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1、Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2024Assessing Implementation of the Global Compact for MigrationThe shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members.*The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the

2、part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)is the most inclusive intergovernmenta

3、l platform in the Asia-Pacific region.The Commission promotes cooperation among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable development challenges.ESCAP is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations.The ESCAP secretariat supports inclusive,resi

4、lient and sustainable development in the region by generating action-oriented knowledge,and by providing technical assistance and capacity-building services in support of national development objectives,regional agreements and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Asia-Pa

5、cific Migration Report 2024:Assessing Implementation of the Global Compact for MigrationUnitedNations PublicationCopyright UnitedNations,2024All rights reservedPrinted in BangkokSuggested citation:UnitedNations,Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)(2024).AsiaPacific Migratio

6、n Report 2024:Assessing Implementation of the Global Compact for Migration.For more information,please contact:Social Development DivisionEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)Email:escap-sddun.orgDisclaimerThe views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

7、do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the UnitedNations or other international agencies.The publication has been issued without formal editing.Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply endorsement by the UnitedNations.Links contained in the present publication are provide

8、d for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue.The UnitedNations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website.Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or other noncomm

9、ercial purposes are authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder,provided that the source is fully acknowledged.Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the UnitedNations.Reproduction of material in this publication for sale or other co

10、mmercial purposes,including publicity and advertising,is prohibited without the written permission of the copyright holder.Applications for such permission,with a statement of purpose and extent of the reproduction,should be addressed to the Director,Social Development Division,UnitedNations Economi

11、c and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific at escap-sddun.org.iiASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024Foreword:ESCAPAsia and the Pacific is home to over half of the worlds population and more than 40 per cent of the worlds migrants.Migrants play a vital role in the regions development,offer a weal

12、th of untapped potential,and are central to inclusive and sustainable development.This is clearly acknowledged in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,which underscores the importance of a world in which“.all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy env

13、ironment.”The Global Compact for Migration(GCM),which is rooted in the 2030 Agenda,notes that“migration is a defining feature of our globalized world,connecting societies within and across all regions,making us all countries of origin,transit and destination.”This report builds on the Asia-Pacific M

14、igration Report 2020.It sheds light on the trends,lessons,challenges and opportunities in making migration work for all in the region and beyond.The region is replete with good practices in safe,orderly and regular migration.Yet much remains to be done to fulfil the promise of migration,for migrants

15、 and their families,as well as for origin,transit and destination countries.Every migration policy should be people-centred,evidence-based and sustainable and should take account of the diverse situations of migrants and their families,recognizing that these may change over the course of migration.T

16、he policies should tap into the potential of digital transformation,enhance skill levels,promote equity and protect the human and labour rights of migrants and their families,without creating or exacerbating vulnerable situations.Countries need to cooperate on this,through bilateral and other arrang

17、ements,as well as by addressing capacity needs,such as gaps in implementing legislation and collecting and analysing data.Regional and international cooperation are critical to safe,orderly and regular migration.In 2024 and 2025,all regional commissions are organizing a second round of GCM regional

18、reviews.From 4 to 6 February 2025,ESCAP and the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific will convene their second regional review.This report,together with stakeholder consultations,are part of the Asia-Pacific regional review process,which will inform the second Interna

19、tional Migration Review Forum(IMRF),in 2026.Indeed,Asia and the Pacifics input,with its wealth of historic and technologically-advanced experiences,is vital to the IMRF.The regions migrants seek better and often safer lives for themselves,their families and their communities.In doing this,they contr

20、ibute to inclusive and sustainable development.Their spirit of pragmatism and diligence should inform our discourse on migrants and migration.Armida Salsiah AlisjahbanaUnder-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Secretary of Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESC

21、AP)III Foreword:Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and the PacificIt is my privilege,on behalf of the Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific,to present this comprehensive report on the significant strides and ongoing efforts in the implementation of

22、the Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration(GCM)in the Asian and Pacific region.Over the past four years,this region has witnessed unprecedented movements of people,driven by a myriad of factors,including rapid economic growth,environmental vulnerabilities and complex demographic shift

23、s.As member States in the region strive to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the GCM provides a crucial framework to navigate these challenges and address the specific needs of migrants and the vulnerable situations that they can encounter at different stages of migration,includi

24、ng in the context of gender,age and disability status,ensuring that no one is left behind.As many countries in the region are poised to transition from low-to middle-income status,well-governed migration,based on robust migration policies and informed decisions,are increasingly important for achievi

25、ng the Sustainable Development Goals and tackling the“triple planetary crisis”(climate change,pollution and biodiversity loss).By promoting safe,regular and orderly migration,we can empower migrants to realize their goals and full potential in contributing to the communities and countries where they

26、 live,fostering inclusive and sustainable development.The United Nations System has been at the forefront,working with States to provide critical support and innovative solutions to ensure safe,orderly and regular migration.This report highlights the key achievements accomplished,the challenges face

27、d and the lessons learned in implementing the GCM.It underscores the importance of regional cooperation and partnerships in addressing cross-border migration issues,protecting the rights of migrants and maximizing the benefits of migration for all.The Asia-Pacific region,with its unique blend of opp

28、ortunities and vulnerabilities,has a critical role to play in shaping the future of the global migration landscape and migration governance.As we look ahead,the International Organization for Migration,the coordinator and secretariat of the United Nations Network on Migration,remains steadfast in it

29、s commitment to continuing to work closely with governments,civil society and other stakeholders to address the evolving migration dynamics in the region,while promoting the well-being of all migrants.I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and th

30、e Pacific,and all those who have supported and contributed to this report.Together,we can build a future where migration is a source of opportunity and prosperity for all.Iori KatoCoordinator,Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and thePacific,and IOM Regional Director for Asia and

31、the Pacific IvASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024Members of the Regional UnitedNations Network onMigration for Asia and the PacificEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)International Labour Organization(ILO)International Organization for Migration(IOM)Joint UnitedNations Progr

32、amme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS)Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA)UnitedNations Childrens Fund(UNICEF)UnitedNations Development Programme(UNDP)UnitedNations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)UnitedNations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women(UN

33、 Women)UnitedNations Environment Programme(UNEP)UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)UnitedNations Human Settlement Programme(UN-Habitat)UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)UnitedNations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR)UnitedNations Office of the High Co

34、mmissioner for Human Rights(OHCHR)UnitedNations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC)UnitedNations Population Fund(UNFPA)World Food Programme(WFP)World Bankv Acknowledgements This publication is the product of collaboration among the members of the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration for Asia and

35、 the Pacific.Guidance and support were provided by Srinivas Tata,Director,Social Development Division,ESCAP.Report vision,management and review were provided by Sabine Henning,Chief,Sustainable Demographic Transition Section,Social Development Division.The report was compiled,revised and technically

36、 edited by Kate Sheill,with support from Marco Roncarati.Staff and consultants from the following members of the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration drafted the main chapters of the report:chapter 1,ESCAP;chapter 2,ILO;chapter 3,OHCHR;chapter 4,UNDP;chapter 5,ESCAP;chapter 6,ESCAP,with input

