are generally not harmonised,for example in their use of trade nomenclature,and combining them leads to inconsistencies(Schrijvers et al.,2020).FIGURE 3 Number of data sources covering each critical material051015202530All commodities NickelCopperCobaltZincA

87、luminiumLeadLithiumTinPGMsREEsIronGraphiteManganeseMolybdenumChromiumSilverSiliconTungstenMagnesiumTitaniumCadmiumTantalumGalliumSteelVanadiumZirconium15Similarly,there are inconsistencies in production and trade data on rare earth elements.Sources use different units and cover different time period

88、s and life-cycle stages(Blengini et al.,2020).Another issue that contributes to data inconsistency is that of divergent and often incompatible data aggregation procedures(Schrijvers et al.,2020).Reliable trade data for complex products are difficult to obtain,and in each case additional cross-checki

89、ng by industry experts will likely be required(Blengini et al.,2020;Grohol,2023;Jin et al.,2016).Moreover,data on intermediate products are often severely limited,as most datasets include production data mainly at the level of mines(Schrijvers et al.,2020).Significant data gaps also exist for valuab

90、le by-product materials recovered during the mining and processing of primary materials,which is also supported by our findings on by-products(see Figure 2).As regards specific minerals,according to the European Commission(2018),data on minor metals,such as“cobalt or lithium,are either unavailable,s

91、cattered,confidential or of low quality,and are often based on expert judgement”.Box 2 summarises the main strengths and weaknesses of critical materials data produced by international and intergovernmental organisations.Strengths-Accessibility:Key data sources are publicly available,although access

92、 to more disaggregated and long-term data may be restricted.-Coverage:Access to long-term data comparable across a wide range of countries.-Transparency:International databases commonly use well-established and transparent methodologies.-Standardisation:Global databases use standardised data collect

93、ion and reporting methodologies and harmonised commodity classification systems.Weaknesses-Incomplete or unreliable data:Not all countries report trade data to international organisations consistently.Some countries misreport the data,report data of poor quality,or classify data as“confidential trad

94、e”or“special category”.-Data discrepancies:Gaps in reporting requirements that result in inconsistencies.BOX 2.Data from international and intergovernmental organisations REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINSCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERN

95、ANCE 162.3.Mineral associationsSome mineral-focused associations collect and provide data on specific minerals.For example,the International Copper Study Group provides yearly and monthly statistics on copper and copper products,including data on copper production,usage and trade by country,drawing

96、on data from country members,metals associations,company direct contacts and reports,national statistical offices and specialised press.Other examples include the International Manganese Institute and the International Nickel Study Group.Box 3 summarises the main strengths and weaknesses of critical

97、 materials data produced by mineral associations and private mining companies.Strengths-Detailed data:The key advantage of mineral associations is in-depth information about specific mineral value chains.-Industry connections:Mineral associations generally have strong linkages to industrial actors,e

98、nabling the associations to provide unique data and insights not available from other data sources.-Up-to-date data:Mineral associations tend to maintain up-to-date information about developments in their sector.-Capacity to address research gaps:Mineral associations have resources to fund research

99、in areas where data gaps exist.Weaknesses-Restricted access:These organisations generally limit public access to their data.Detailed and long-term data often require subscription or purchase.-Limited transparency:The methodologies and primary data sources employed by mineral associations are not alw

100、ays transparent.-Low comparability:Different mineral associations use different data collection and reporting systems,making it difficult to compare data from different associations.-Limited access due to high cost of data:Data provided by industrial associations are often very expensive.As a result

101、,this limits access to data for many stakeholders.-Bias:Mineral associations may have certain strategic interests or perspectives that can produce bias in their data,such as promoting specific minerals or industrial actors.BOX 3.Data from mineral associations and private mining companies2.4.Commerci

102、al data providersSome commercial data providers(e.g.S&P Global Marketplace or Mining Intelligence)specialise in collecting data on primary commodity markets through active interaction with industry players and mineral commodity associations.They are involved in commercial exchanges with various extr

103、active industry players and typically have access to the most up-to-date data(which are usually also the most valuable).Their data can normally be purchased only via subscription,although some operate with“freemium”models which give partial open 17Strengths-Detailed data:The key advantage of commerc

104、ial providers is that they can collect data on various market aspects on request.-Up-to-date forward-looking data:Commercial providers are closely linked to industrial actors,enabling them to obtain access to the most up-to-date and forward-looking data,which carry a high commercial value among inve

105、stors,especially with regard to forecast data and trends.Weaknesses-Premium or subscription access only:These organisations provide limited publicly available data.Detailed and long-term data generally require subscription or purchase.-Limited transparency:Methodologies and primary data sources used

106、 by commercial providers are difficult to evaluate.-Limited access due to high cost of data:Data provided by commercial entities are often very expensive,often even more expensive than data offered by mineral associations.This limits access to data for many stakeholders.BOX 4.Data from commercial en

107、titiesaccess to the data.Since commercial entities provide limited publicly available data,their methodologies and primary data sources are difficult to evaluate.Box 4 summarises the main strengths and weaknesses of critical materials data produced by commercial entities.2.5.SummaryExisting data on

108、critical materials production and supply chains suffer from multiple weaknesses.Although data on critical materials are rich,they often suffer from missing and incomparable values,as well as low-quality or outdated data points at various levels.The data lacks granularity to support the traceability

109、and governance of critical materials value chains.This results in the general opacity of markets for critical materials.Existing data governance for critical materials is fragmented,involving more than 30 actors.In many cases,access to data is by subscription only,with prices of up to tens of thousa

110、nds of dollars per data source.Even though data are rich and detailed for some aspects of some critical materials,much is scattered across different sources and often outdated.Table 2 presents an extract of the review of selected organisations that produce data on critical materials(the full table i

111、s shown in Annex 1).A detailed review of individual data providers(e.g.BGS,USGS,World Mining Data)demonstrates that they rely on hundreds of different sources when collecting geological data.For example,for its 2023 geological report(BGS,2023),the BGS obtained data from the following data providers:

112、REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINSCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 18TABLE 2 Extract from review of selected data sources on critical materials for renewable energyData source German Geological SurveyThe World Trade Statistical Revie

113、wINSG-World Nickel PublicationsSNL Metals&MiningPublishing organisationGerman GovernmentWTOInternational Nickel Study Group(INSG)S&P Global MarketplaceMinerals coveredAl,Pb,Cr,Ga,Gr,Cu,Li,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pd,P,Pt,REE,Si,Ta,Ti,W,Zn,Sn,Zr All commoditiesNiAll commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessOpen accessSub

114、scriptionSubscriptionGeography coveredGermanyWTO countriesGlobalGlobalProduction volume YesYesYesYesExport dataYesYesYesYesImport dataYes YesYesYes Trade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoYesNoRecycling dataNoNoYesNoPricingYesNoYesYesSupply and demand forecastsYesNoNoYesBy-products from mai

115、n mineralNoNoYesNoChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoYesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNoNo No Publications from six large national and international data sources that focus on specific commodities(African Development Bank Group,BP,Austrian Federal Ministry of Science WMD,S

116、ocit de lIndustrie Minrale Mineral Industry Society,the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States,World Bureau of Metal Statistics).Analysis of 16 websites of different international organisations,such as Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI),UN agencie

117、s,industrial associations,USGS.Individual requests for data sent to 126 private companies from all over the world.Direct correspondence or website consultation from 205 national institutions and agencies from 132 countries.19In a similar vein,according to Austrias Federal Ministry of Finance,“Data c

118、ollection relating to mineral raw materials has been carried out through evaluation of questionnaires sent to the National Committees of member countries of the World Mining Congress as well as to other bodies such as Embassies,Foreign Trade Representatives etc.Other official mining statistics,where

119、 publicly available,have also been used;for example,data gathered by the BGS(World Mineral Production)and the USGS have proven very useful for cross-checks.For the present publication the complete data set has been reviewed carefully.Despite a diligent search of all sources,there are some producing

120、areas where data is unavailable.In such instances,careful estimates of production figures have been made”(Federal Ministry of Finance,2023).Both the BGS and Austrias Federal Ministry of Finance rely on hundreds of different sources for geological data gathering.However,both of them still only cover

121、a limited number of data categories(see Annex 1).Other organisations cover other data categories;although,there is still no single data provider that would cover all major data categories(see Figure 4)for all(or most)countries in a manner that would satisfy the needs of the growing number of energy

122、transition actors who are interested in such data.As of 2024,these actors need to turn to 45 organisations identified in the study as important data providers for different data categories:some organisations cover mainly trade data,others cover mainly production,and others cover only stockpiling.Thi