37、 from ILO,IOM,OHCHR,UNDP,UNFPA,UNICEF,UN Women and the WorldBank.A number of Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration members drafted sections or provided technical comments of the report.They include,in alphabetical order:ESCAP:Sabine Henning,Marco Roncarati,Kate Sheill and Vanessa Steinmayer.IL

38、O:Nilim Baruah,Deepa Bharathi,Shrestha Chopra,Anna Engblom,Benjamin Harkins,Amish Karki,CatherineLaws,Ratna Mathai-Luke,Rebecca Napier-Moore,Angelica Neville,Marja Paavilainen,Giwoong Son,Piyasiri Wickramasekara.IOM:Boon Benjapornkulpong,Jessica Dewangga,Geertrui Lanneau,Laura Scorreti,Mohammed Tayi

39、b and Yip-Ching Yu.OHCHR:Taisuke Komatsu,Izza Leghtas,Arkar Maung,Pia Oberoi and Kate Sheill.UN-Habitat:UN-Habitat Bangkok Programme Office.UN Women:Nighina Azizov,Sarah Duterto Valero,Nansiri Iamsuk,Ishita Kaul and Vincent Vinh Vaudel.UNDP:George May and Ingpat Pakchairatchakul,with technical comme

40、nts/drafting from Kathryn Johnson.UNESCO:Roshan Bajracharya and Wesley Teter.UNFPA:Wasana Im-Em and Sujata Tuladhar.UNHCR:UNHCR Regional Bureau for the Asia and Pacific.UNICEF:Eshani Ruwanpura,Lucio Valerio Sarandrea and Venera Urbaeva.UNODC:Deanna Davy,Sylwia Gawronska and Rebecca Miller.World Bank

41、:Pablo Acosta,Matthew Dornan,Limon Bade Rodriguez and Soonhwa Yi.The following ESCAP staff,consultants and interns provided inputs and research assistance for several chapters:Alexander Kozlov,Aditi Prasad,Panita Rattanakittiaporn,Napaphat Satchanawakul,Jacob Simcox,VanessaSteinmayer and Natalja Weh

42、mer.The following ESCAP staff members provided administrative support:SupatraKaewchana and Lawan Uppapakdee.The additional ESCAP staff reviewed the report:Cai Cai,Channe Lindstrom Oguzhan,Petra Nahmias,Tanja Sejersen and Katinka Weinberger.A number of experts took part in the Expert Group Meeting on

43、 the Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2024,held in-person at the UnitedNations Conference Centre in Bangkok and virtually from 26 to 27 June 2024.In particular,the meetings discussants are recognized:Olga Andreeva,Maruja Asis,Helen Brunt,Celia Finch,William Gois,Fish Ip,Mahjabeen Khaled,Yu Korekawa,Jay

44、a Anil Kumar,Sverre Molland,Dewi Amelia Eka Putri,Nurul Qoiriah,Salsabila Rashid,Sara Vigil,Soonhwa Yi,Chuah Hui Yin,Elroi Yee.The following UnitedNations agencies made financial contributions to the preparation of the report:ESCAP,ILO and OHCHR.Marco Roncarati edited the final report for publicatio

45、n and Daniel Feary designed its cover and layout.vIASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024ContextHome to 58percent of the global population in 2024,Asia and the Pacific is the origin and destination for many international migrants,with about one third of migrants globally coming from the region.Important

46、ly,most of the migration is intra-regional in nature.People are migrating to build a more secure future for themselves,their families and communities.They are motivated by hopes to support families,find opportunities and make a better future,and often driven by,among others,poverty unsustainable dev

47、elopment,discrimination,inequalities,conflicts,climate change,environmental degradation anddisasters.Migration brings demographic,social and economic benefits for countries of origin,transit and destination.It can reduce inequalities and build connections within and between communities and countries

48、 if it takes place in a safe,orderly and regular manner.However,migrants and their families are frequently left behind in terms of development processes;they may also be targeted for various human rights violations.This undermines the benefits of migration.When it takes place in a well-informed,plan

49、ned and consensual manner,with full respect and protection of human rights,migration can bring benefits to all.The current report builds on the Asia-Pacific Migration Report(APMR)2020 to assess developments in Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration(GCM)implementation across ESCAP memb

50、er States over the last four years.The first Asia-Pacific intergovernmental regional review was convened by ESCAP,in partnership with the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific,in hybrid mode from 10 to 12 March 2021.The meeting was attended by representatives of 32 mem

51、ber States,which reiterated their commitment to the implementation of the GCM,and 43 stakeholder groups,including civil society organizations(CSOs),trade unions and local governments.The Chairs summary,as the outcome document of the meeting,among others,highlighted the significant scale of migration

52、 and the major contributions of migrants and their families to sustainable development,including through remittances,as well as the need to provide adequate support to migrants through social protection and other measures of social inclusion and engagement insociety.Asia-Pacific countries participat

53、ed in the International Migration Review Forum(IMRF),held in May 2022,the first-ever intergovernmental global platform to discuss and share progress on the implementation of all aspects of the GCM,including as it relates to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.On the sidelines of the IMRF,all

54、 regional commissions and their regional partners and respective Chairs of the 2020/2021 round of regional reviews organized an event on the regional reviews,highlighting regional priorities.Between 2024 and 2025,all regional commissions,with their respective regional partners,are convening GCM regi

55、onal reviews in their respective regions.Overview of migration in Asia and thePacificGlobal megatrends are redefining migration pathways.Asia and the Pacific is vast in its geography and diverse in economic and social development.It is at the forefront of important global trends,including with regar

56、d to innovation,while it is also experiencing five world-wide megatrends,as identified by the UnitedNations Economist Network.These are:(a)demographic shifts,particularly population ageing;Executive summaryAfghan migrants participating in initiives to build or repair roads and canals,as well as plan

57、t trees.UN Photo/WFPvII(b)urbanization;(c)climate change;(d)the emergence of digital technologies;and(e)inequalities.These megatrends are shaping the future of Asia and the Pacific,including by redefining migration opportunities and pathways.They have direct influence on sustainable development in t

58、he region,and they often act in combination with other factors,reinforcing their individual impacts.Thus,despite much progress towards sustainable and inclusive development,the region is off-track to meet many of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic amplified existing

59、 inequalities and created new ones,causing disruptions throughout the migration cycle.Moreover,many of the vulnerabilities migrants face have been exacerbated;this is particularly noticeable among migrants in the context of both climate change and crisis situations,such as in relation to disasters,f

60、ood insecurity,poverty,economic crises and conflicts.The most recent global migration data with a focus on migrant stocks are from 2020.Since then,migration has been through a seismic upheaval due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the response measures put in place.These also disrupted data collection.Th