123、s leads to data opacity and a high degree of fragmentation of global data governance.The data opacity is exacerbated by the existence of a large number of actors.They have different capabilities,access to infrastructure,strategic interests,and methodologies for data collection and reporting.As a res

124、ult,there are significant divergences,sometimes higher than 100%,in data reported by different sources,even when both sources are considered reliable(Leon et al.,2021).These limitations are more pronounced for downstream stages of the mineral value chains than for upstream.Data about reserves,produc

125、tion and trade are more or less available,but limited data are available on mineral processing,stockpiling,metal use and recycling(see Figure 4).FIGURE 4 Sources of primary data and degree of data availability along critical materials supply chainsNotes:green=higher availability;orange=lower availab

126、ility;ITC=International Trade Centre.Geological surveys National statistics National statistics International organisations Commercial providers UN Comtrade ITC Trade Map National customs National statistics Mineral associations Commercial providers National statistics International organisations In

127、ternational organisations Mineral associations National statistics Mineral associationsRESERVESTRADESTOCKPILLINGRECYCLINGPROCESSINGMETAL USEPRODUCTIONREVIEW OF EXISTING DATA SOURCES FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAINSCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 203.Existing mea

128、sures to improve data availability in commodity marketsA total of nine existing data governance initiatives were identified,aimed at enhancing the transparency of various commodity markets.These were reviewed with a particular focus on their data governance models and approaches to improving data av

129、ailability.Most existing data initiatives were found to originate in the OECD member states or Latin American countries.No similar large-scale initiatives have been established and driven by national and regional stakeholders in Africa,Central Asia,East Asia,South Asia or Southeast Asia,although sma

130、ll initiatives led by non-government organisations are in evidence.This is a drawback as major global mineral producers are low-and middle-income countries located in Africa and Asia.The purpose of this exercise is to learn lessons from other sectors and see how they have organised their own data go

131、vernance systems.The Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE)was established in 1973.Its data-sharing platform is aimed at better integration,conservation,rational use and commercialisation of Latin Americas energy resources,including critical materials (OLADE,2023).In 2022,OLADE adopted a mandate

132、for developing critical materials.The Agricultural Market Information System(AMIS)was launched by the G20 Ministers of Agriculture in 2011 to improve global agricultural market transparency and policy action.It consists of two databases,the Market Database and the Policy Database that integrate UN,W

133、TO and OECD data sources with national reporting and trading actors(AMIS,2023).The commodity trading transparency initiative is being developed by the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI),which is headquartered in Oslo,Norway.Established on the initiative of the former UK prime minist

134、er Tony Blair,EITI was formally founded by the United Kingdom in 2003.Producer countries report to EITI information about natural resource value chains,from extraction to government revenues.In addition to large-scale extraction activities,the initiative requires countries to estimate production and

135、 trade involving artisanal and small-scale mining(EITI,2023).The OECD Open Government Data(OGD)project includes policies that promote“transparency,accountability and value creation by making government data available to all”(OECD,2023).Through participation in this project,public institutions can be

136、come more transparent and accountable to citizens and thus improve good governance and public service delivery.OGD includes an index that assesses government attempts to promote open data in three major areas:openness,usefulness and reusability of government data.The World Bank Open Data Initiative,

137、available in multiple languages,is aimed at providing open access to World Bank data in the form of datasets,databases,pre-formatted tables,reports and other resources for agriculture,rural development,economics,energy,security,gender,infrastructure,poverty,the private sector,science and technology,

138、and urban development(World Bank,2023).21 The Joint Organisations Data Initiative(JODI)was established in 2001 to improve the transparency of oil and gas markets.It was established by six international organisations:the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,the Statistical Office of the European Communi

139、ties,the International Energy Agency,the Latin American Energy Organization,the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries,and the United Nations Statistics Division.It is co-ordinated by the International Energy Forum based in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.JODI addresses 90%of the global oil market(JO

140、DI,2024)and the lack of transparent and reliable oil statistics that often causes oil price volatility.Producers and consumers have joined efforts to improve the availability and reliability of oil data.Even though the primary goal was to build a database,an even more important task has been raising

141、 awareness among oil market actors about the need for greater transparency on oil supply and demand(JODI,2024).JODIs slogan is“Better Data,Better Decisions”.The International Open Data Charter(ODC)has developed the following principles for data governance:(1)open by default;(2)timely and comprehensi

142、ve;(3)accessible and usable;(4)comparable and interoperable;(5)improved governance and citizen engagement;and(6)inclusive development and innovation.It was launched by 17 signatories at the Open Government Partnership Global Summit in Mexico in October 2015,since then the ODC Principles have been ad

143、opted by 95 national and subnational governments(ODC,2015).As of 2024,it has 96 national and subnational governments as its signatories.The Irish Government Open Data Initiative was established to promote transparency through the publication of Irish public sector data in open access,free and reusab

144、le formats.In March 2023,the Open Data portal included 14 844 datasets(Government of Ireland,2023).The California Government Open Data Initiative was established to greatly improve the transparency of public services and provide better opportunities for citizen and private sector engagement by means

145、 of unlocking government data(California Government,2023).Content analysis of the statutes and missions of each of the nine initiatives explored which key principles and practical measures each initiative put forward to address the issue of missing,poorly managed,incomparable,incomplete,inaccessible

146、 and opaque data.Then,based on the results obtained from the nine initiatives,the main principles and measures were summarised and classified towards a good governance framework.The selected principles and measures can help improve data management(including data harmonisation and unification)and tra

147、nsparency in global markets for critical materials markets and beyond(see Table 2),which are presented in the next section.EXISTING MEASURES TO IMPROVE DATA AVAILABILITY IN COMMODITY MARKETSCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 22Key principles for good data governance:Tr

148、ansparency.Data are managed and data access is governed in an open and transparent manner.Accountability.Data governance is facilitated by an organisation or consortium that takes the work forward and orchestrates the development process.It can be preferable to have a multilateral organisation that

149、other actors perceive to be a neutral partner,giving it the role of interlocutor between different interests.Participation.All relevant stakeholders commit to and participate in data governance,including data producers,data consumers and public data providers.Major producer and consumer regions are

150、sometimes absent in the current global critical materials governance architecture.This includes under-represented countries of Africa,Asia and South America.23MATERIALS FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION:REPOSITORY&INFORMATION COLLECTION(METRIC)4.Materials for the Energy Transition:Repository&Information Col

151、lection(METRIC)To address the shortcomings in the data available on critical materials,a unified Materials for the Energy Transition:Repository&Information Collection(METRIC)is proposed(see Figure 5 and Table 3).It would draw on existing but separate data sources on critical materials.Its mission wo

152、uld be to improve data management and enhance the transparency of data on the value chains of materials critical to the energy transition.There is an urgent need to improve the governance of such data without sidelining the various actors already involved in their collection.Rather,these actors coul

153、d be incentivised to join a collaborative data initiative focused on critical materials for renewable energy technologies.The main value added of METRIC would be methodological coherence,ease of data use,and comprehensiveness of critical materials data.Currently,searches are made across a broad vari

154、ety of sources for data,which are often non-standardised and non-unified and thus non-comparable.Conceptually,METRIC draws on two variables.The first is the key characteristics of critical materials markets that we identified in our review of the most common data dimensions across the 45 data source

155、s we analysed(see Table 3).The second is the main lessons that we drew from the nine international and national data transparency initiatives.They are presented in Section 3 and take also into account the good governance pillars,such as transparency,participation and accountability(Addink,2019;Van D

156、oeveren,2011)(see Figure 5).METRIC is a model for a unified,open and transparent data architecture and governance framework for critical materials.Its beneficiaries would include governments,civil society,citizens,international organisations,researchers,entrepreneurs and investors.A more unified dat

157、a governance solution for critical materials markets would improve transparency and information flow,thus helping governments and private actors take better informed decisions on mining,market expansion and supply.In turn,this should help accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies gl

158、obally.The presence of a streamlined and unified database could improve the quality,timeliness and extent of data submissions by the actors involved in data generation(OECD,2023;World Bank,2023).By improving the transparency of supply chains,METRIC would enhance international collaboration on renewa

159、ble energy and support countries in their transition to sustainable energy.While such a data system could be highly beneficial,it is important to underline that its creation and maintenance would require significant financial and human resources.For instance,an international organisation or a consor

160、tium of organisations could potentially lead and manage this initiative.METRIC would aim to produce data and data analysis according to a concept of material flow diagrams to address the data availability issues illustrated in Figure 4.CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANC

161、E 24FIGURE 5 Principles and content of a unified database on critical materials*Based on good governance framework and the review of nine data governance initiatives(see Section 3).Regular dissemination Capacity-building through training Data use webinars Digital data use manuals Data visualisation

162、Data application tools Openness to feedback Inclusive partnership Promotion of data partnerships Open access to all Ease of access Ease of data download Current and comprehensive data Harmonisation of datasets Common reporting mechanisms Common tools for data submission Tools for monitoring and veri

163、fying reporting Explicit and publicily aviailable methodologies Research archive Glossary of termsCurated dataPARTICIPATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY*TRANSPARENCY*Feedback exchange on critical materialsOther analysesTrade analysisCriticality assessmentProposed initiative METRICUsersDatabaseCuration and har

164、monisationData extraction Reserves,mines and processing Trade and supply chainsOrganisation nOrganisation 2 Organisation 1 25TABLE 3 Data dimensionsReserves,mines and processing Proven geological reserves Geological accessibility Mining sites Market concentration(Herfindahl-Hirschman Index)Valuable

165、by-products from mining Ore grades Processing facilities Exploration investments Mined production Secondary production Processing production A bill of materials(BOM)*for each critical technology Trade and supply chains Trade flows and supply chains Tariff and non-tariff barriers Trade restrictions R

166、eal-time and historical pricing Benchmark prices Data on current demand Data on forecasted demand for raw materials and products Prices of raw materials Prices of refined products Prices of chemicals/precursors/etc.Use by application Data on companies that manufacture clean energy hardware and use c

167、ritical materialsAssessments of criticality Regularly updated list of critical materials Definition of a criticality threshold value Material composition in renewable energy technologies Data on material substitution Recycling technologies,facilities and markets;recycling rates.*A bill of materials(

168、BOM)is a comprehensive list of components,materials,parts and sub-assemblies required to manufacture or assemble a product.BOMs are commonly used in manufacturing,engineering and product development to document and communicate the exact specifications and quantities of materials needed for the produ

169、ction of a particular item.Note:This table presents the key characteristics of critical materials markets according to our review of the most common data dimensions in the 45 data sources we analysed(see Annex 1).MATERIALS FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION:REPOSITORY&INFORMATION COLLECTION(METRIC)CRITICAL M

170、ATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 265.Conclusions and way forwardEach of the current data governance initiatives has one or several shortcomings that limit their usefulness.For example,they lack wide representation from different geographies and actors or entail subscriptions t

171、hat are too expensive for many actors.To be successful,a new governance initative needs to meet the abovementioned good governance criteria.The establishment of METRIC could mitigate critical materials risks,increase predictability,and strengthen international collaboration on renewable energy by pr

172、oviding more unified,comparable and detailed data on all major critical materials data dimensions located in one place.Without METRIC,key stakeholders may continue to find it complicated taking well-informed decisions about critical materials markets.Pursuing collaboration on critical materials betw

173、een different actors with diverging interests is challenging.It is therefore crucial to be explicit about the benefits of METRIC to different parties and ensure that the organisation leading the work is perceived as legitimate.This could,for example,require a multinational organisation with offices

174、and staff in different regions to take the lead,and the inclusion of both producer and consumer interests(e.g.supply security,demand security and justice).Moving forward,it is recommended that organisations that manage and provide data on critical materials,such as those identified in Annex 1,be con

175、vened to establish a platform for dialogue.This engagement could lead to the identification of parties interested in organising and establishing an initiative such as METRIC.Drawing on the insights gained from other successful data governance frameworks,this initiative could similarly benefit from m

176、ultistakeholder co-operation.27ReferencesAddink,H.(2019),“Good governance:Concept and context”,Oxford University Press,https:/ us”,The Agricultural Market Information System,https:/www.amis-outlook.org/amis-about/en/BGS(2023),“World Mineral Production”,British Geological Survey,https:/www2.bgs.ac.uk

177、/mineralsUK/statistics/worldStatistics.htmlBlengini,G.,et al.(2020),“Study on the EUs list of critical raw materials”,Publications Office of the European Union,https:/op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c0d5292a-ee54-11ea-991b-01aa75ed71a1/language-enCalifornia Government(2023),“Open Da

178、ta Handbook”,https:/handbook.data.ca.gov/#:text=The%20Open%20Data%20Handbook%20provides,and%20metadata%20standards%2C%20and%20governanceEITI(2023),“Commodity Trading Transparency”,The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI),https:/eiti.org/commodity-tradingEuropean Commission(2018),“Repo