61、e APMR 2020 dives into the detail of those numbers.Here,as a snapshot,in 2020:the three main countries of destination in the region were the Russian Federation(hosting 11.6million migrants or 17percent of all foreign-born people in Asia and the Pacific),followed by Australia(7.7 million/12 per cent)

62、and Trkiye(6.1million/9percent).Furthermore,there was a larger number of people(over 108million)from Asia and the Pacific living in countries or territories other than their country of birth than there were immigrants hosted by Asia-Pacific countries and territories,and,notably,more men than women w

63、ere living outside their country of birth.Over the past few decades,migration in the Asia-Pacific region has been close to gender-balanced,with percentages varying very little for the region as a whole and there being slightly greater variation by subregions.The predominant form of migration is Sout

64、hSouth migration.That is,though there is migration from the region to countries in the global North,most Asia-Pacific migrants(70percent)move within the region,often within their own subregion,or to other countries in the global South.Intra-regional migration within Asia and the Pacific is by far th

65、e most significant within the global South.Migration from South and South-West Asia to the Middle East is the largest SouthSouth migration corridor globally,and one that has grown substantially in recent decades,going against the predominant Asia-Pacific trend of intra-regional migration.This corrid

66、or is also notable for the predominance of male migrants.The next largest corridor in the region is within South and South-West Asia,followed by migrations within South-East Asia.As a proportion of population,migration within the Pacific is very significant.Labour migration,with most of it comprisin

67、g people of working age and it being temporary in nature,is the predominant modality of people on the move in the region.Other important dimensions concerning people on the move include return migration,international student migration,migration for family unity or formation and migration for permane

68、nt settlement,as well as specific issues facing older persons,refugees and asylum seekers.Remittances continue to be a vital source of income for migrants and their families and for their countries,accounting for up to 40percent of GDP,and showing a steady increase from the early years of the COVID-

69、19 pandemic for the region as awhole.Irregular migration is significant in the region.Though not covered by official data on the numbers of migrants across the Asia and the Pacific,irregular migration is a major feature of the regions migration landscape.This results from insufficient regular pathwa

70、ys and high costs of migration across the region for the number of migrants who wish or need to migrate and a range of barriers to access those that exist.Migrating in irregular status may occur without difficulty,whether or not it involves the use of smugglers.However,there are numerous risks invol

71、ved due to the often longer and more difficult journeys,especially over maritime routes,together with the increased securitization of international borders,use of immigration detention,aggravated smuggling and the use of dangerous interception methods such as pushbacks,that can make it more dangerou

72、s than regular migration.Unsafe migration may result in migrant disappearances and deaths.This is not only an issue at borders;the majority of migrants in irregular situations enter countries of destination through regular channels and only subsequently acquire irregular status.Ensuring that migrati

73、on is voluntary,safe,orderly and regular(Global Compact for Migration Objectives:2,5,6,12,18)International migration is generally driven by multiple factors,including existing embedded inequities that,directly or indirectly,motivate people to move.Disasters and the adverse effects of climate change

74、and environmental degradation are becoming increasingly relevant drivers of migration in Asia and the Pacific,though they are often interwoven with economic drivers of migration,including social inequality.The Pacific subregion is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,espe

75、cially the small island States.This has led to some positive developments in addressing climate change vIIIASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024and different forms of human mobility in this subregion,as is also the case,for example,in Bangladesh and thePhilippines.More needs to be done to enhance avail

76、ability and flexibility of pathways for regular migration.The Asia-Pacific region is home to several pathways for regular migration in a manner that facilitates labour mobility and decent work.Furthermore,additional pathways have been established on human rights and humanitarian grounds.Despite this

77、,regular pathways for admission and stay of migrants in the region are generally insufficient,and those that do exist are often difficult for migrants to access in practice and are frequently not gender-responsive.There are further challenges such as those faced by women in accessing equitable and e

78、ssential health-care services.At the same time,the number of Asia-Pacific women migrating for work has been increasing,with a concentration in occupations such as domestic and care work;women also work as health professionals.There has been progress regarding decent work for migrants,though more nee

79、ds to be done.While several countries place restrictions on migrants,such as with regard to entry into certain occupations,there have been positive developments such as lowering of visa fees,bilateral arrangements and other agreements to facilitate mobility of migrants and develop their skills.A loo

80、k at temporary labour migration schemes in the region shows that these may play a positive role in migrant destination economies.Nonetheless,deficits in the human rights of people who migrate under these schemes,including with regard to decent work as well as their rights to family life,adequate hou

81、sing and health care,persist,highlighting the need for rights-based policies,robust protection mechanisms and support networks.Other pathways are those for humanitarian and human rights entry and stay,with some countries granting residence permits based on factors such as a migrants length of reside

82、nce and employment,and childrens school attendance,as well as other enduring local social ties and evidence of integration,or humanitarian and human rights considerations,such as access to justice.A good practice,for instance,is Australias new Workplace Justice Visa that will enable migrants to stay

83、 in the country for a short period,so that their workplace rights can be enforced and employers can be held accountable for exploitation and other labour rightsviolations.Fair and ethical recruitment is an important priority where there is room for further progress to be made.The importance of fair

84、and ethical recruitment has been underlined in global frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda and the GCM.National laws have been revised in some countries,such as eliminating worker-paid recruitment fees in Indonesia and Mongolia,whereas in Bangladesh steps have been taken to further regulate private re

85、cruitment agencies.Moreover,bilateral labour migration memorandums of understanding(MOUs)are increasingly incorporating fair and ethical recruitment provisions,and digitizing recruitment processes,information sharing and data management,as is being done,for example,in Pakistan and Singapore.In addit

86、ion,civil society actors have continued to support migrant workers and their families throughout the migration cycle.Within labour migration,much remains to be done,among others,in terms of:Limited skills recognition,in particular in the women-dominated sectors of domestic and care work.Discriminati

87、on and protection concerns,including with regard to forced labour and all forms of child labour.Enhancing gender responsiveness of laws and policies.The lack of access,for many migrant workers,to the enjoyment of the full range of their human rights,including the right to freedom of association and

88、collective bargaining.Addressing short time periods of temporary schemes,which,depending on the sector,do not necessarily serve employers or workers.Continuing recruitment malpractices,including through criminal networks.The need to address drivers of precarious forms of migration,including the soci

89、oeconomic situation in countries of origin.The gap between legislation and enforcement.Notably,moving forward,ratification and compliance with relevant human rights instruments and labour standards,as the foundation of decent work,is needed to ensure greater benefits of migration.It is important tha

90、t all migrants,including in the context of mixed movements,can be assured of a safe reception on arrival in a country.There needs to be basic information in a language they can understand and in accessible formats.This should include guaranteed due process and individual assessments,as well as infor

91、mation on human rights.Furthermore,there should be screenings to provide that any situations of vulnerability for migrants,including children,are promptly and accurately identified and followed up on,while victims of trafficking and persons at risk of trafficking should also be provided with protect

92、ion,including referral to further assistance,as needed.There have been promising developments in work to simplify and reduce the cost of application procedures through technological developments,Ix such as online processes used by the Government of Turkmenistan for applications for visas,work permit