179、rt on Raw Materials for Battery Applications”,Staff Working Document,https:/rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/bvc#/Federal Ministry of Finance(2023),“World Mining Data 2023”,Federal Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Austria.,https:/www.bmf.gv.at/en/topics/mining/mineral-resources-policy/wmd.htmlFortier,S.M

180、.,et al.(2021),“USGS critical minerals review”,Mining Engineering,vol.71(5),pp.3347.Gielen,D.,and Lyons,M.(2022),Critical materials for the energy transition:Lithium,1/2022,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi,www.irena.org/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lit

181、hiumGovernment of Ireland(2023),“Irelands Open Data Initiative”,Open Data Unit,https:/data.gov.ie/Grohol,M.(2023),European Commission,Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2023 Final Report,European Commission:Directorate-General for Internal Market,Industry,Entrepreneurship and SMEs,Public

182、ations Office of the European Union,2023,https:/data.europa.eu/doi/10.2873/725585IRENA and NUPI(2024),Constructing a ranking of critical materials for the global energy transition,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.Jin,Y.,et al.(2016),“Review of critical material studies”,Resources,Cons

183、ervation and Recycling,vol.113,pp.7787.JODI(2024),“About JODI.Joint Organisations Data Initiative(JODI).Coordinated by the International Energy Forum”,https:/www.ief.org/about/jodiLeon,M.F.G.,et al.(2021),“Analysis of long-term statistical data of cobalt flows in the EU”,Resources,Conservation and R

184、ecycling,vol.173,105690,https:/ MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 28McCaffrey,D.M.,et al.(2023),“Embedded critical material flow:The case of niobium,the United States,and China”,Resources,Conservation and Recycling,vol.188,105690,https:/ Trade 19702010:Globalisation,Regionalis

185、ation and Reallocation”,Norwegian Institute of International Affairs,http:/www.nupi.no/content/download/330908/1137192/version/4/file/WP-805-Melchior.pdf,retrieved 12.02.15ODC(2015),“International Open Data Charter”,https:/opendatacharter.org/OECD(2023),“Open Government Data(OGD)initiative”,Organisa

186、tion for Economic Co-operation and Development,https:/web-archive.oecd.org/temp/2022-05-20/253891-open-government-data.htmOLADE(2023),“OLADE-Latin American Energy Organization”,https:/www.olade.org/en/about-olade/Schrijvers,D.,et al.(2020),“A review of methods and data to determine raw material crit

187、icality”,Resources,conservation and recycling,vol.155,https:/ al.(2022),“Mission critical:strengthening governance of mineral value chains for the energy transition”,Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI),https:/eiti.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/EITI%20Mission%20Critical%20Report%202

188、022.pdfVan Doeveren,V.(2011),“Rethinking good governance:Identifying common principles”,Public Integrity,vol.13(4),pp.30118.World Bank(2023),“World Bank Open Data”,https:/data.worldbank.org/29Annex 1CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 30Data source(national institutions

189、)German Geological SurveyBritish Geological Survey(BGS)US Geological Survey(USGS)Indian Mineral YearbookPublishing organisationGerman governmentUK governmentUS governmentIndian government Minerals coveredAl,Pb,Cr,Ga,Gr,Cu,Li,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pd,P,Pt,REEs,Si,Ta,Ti,W,Zn,Sn,Zr All commoditiesAll commoditiesAll

190、 commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessGeography coveredGermanyGreat BritainUnited StatesIndiaProduction volume YesYesYesYesExport dataYesYesYesYesImport dataYes YesYesYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoYesYesRecycling dataNoNoYesNoPricingYesNoYesYesSu

191、pply and demand forecastsYesNoYesNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoYesChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoYesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNoNoNoAnnex 1:List of data sources on critical materials for renewable energy31ANNEXData source(national institutions)Critical Mater

192、ials AssessmentPublishing organisationUS Department of EnergyMinerals coveredCu,Ge,Ni,U,Zr,Si,Te,Ga,In,Nd,Pr,Dy,Tb,B,Ga,Pt,C,La,Sr,Y,Mn,Li,Co,V,Zn,Fe,Al,Na,S,P,F,Mg,light REEs,Rh,Pd,Ir,TiAccess to dataOpen accessGeography coveredGlobalProduction volume YesExport dataNoImport dataNoTrade-restrictive

193、or trade-promoting measuresNoRecycling dataYesPricingYesSupply and demand forecastsYesBy-products from main mineralYesChanging product composition in technologiesYesLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 32Data source(national inst

194、itutions)ComtradeEUROSTATExport Restrictions on Industrial Raw MaterialsOECD International Trade by Commodity StatisticsPublishing organisationUN Statistics DivisionStatistical Office of the European UnionOECDOECDMinerals coveredAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAccess to d

195、ataPartially restrictedOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessGeography coveredGlobalGlobal(EU and partner states)OECD statesOECD statesProduction volume NoNoNoNoExport dataYes YesNoYesImport dataYesYesNoYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoYesNoRecycling dataNoYesNoNoPricingNoNoNoYesSupply

196、 and demand forecastsNoNoNoNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoNoChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoNoNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceYesNo No No33ANNEXData source(national institutions)IMF Commodity Terms of TradeIMF Commodity Data PortalIMF Primary Commodity Prices Database

197、World Mining DataPublishing organisationIMFIMFIMFGovernment of AustriaMinerals coveredAl,Cu,Fe,Pb,Ni,Sn,ZnAl,Cr,Co,Cu,Pb,Li,Ni,Pd,Pt,REEs,Si,Ag,V,ZnAl,Co,Cu,Fe,Ni,Zn,Mo,Pb,SnAll commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessGeography covered182 countriesGlobalGlobal168 countri

198、esProduction volume NoNoNoYesExport dataYesYesNoNoImport dataYesYesNoNoTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoNoNoRecycling dataNoNoNoNoPricingYesYesYesNoSupply and demand forecastsNoNoNoNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoNoChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoNoNoLinked to UN

199、 Comtrade as original sourceYes Yes YesNoCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 34Data source(national institutions)International Energy Agency(IEA)Observatory of Economic Complexity(OEC)BACI:International Trade Database at the Product-LevelExtractive Industries Transparen

200、cy Initiative(EITI)Publishing organisationInternational Energy Agency(IEA)Datawheel,MITs Collective Learning groupCentre dtudes Prospectives et dInformations Internationales(CEPII)Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeMinerals coveredAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditie

201、sAccess to dataOpen accessFreemiumOpen accessOpen accessGeography coveredGlobal40 countriesGlobalEITI countriesProduction volume YesNoNoYesExport dataYesYesYesYesImport dataYesYesYesYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresYesYesNoYesRecycling dataYesNoNoNoPricingYesNoNoNoSupply and demand fo

202、recastsYesNoNoNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoYesChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoNoNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoYesYesYes 35ANNEXData source(national institutions)ITCs Trade MapITCs Market Access ConditionsThe World Trade Statistical ReviewTrade MonitoringPublishi

203、ng organisationITCITCWTOWTOMinerals coveredAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessGeography covered220 countries202 countriesWTO countriesWTO countriesProduction volume NoNoYesNoExport dataYesNoYesNoImport dataYesNoYesNoT

204、rade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoYesNoYesRecycling dataNoNoNoNoPricingNoNoNoNoSupply and demand forecastsNoNoNoNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoNoChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoNoNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceYesNoNoNoCRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENE

205、RGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 36Data source(national institutions)Regional Trade Agreements(RTAs)DatabaseDatabase on Preferential Trade ArrangementsThe Quantitative Restrictions(QR)DatabaseWorld Integrated Trade Solution(WITS)Publishing organisationWTOWTOWTOWorld BankMinerals coveredAll commoditiesA

206、ll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessOpen accessGeography coveredWTO countriesWTO countriesWTO countriesGlobalProduction volume NoNoNoNoExport dataNoNoNoYesImport dataNoNoNoYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresYesYesYesYesRecycling dat

207、aNoNoNoNoPricingNoNoNoNoSupply and demand forecastsNoNoNoNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoNoChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoNoNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNoNoYes37ANNEXData source(national institutions)LME Reports&DataShanghai Metals Market(SMM)IWCC Statistics and

208、 Data SeriesICSG Statistical DatabasePublishing organisationLondon Metal Exchange(LME)Shanghai Metals Market(SMM)International Wrought Copper Council(IWCC)International Copper Study Group(ICSG)Minerals coveredAl,Co,Cu,Li,Mo,Zn,Ni,Pb,Sn,PGMAL,Co,Li,Ni,Cu,Pb,Zn,SnCuCuAccess to dataOpen accessOpen acce