93、s,passports and other identity documents,which also provide feedback notifications to migrants about the progress of procedures and readiness of documents.Skills development to enhance employability is very important to migrant workers in attaining decent work abroad.In this regard,there has been pr

94、ogress in regional,cross-regional and bilateral cooperation to enhance regular pathways and decent work for skilled workers.Examples include:Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Member States using Mutual Recognition Agreements to facilitate freer movement of skilled workers in several occup

95、ations.Bilateral migration agreements,as part of the Global Skills Partnerships in the Pacific,in which skills training is used to address skills shortages in both origin and destination countries.Interregional trade union cooperation related to labour migration.Despite progress,there is a need to a

96、ddress inequities faced by women migrant workers generally,such as their having less access than men to skill development and recognition processes due to existing biases in policies and programmes and their concentration in low wage occupations.Protecting migrants through rights-based border govern

97、ance(Global Compact for Migration Objectives:4,8,9,10,11,13,21)Official legal identity documentation(such as birth or marriage certificates)is essential for ensuring the right to nationality as well as safe access to services,decent work and enjoyment of freedom of movement.The absence of civil stat

98、us documentation is both a cause and consequence of irregular migration and displacement,as is statelessness.Furthermore,it can increase vulnerable situations brought about by migrants and their children being excluded from critical support and protection services and by being exposed to exploitatio

99、n and other human rights abuses.Another concern is limited institutional capacity to identify irregular documents and identities at border crossing points and hubs,leading to,among others,the profusion of fraudulent certificates and identity and travel documents.To remedy the situation,work continue

100、s in the region to facilitate the examination of travel documents and verification of identities by immigration and border officials at border crossing points,supported by several UnitedNations initiatives.Other recent good practices are,for example,that both Cambodia and the Republic of Korea have

101、indicated commitments to protect the rights of all children and enhance birth registration.Moreover,there have been efforts to improve data on stateless persons across the region,as well as work to end statelessness,particularly in Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan,and other parts of No

102、rth and Central Asia.Progress in reducing statelessness has also occurred in the Philippines and Thailand.Migrant disappearances and deaths are largely preventable and remain a major humanitarian and human rights challenge.This is so in a region that sees mixed movements through well-established irr

103、egular and unmonitored land and maritime routes,including some from armed conflicts or disasters.While comprehensive data are lacking,since the start of 2020,at least 4,555 migrants were recorded as missing or dead in Asia and the Pacific.At the same time,in this period,Bangladesh,Maldives,Republic

104、of Korea and Thailand have ratified the Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.In addition,representatives of Indonesia and Thailand to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rightsare among UnitedNations and regional human rights experts calling for joint

105、action to support victims of enforced disappearance and protect their rights.Another positive development is an MOU between the coast guards of Bangladesh and India which provides for cooperation in search and rescue operations,among others,in relation to the identification and assistance of victims

106、 of trafficking at sea,with the objective of ensuring both the safety of lives and“good governance”at sea.Smuggling of migrants by land,sea and air is a major human rights violation that needs to be addressed.Smugglers exploit for profit the migration governance gap that is created when there is ins

107、ufficient availability and flexibility of pathways for regular migration to reach destinations safety,including as a consequence of disasters,climate change and environmental degradation,as well as statelessness.The power differential between smuggler and migrant that stems from the illegality of sm

108、uggling often creates situations of vulnerability for migrants and can give rise to serious human rights violations.This power imbalance can be compounded by factors such as gender and age,which may heighten the risks faced by migrant women and children.There is a need for more empirical data,especi

109、ally since the clandestine nature of smuggling means that what data are available are only indicative of the scale of the phenomenon.xASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024Trafficking in persons for the purpose of forced criminality to commit online scams and financial fraud is a relatively new and grow

110、ing trend.This is particularly the case in South-East Asia and has accelerated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Most of the trafficking victims in these scam operations are recruited through fraudulent job advertisements for skilled positions on messaging apps and social media.As trafficking

111、 has moved into the digital sphere,efforts against trafficking in persons must adapt,including by engaging with technology companies to ensure due diligence and enforce applicable legislation and regulations.A further concern is countries accepting and recognizing forced criminality as a form of exp

112、loitation within the legal definition of trafficking in persons.Without this,authorities often treat trafficked persons as criminals rather than as victims of a crime and a range of human rights abuses.A human rights-based approach to trafficking in persons works to avoid re-victimization and recogn

113、izes that punishing a victim of trafficking for unlawful acts committed as a consequence of their being trafficked is unjust and hinders the possibility of their recovery.While the anti-trafficking legislation of several Asia-Pacific countries extends the non-punishment provision to include immigrat

114、ion offences,many gaps still need to be closed regarding protection and access to justice for victims of trafficking in the region,given often inadequate or unimplemented legislation to inadequate services and remedies for trafficked persons.Simplified border procedures can help promote orderly cros

115、s-border migration.There is a great diversity of border situations in Asia and the Pacific.Across many of them,governments are working to ensure practical,flexible,secure,efficient and reliable approaches to border management.The past four years have demonstrated how border management is affected by

116、 external pressures(notably,the pandemic and conflict situations),which have human rights consequences.Strict border controls,together with tightly managed migration systems,drive demand for the services of migrant smugglers and can push them to use riskier routes and methods,exacerbating the danger

117、s faced by migrants during transit.Promising developments include the Mekong Border Pass system,which is part of broader efforts to simplify cross-border travel and trade between Thailand and its neighbours:Cambodia,Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Myanmar.This initiative allows residents of bord

118、er provinces to cross the border for short visits without requiring a full visa or passport as a travel document.Simplifying border crossings encourages greater social and economic cooperation between border communities and demonstrates how simplified border procedures can promote orderly cross-bord

119、er migration,support local economies and foster regional cooperation.A well-functioning and rights-based immigration system should have little to no need for immigration detention.While there is still widespread use of arbitrary immigration detention across the region,and in the past four years ther

120、e have been some setbacks,there has also been notable progress towards a rights-based approach to immigration detention.This includes rulings against indefinite detention of migrants and momentum in some Asia-Pacific countries in reducing and taking steps towards ending immigration detention of chil

121、dren.This latter point is urgently needed,given that immigration detention is harmful to children to their physical and mental health and their development and exposes them to a heightened risk of exploitation and abuse.Alternatives to detention(ATDs)are much needed,especially those based on an ethi

122、c of care,rather than enforcement,and offering a more humane approach that respects the human rights of migrants in their entirety.Good practices include Azerbaijan keeping children out of the immigration detention system.Return and reintegration programmes need to be comprehensively planned before,

123、during and after migration to ensure that they are a shared responsibility between origin and destination countries.Voluntary return should always be promoted in preference to coerced or forced return and any assisted returns should take place on the grounds of the migrants free,prior and informed c

124、onsent,while being based on an individualized assessment and in respect of the principle of non-refoulement.However,the absence of comprehensive legal and operational frameworks complicates the process of safe return and sustainable reintegration.Another concern relates to the use of pushbacks,a for

125、m of discrimination that denies migrants rights and puts their lives at risk.The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has identified measures,such as increased border control,refusal of entry,pushbacks,expulsion or detention,as factors limiting the movement of women and girls

126、.For reintegration to be sustainable for the migrant and their family,there should be information on return and support available as part of pre-departure information and training for migrant workers,and adequate support on return.Moreover,age-,disability-and gender-specific challenges faced by migr

127、ant workers returning to their communities need to be recognized.Strengthening bilateral and multilateral agreements between countries can facilitate better coordination and cooperation for safe return and sustainable reintegration,including clear procedures for cross-border case management and ensu

128、ring the protection of migrants rights throughout the process.Bangladesh is working on its GCM-aligned National Reintegration Policy for Migrants(2022),including by organizing consultations with relevant stakeholders.The final policy will include guidelines xI for the coordinated reintegration servi

129、ces for migrant workers,returnees from irregular situations and the diaspora community.Supporting migrants protection,integration and contribution to development(Global Compact for Migration Objectives:14,15,16,19,20,22)Processes for consular protection assistance and cooperation must be put in plac

130、e to protect the rights of migrants in countries of origin,transit and destination.By delivering effective consular aid,governments can ensure their nationals who migrate receive protections in line with their rights and appropriate assistance in times of need.Nonetheless,effective migrant protectio

131、n requires efforts from a range of duty bearers in countries of origin,transit and destination.That stated,providing assistance to migrants and protecting their rights also requires adequate resourcing,capacity and political will,as well as an acknowledgement that consular support must be linked to

132、national judicial and support systems in countries of destination.As a good practice,the Government of the Philippines,with private sector partners,has worked to leverage digital channels to engage migrant workers,triage support requests and respond to their concerns.In 2023,ASEAN Member States adop

133、ted the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection of Migrant Workers and Family Members in Crisis Situations,along with its Guidelines.This stands as a significant commitment to assistance by consular authorities across the subregion by prioritizing the strengthening of their consular service capacity to

134、fulfil regional commitments in protecting migrant workers.All migrants,regardless of their migration status,should have access to basic services.Ensuring such access(among others,regarding health care,protection,education,housing and legal assistance)is essential for upholding their human rights and

135、 promoting social justice.Among the foremost obstacles encountered by migrants in accessing basic services in countries of destination are legal restrictions,discrimination and working conditions for instance,lack of a day off or access to paid sick leave.Migrants with irregular migration status are

136、 particularly marginalized and excluded.The GCM emphasises the ways in which pathways for regular migration,such as new and expanded regular pathways to admission and stay,can be an effective tool to ensure the protection of migrants and their rights,including migrants in situations of vulnerability

137、.The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in useful lessons learnt on regularization as a tool to address situations of vulnerability for migrants,among others,in the domain of access to health care.Nevertheless,more remains to be done in addressing the specific concerns migrants face,in particular women

138、and children.This is often exacerbated by there being limited reliable,comparable and disaggregated data.Migrants can be key contributors to resilient communities.Yet for this to happen,migration needs to be viewed favourably and migrants should be allowed to prosper in the society in which they res

139、ide.A major concern in this context is addressing the rights of women migrants,while recognizing the need to empower them by eliminating gender-based discriminatory restrictions on their migrations.Countries across Asia and the Pacific have recognized the need to avoid polarization and increase publ

140、ic confidence related to migration.Work to promote mutual respect for the cultures,traditions and customs of communities of destination and of migrants is vital to realize full inclusion and social cohesion.For example,in Malaysia,a recent initiative has involved the production of videos featuring m

141、igrant workers and refugees from countries within and outside the region,in conversation with prominent Malaysian personalities.There are other examples of positive developments at the subnational level,with local authorities and mayors helping promote the inclusion of migrants,such as in Japan and

142、Trkiye.Given rapid population ageing and migration as a means to maintain sizable labour forces and fill labour shortages,efforts are needed to enhance inclusion and social cohesion,as has been occurring in Japan and the Republic of Korea.It is important to ensure conditions for migrants and diaspor

143、as to fully contribute to sustainable development in all countries.Moreover,international migration is a multifaceted aspect of sustainable development,with many positive economic,social and environmental impacts.Despite the potential gains,mutual benefits for migrants and development depend upon no

144、rmal access to the labour market including documented status,the right to work and recognition of professional licenses resulting in improved outcomes for migrants and societies.Remittances represent a large and growing share of financial flows in low-and middle-income countries in Asia and the Paci

145、fic,contributing as much as 40percent as a share of GDP.Remittances can protect households from shocks and crises;for instance,an average of 60percent of household income lost from typhoons and natural disasters in the Philippines is made up of remittances.Multistakeholder partnerships are deemed es

146、sential for optimizing the developmental impacts of remittances,diasporas and migration.Financial institutions,government agencies,and civil society and diaspora organizations can all play a pivotal role in creating inclusive ecosystems xIIASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024that provide migrants with

147、 the necessary tools and support to harness the potential of digital remittances for their financial well-being and socioeconomic empowerment.In the Pacific islands,where climate change poses significant challenges,governments are increasingly incorporating migration considerations into their develo

148、pment planning.For example,Kiribati and Tuvalu are developing policies and frameworks that recognize migration as an adaptation strategy.Promotion of quicker,less expensive and safer remittance processes for both migrant workers and their families is an imperative.As in the preceding year,in 2023,th

149、e largest recipients of remittances in the AsiaPacific region(in USD)were estimated to be India,China,the Philippines,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Viet Nam,Indonesia,Thailand,Nepal and the Republic of Korea,in order of magnitude.With the worlds largest diaspora group,at close to 18million,remittance inflows

150、to India were anticipated to grow by 11percent to USD 100billion,making the country the first ever to reach this threshold.Measured as a percentage of GDP,the top three remittance-dependent countries worldwide are in the Asia-Pacific region:Tonga,Tajikistan and Samoa(in order of magnitude).In the re

151、gion,a large proportion of remittances are still sent through informal channels,due to factors including high remittance costs,lack of access to banking services,unfamiliarity with or lack of trust in formal channels,and lack of identification documents.Women are more likely than men to use informal

152、 channels,sometimes because of lack of familiarity or trust regarding formal channels,but also because they tend to transfer smaller amounts for which the cost of formal channels is higher.Malaysia is a good practice example where remittance costs are relatively low.Among the reasons leading to this

153、 is high competition among remittance service providers,which usually charge a flat service fee in addition to a competitive foreign exchange margin direct fee for the service and exchange rate margin.Other important developments are supported under the Colombo Process for South Asia and South-East

154、Asia;these include the promotion of quicker,less expensive and safer remittance processes for both migrant workers and their families,along with the sustainable reintegration of returning migrants into community life by providing them with equitable access to vocational training and financial servic