209、ssFreemiumSubscriptionGeography coveredGlobalGlobal80 major economiesMember countriesProduction volume NoNoYesYesExport dataYesNoYesYesImport dataYesNoYesYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoNoNoRecycling dataNoNoNoNoPricingYesYesYesYesSupply and demand forecastsNoYesYesYesBy-products

210、 from main mineralNoNoNoYesChanging product composition in technologiesNoNoYesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNoNoNo CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 38Data source(foundation)Global Trade AlertPublishing organisationSt Gallen Endowment/University of St Ga

211、llen/Max Schmidheiny FoundationMinerals coveredAll commoditiesAccess to dataOpen accessGeography coveredGlobalProduction volume NoExport dataNoImport dataNoTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresYesRecycling dataNoPricingNoSupply and demand forecastsNoBy-products from main mineralNoChanging pr

212、oduct composition in technologiesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNo39ANNEXData source(mineral associations)Platinum Quarterly reportInternational Manganese InstituteINSG World Nickel PublicationsThe Lithium Voice ReportsPublishing organisationWorld Platinum Investment CouncilInternational

213、Manganese InstituteInternational Nickel Study Group(INSG)International Lithium AssociationMinerals coveredPGMMnNiLiAccess to dataOpen accessSubscriptionSubscriptionOpen accessGeography coveredGlobalTop 20 million importersGlobalGlobalProduction volume YesYesYesYesExport dataNoYesYesYesImport dataNoY

214、esYesNoTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoYesYesNoRecycling dataYesNoYesYesPricingYesYesYesNoSupply and demand forecastsYesYesNoYesBy-products from main mineralNoNoYesYesChanging product composition in technologiesYesYesYesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNo No NoCRITICAL MATE

215、RIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 40Data source(commercial providers)Adamas IntelligenceSNL Metals&MiningRoskillGlobal Trade AtlasPublishing organisationAdamas IntelligenceS&P Global MarketplaceWood MackenzieS&P Market IntelligenceMinerals coveredREEs,Li,Ni,Co,Mn,GrAll commodities

216、Al,Co,Cu,Fe,Pb,Li,Ni,Gr,REEs,ZnAll commoditiesAccess to dataSubscriptionSubscriptionSubscriptionSubscriptionGeography coveredGlobalGlobalGlobal200 countriesProduction volume YesYesYesNoExport dataNoYesYesYesImport dataNoYes YesYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoNoYesRecycling dataYe

217、sNoNoNoPricingYesYesYesYesSupply and demand forecastsYesYesYesNoBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoNoChanging product composition in technologiesYesNoYesNoLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNo NoNo No 41ANNEXData source(commercial providers)Mining IntelligenceGlobal DataGlobal Trade TrackerStat

218、istaPublishing organisationMining IntelligenceGlobal DataGlobal Trade TrackerStatistaMinerals coveredAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAll commoditiesAccess to dataSubscriptionSubscriptionSubscriptionSubscriptionGeography coveredGlobal60 leading mining countries24 countriesGlobalProductio

219、n volume YesYesYesYesExport dataNoYesYesYesImport dataNoYesYesYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoYesNoNoRecycling dataNoNoNoYesPricingYesYesYesYesSupply and demand forecastsNoYesNoYesBy-products from main mineralNoNoNoYesChanging product composition in technologiesNoYesNoNoLinked to U

220、N Comtrade as original sourceNo No YesNo CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:IMPROVING DATA GOVERNANCE 42Data source(commercial providers)World Bureau of Metal Statistics(WBMS)Benchmark Mineral IntelligenceBloomberg NEFPublishing organisationREFINITIVBenchmark Mineral IntelligenceBloombergMinera

221、ls coveredAl,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Sn,Ag,Cd,Mo,Co,FeLi,Co,Ni,GrAll commoditiesAccess to dataSubscriptionSubscriptionSubscriptionGeography coveredGlobalGlobalGlobalProduction volume YesYesYesExport dataYesNoYesImport dataYesNoYesTrade-restrictive or trade-promoting measuresNoNoYesRecycling dataNoYesYesPricingYesYesYesSupply and demand forecastsYesYesYesBy-products from main mineralNoNoYesChanging product composition in technologiesNoYesYesLinked to UN Comtrade as original sourceNoNoNo43REFERENCESwww.irena.org