155、es.Portability of social security for migrants is important.As migration continues to shape the social and economic landscape of countries in this diverse region,ensuring the portability of social security entitlements and earned benefits for migrants emerges as a critical aspect of promoting social

156、 inclusion and sustainable development,as well as safeguarding the rights of migrants and their families.Some groups remain particularly disadvantaged in terms of social protection coverage.Migrant workers are disproportionately represented in informal employment and are often not covered at all by

157、social protection systems.Promising developments include the ratification of the ASEAN Declaration on Portability of Social Security Benefits for Migrant Workers,by ASEAN Member States in November 2022,and the establishment of a national committee in Pakistan,in 2023,to strengthen provisions linked

158、to social welfare and protection and maximize benefits to overseas workers.Sustainable development frameworks at national and subnational levels must integrate concerns of migrants.Asia-Pacific countries have recognized that many of the roadblocks to achieving the SDGs,such as non-income poverty and

159、 inequality,must be addressed through supporting implementation of Migrant workers living in various parts of India on crowded train returning to Nepal for a festival.IOM/Sudipto DaxIII the 2030 Agenda at the local and community level.In the realm of migration,these localized initiatives focus on en

160、hancing the integration of migrants into sustainable development frameworks,aligning with both the principles of the GCM and the 2030 Agenda.There have been several positive recent developments across Asia and the Pacific;these include initiatives to address challenges in collecting migration data a

161、nd promoting effective planning and policymaking in relation to climate change-influenced migrations in the Philippines,and work to ensure equal access to shelter and basic services for migrants in times of frequently occurring natural disasters,such as inundation,landslides and tsunamis,in Thailand

162、.Improving value-driven and evidence-based policymaking and public debate,and enhancing cooperation on migration(Global Compact for Migration Objectives:1,3,7,17,23)Data and information to assess the situation of migrants,development outcomes and how they are faring in comparison to nationals need t

163、o be strengthened.These data should cover all relevant aspects,including socioeconomic indicators of migrants and their families,regardless of their migration status.Various UnitedNations agencies have databases on migration statistics in Asia and the Pacific;they include sets of indicators on migra

164、nt and migration,time-series estimates of migrant stocks and data on labour migration outflows.In addition,support is provided in developing population census and household surveys to reach migrant communities and ensure they are counted,and in strengthening safe and ethical collection,analysis and

165、distribution of administrative gender-based violence(GBV)data at national and subnational levels.Migrant organizations and CSOs have actively gathered qualitative data on migrants situations on the ground and provided these to different international human rights mechanisms and other UnitedNations p

166、rocesses,such as the development of reports by the Secretary-General.Moreover,academic stakeholders provide qualitative and quantitative data and analysis,as well as findings and recommendations to inform decision-makers and the public on the realities of migration for the formulation of evidence-ba

167、sed policies to defend the human rights of migrants.Migrants should be provided access to accurate and timely information on regular pathways,including entry and stay requirements,and available forms of protection and assistance.This can help reduce the risks migrants face through all stages of migr

168、ation.Social media campaigns and radio are effective ways to share information,including with otherwise hard-to-reach migrant populations in diverse situations.Programmes provide updated information in migrants languages concerning frequent changes in policy and any political changes,and also delive

169、r news from origin and destination countries supporting daily life and civic participation.Pre-employment and pre-departure orientation programmes for migrant workers need to be strengthened,including through involving CSOs and migrant workers and their families in programme development,and includin

170、g coverage of migrant workers rights and obligations under the law and practice of destination countries.Other areas of support are facilitation of access to government programmes and services,among others,mandatory benefits to which migrant workers are entitled.Good practices include the UnitedNati

171、ons supported Ship to Shore Rights South East Asia programme.This has supported migrant worker resource centres to deliver informal pre-departure trainings for migrant workers.A further benefit is that the engagement of trade unions and CSOs has contributed to a more rights-based approach to pre-dep

172、arture orientation in manycases.Policies and legislation on migrants should be aligned with international human rights norms to avoid creating or aggravating situations of vulnerability for migrants.Research published by ASEAN notes that policy differences in member countries and the lack of a whole

173、-of-government approach undermine coordination in managing labour migration.This can create situations of vulnerability,while protection gaps arise when the regulatory framework does not cover all labour sectors.The research also notes recruitment agencies as a risk factor for migrants,such as throu

174、gh imposing excessive recruitment fees.Concerns include documents being withheld by employers and employer misconduct,such as abuse,visa trading or contract substitution.Some of the most serious risks of human rights violations,including discrimination,abuse and exclusion,at all stages of migration

175、are experienced by migrants with different sexual orientations and gender identities,especially transgender women.Other issues which require attention are denial of family life,in particular on the temporary labour migration programmes that predominate in the region,and addressing the protection nee

176、ds of children affected by migration.Indonesia,Malaysia,Thailand and VietNam,for example,have taken important steps to strengthen their policy frameworks to protect the rights of children from violations by businesses.In addition,there are good practices by businesses that are taking voluntary steps

177、,in partnership with international agencies and civil society,to undertake due diligence and child rights impact assessments,paying particular attention to the rights of children of migrant workers.Multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination faced by migrants should be addressed.Discrimination

178、 is the antithesis of the SDGs,with their aim to leave no one behind.Often due to normalized public xIvASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024misperceptions and stereotypes,fuelled largely by news and media reports,migrants frequently face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination This is especia

179、lly the case for women and girls,who are at disproportionate risk of GBV.Action needs to start with comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation,explicitly covering all areas of life and defining and prohibiting direct,indirect and intersectional discrimination on all grounds,with access to effecti

180、ve and appropriate remedies for victims of discrimination.Hate speech,both online and offline,should be adequately monitored and expressly prohibited where it constitutes incitement to discrimination,hostility or violence.Safe reporting channels and follow up investigations are needed.Other concerns

181、 include the living and working situations for migrants,the right to freedom of religion and belief and the numerous challenges and forms of discrimination faced by migrants with disabilities.Asia-Pacific migrants with disabilities are barred in policy and practice from accessing some regular migrat

182、ion pathways in the region,or they may become disabled during their migration,for example with mental or physical disabilities resulting from violence and harassment at work,as well as injuries related to working at heights and exposure to harsh chemicals,among others.Recent positive developments to

183、 address discrimination include the Kyrgyzstan Labour Code,which prohibits discrimination,so that everyone has equal opportunities to exercise their labour rights and freedoms.Furthermore,migrant worker resource centres in ASEAN have actively provided legal support to migrant workers who seek to res

184、olve complaints and receive due wages,compensation or other legal remedies in cases of abuse,exploitation or fraud often training migrants to support related information and service provision.In addition,at the ASEAN level,new guidance is available on ways to develop national standard operating proc

185、edures for survivors of violence against women,including migrant women.Research on public attitudes towards migrants in Asia and the Pacific is critical and has repeatedly shown that interaction with migrant workers has a strong positive effect on the publics knowledge,attitudes and practices regard

186、ing migrant workers in destination countries.Other good practices include work by media,known to be important stakeholders in GCM implementation,such as sensitizing the public to the realities of migration in the region and shaping public discourse and narratives to contribute to a comprehensive und

187、erstanding of all aspects ofmigration.Regional and international cooperation are critical to ensure fair,orderly and safe migration in the region.As with the 2030 Agenda,cooperation is at the heart of global migration governance and,accordingly,one of the ten interdependent guiding principles of the

188、 GCM.All regional commissions are organizing a second round of GCM regional reviews in 2024 and 2025.In Asia and the Pacific,ESCAP and the Regional United Nations Network will convene the second regional review from 4 to 6 February 2025.This will:Take stock of progress made in GCM implementation sin

189、ce the first Asia-Pacific GCM Regional Review.Identify key challenges,opportunities,gaps and emerging issues,as well as promising practices and lessons learned.Discuss regional priorities and potential areas for regional cooperation on international migration in line with the vision and guiding prin

190、ciples of the GCM.Compile resource requirements related to capacity-building,policy advice,data collection,technology and partnerships for the full implementation of the GCM.Facilitate the formulation of key findings and recommendations to inform the 2026 IMRF.The drafting of this report,as well as

191、stakeholder consultations,are part of the regional review process leading up to the intergovernmental meeting in February 2025.The Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration continues to work to ensure cooperation on migration work across the region and to support realization of the whole-of-societ

192、y approach of the GCM,with the meaningful,transparent and inclusive engagement of relevant and diverse stakeholders.In August 2024,a Stakeholder Advisory Group of the Regional Network was formed to increase stakeholder involvement in a structured and coordinated way in the tasks of the Regional Netw

193、ork.The Advisory Group currently consists of stakeholder organizations,representative to the extent possible of the 12 stakeholder categories listed under paragraph 44 of the GCM.The group strives for geographic,gender and thematic balance.Country-level networks have also been developed.There are cu

194、rrently 16 national-level networks on migration across Asia and the Pacific.Linking migration with other UnitedNations global processes has also taken place,such as at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development,the Global Refugee Forum,the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for

195、Disaster Risk Reduction.Migration governance and partnerships have been enhanced within and across regions,including at the subregional level,while participation by Asia-Pacific States in nine State-led consultative processes has led to enhanced international cooperation on migration and progress in

196、 several domains.These include promoting evidence-based immigration policies;addressing smuggling of migrants,trafficking in persons and related transnational crime,and protecting persons displaced in the context of disasters and the adverse effects of climate change.xv Moving forward Towards a comp

197、rehensive approach to safe,orderly and regular migration in the Asia-Pacific regionMigration is a vital force in todays world.Asia and the Pacific has a long history of migration,and It is instrumental in countries economic,social and cultural development,driving progress and prosperity.Sustainable

198、development policies and programmes need to integrate migrants as both agents and beneficiaries,as well as recognize that all migrants are rights-holders entitled to claim their rights.Correspondingly,migration policies need to support sustainable development.However,more is needed to fulfil the pro

199、mise of migration,for migrants and their families,as well as for origin,transit and destination countries and to address the drivers of precarious forms of migration in the region.Despite the challenge,there have been numerous achievements in implementing the GCM throughout the Asia-Pacific region s

200、ince 2021.These include good practices concerning:Fair recruitment and providing decent working and living conditions.Labour rights extended to migrant domestic workers.Pathways to citizenship.Cooperation and coordination to extend humanitarian assistance to migrant workers.Visa provisions.Legislati

201、on to protect and recognize the rights of children of unknown parentage and grant them nationality.Consular support.Using alternatives to immigration detention.For further progress,a“whole-of-GCM”approach is needed,where interlinkages between the objective are acknowledged and addressed.Meaningful e

202、ngagement of diverse stakeholders is also needed.Every migration policy should be people-centred,considering the diverse situations of migrants and their families and recognizing that these may change over the course of migration.They should protect the human and labour rights of migrants and their

203、families and not create or exacerbate vulnerable situations.Policymakers and the public at large need to be sensitized to help eliminate all forms of discrimination,including gender-based discrimination,racism,xenophobia and intolerance against migrants and their families.Another critical considerat

204、ion is addressing the lack of qualitative and quantitative data needed to make migrants more visible,including through collection,compilation,analysis and distribution of data disaggregated,by,among others,migration status,age,gender,ethnicity,disability status,occupation,sector of employment,countr

205、y of origin,number of children per household and level of education.The coming years are a critical time and there is much to be done.The digital transformation is very rapid in the region and is altering all stages of migration,as well as the world of work.It offers increased efficiency,access and

206、accountability and also brings new risks.There are profound demographic shifts that migration can support,such as in countries with ageing populations and low birth rates.Climate change remains one of the greatest challenges of our time and its adverse impacts undermine the ability of all countries

207、to achieve inclusive and sustainable development.Tapping into the potential of migrants as development actors will ensure that migration contributes to positive development outcomes and to realizing the goals of the 2030 Agenda.With that,migration can be a path to peace,inclusion and sustainable dev

208、elopment for all.xvIASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024ContentsForeword:ESCAP iiiForeword:Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific ivMembers of the Regional United Nations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific vAcknowledgements viExecutive summary viiBoxes,figures

209、 and tables xviiiAcronyms xixCHAPTER 1Overview of Migration in Asia and the PacificCHAPTER 3Protecting migrants through rights-based border governanceGCM OBJECTIvES 4,8,9,10,11,13,21CHAPTER 5Improving value-driven and evidence-based policymaking and public debate,and enhancing cooperation on migrati

210、onGCM OBJECTIvES 1,3,7,17,23CHAPTER 2Ensuring that migration is voluntary,safe,orderly and regularGCM OBJECTIvES 2,5,6,12,18CHAPTER 4Supporting migrants protection,integration and contribution to developmentGCM OBJECTIvES 14,15,16,19,20,22CHAPTER 6Moving forward Towards a comprehensive approach to s

211、afe,orderly and regular migration in theAsia-Pacific region1591073183139Annexes 143References 148xvII BoxesBOx 1.1 The Global Compact for Migration in complementarity with the Global Compact on Refugees 21BOx 1.2 Women migrants for long-term care work 22BOx 2.1 New protection pathway for migrant wor

212、kers in Australia to leave exploitative employers 41BOx 2.2 Decent work promotion by the International Domestic Workers Federation 47BOx 2.3 Trade union cooperation 54BOx 3.1 The work of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in supporting migrants 66BOx 3.2 The non-punishment princip

213、le 70BOx 3.3 Fundamental principles of the right to liberty of migrant workers and members of their families 73BOx 3.4 Legal progress on limiting immigration detention 74BOx 3.5 Progressing alternatives to immigration detention in Asia and the Pacific 75BOx 4.1 Consular support to victims of traffic

214、king for forced criminality 85BOx 4.2 Local authorities as key actors in migration 92BOx 4.3 Promoting values-based narratives on migration:Dari Dapur or Stories from My Kitchen 93BOx 4.4 Migrant worker remittances driving development in rural Indonesia 96BOx 5.1 Migration data and capacity developm

215、ent in North and Central Asia 110BOx 5.2 Migration governance indicators 111BOx 5.3 Academic stakeholders in the implementation of the GCM 112BOx 5.4 Engaging migrant workers through social media campaigns 113BOx 5.5 Towards equal rights at work for migrant workers and accountability for abusive emp

216、loyers in Australia 114BOx 5.6 Sector-and country-specific informational materials for migrant workers in the fishing and seafood processing sectors 115BOx 5.7 Informal pre-departure orientation training delivered by CSOs and trade unions 116BOx 5.8 Building inclusive and fair societies:ASEAN Parlia

217、mentarians for Human Rights toolkit to promote counternarrative to hate speech towards migrants and refugees in Malaysia 121BOx 5.9 Supporting campaigns on education and advocacy in fostering positive narratives on labour migration and countering stereotypes 125FiguresFIGURE 1.1 Total population cha

218、nge,natural increase and net migration for Asia and the Pacific,19502100 6FIGURE 1.2 International migrant stock by subregion in Asia and the Pacific,19902020 15FIGURE 1.3 Percentage of female immigrants in Asia and the Pacific and its subregions,19902020 15FIGURE 1.4 Percentage of female emigrants

219、in Asia and the Pacific and its subregions,19902019 15FIGURE 1.5 International migrant stock at mid-year by broad age groups,both sexes combined by country of destination,2020,millions 16FIGURE 1.6 International migrant stock by countries/areas of origin and destination,Asia-Pacific countries/areas

220、and subregions,and other regions of the world,mid-2022 17FIGURE 1.7 Remittance inflows to the Asia-Pacific region and subregions,20202023 24FIGURE 1.8 Remittance outflows from the Asia-Pacific region and subregions,20202023,billions of USD 24FIGURE 1.9 Number of outbound internationally mobile terti

221、ary students by country of origin,2017 and 2021 24FIGURE 2.1 Total outflows of migrant workers from selected Asian countries,20192023(thousands)35FIGURE 4.1 Average and median cost of sending USD 200 from Asia-Pacific countries,Q3 2023,percentage of amount sent 98FIGURE 4.2 Median cost of sending US

222、D 200 to Asia-Pacific countries and selected subregions,2011Q3 2023,percentage of amount sent 99FIGURE 5.1 The publics main sources of information about migrant workers in Malaysia,Singapore and Thailand 124xvIIIASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024TablesTABLE 1.1 Top 20 Asia-Pacific countries for remi

223、ttance inflows as percentage of GDP in 2023 22TABLE 1.2 Some of the main routes for smuggling of migrants in the Asia-Pacific region 28TABLE 1.3 Gendered use of smugglers on routes to some South-East Asian countries,latest available data 29TABLE 2.1 Share(percentage)of women migrant workers,selected

224、 Asian origin countries,20192023 35TABLE 2.2 Challenges facing regular labour migration pathways 36TABLE 2.3 Number of workers migrating annually in Pacific labour mobility schemes 38TABLE 2.4 New laws(since 2020)regulating recruitment process and fees 43TABLE 2.5 Ratification of ILO Core Convention

225、s by countries in Asia-Pacific since 2020 45TABLE 4.1 Least costly and most costly remittance corridors in Asia and the Pacific,by subregions,percentage of the amount transferred 98TABLE 5.1 The 16 United Nations country-level migration networks established in the Asia-Pacific region 128TABLE 5.2 As

226、ia-Pacific States submitting Voluntary National Reviews at the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 128TABLE 5.3 Participation of ESCAP members and associate members in State-led consultative processes on or related to migration 132TABLE A1 GCM objectives and guiding principles 143T

227、ABLE A2 Countries/areas with reference to migrants/migration in Voluntary National Reviews to the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 144TABLE A3 GCM Pledges made at the level of the State or City,Municipality and Local Authority in Asia and the Pacific 146AcronymsAPMRAsia-Pacific

228、Migration ReportASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsATDalternatives to detentionCOvID-19Coronavirus disease(2019)CSO civil society organizationGBvgender-based violenceGCCGulf Cooperation Council GCM Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration GCRGlobal Compact on RefugeesGDPgross do

229、mestic productIMRFInternational Migration Review ForumMOUmemorandum of understandingOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPALMPacific Australia Labour MobilitySAARCSouth Asian Association for Regional CooperationSDGSustainable Development GoalSOPstandard operating procedurexIx xx

230、ASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024CHAPTER 1Overview of Migration in Asia and the PacificDomestic worker in the Philippines caring for a child.ILO/J.Aliling 20151CHAPTER 11.1 IntroductionAsia and the Pacific,1 home to 58percent of the global population in 2024,is the origin and destination for many i

231、nternational migrants,with about one third of migrants globally coming from the region(UN DESA,2024).Importantly,most migration in Asia and the Pacific is regional in nature(ESCAP,2020a).Motivated by hopes to support families,find opportunities and make a better future,and driven by unsustainable de

232、velopment,inequalities,conflicts,climate change,environmental degradation and disasters,people are migrating to build a more secure future for themselves,their families and communities.In doing so,they contribute to sustainable development in countries of origin,transit and destination.Migration bri

233、ngs demographic,social and economic benefits for societies.It can reduce inequalities and build connections within and between communities and countries.But often,migrants and their families are left behind,targeted for discrimination,xenophobia,exclusion,violence,exploitation and other human rights

234、 violations.This undermines the benefits of migration.When it takes place in a well-informed,planned and consensual manner,with full respect of human rights,migration can bring benefits to all.Migration can support development and climate change adaptation strategies and help overcome other challeng

235、es.Nevertheless,it should not be a replacement for a States obligation to address root causes such as by investing in sustainable development and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change.Migration matters to everyone;it affects more people than just those who migrate and cannot be managed ef

236、fectively by any one State alone.It necessitates international cooperation,as well as a whole-of-government,whole-of-society and,for the UnitedNations,a whole-of-system approach.It acts as a vital connection between countries and regions in an interconnected world.There are,of course,challenges,but

237、with tools and commitments that ensure people-centred and rights-based governance,the potential of migration can be maximized for all.1 Referring here to the member States covered by the UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,namely:Afghanistan,Armenia,Australia,Azerba

238、ijan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,China,Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea,Fiji,Georgia,India,Indonesia,Islamic Republic of Iran,Japan,Kazakhstan,Kiribati,Kyrgyzstan,Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,Malaysia,Maldives,Marshall Islands,Micronesia(Federated States of),Mongolia,Myanmar,

239、Nauru,Nepal,New Zealand,Pakistan,Palau,Papua New Guinea,Philippines,Republic of Korea,Russian Federation,Samoa,Solomon Islands,Sri Lanka,Tajikistan,Thailand,Timor-Leste,Tonga,Trkiye,Turkmenistan,Tuvalu,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,and Viet Nam.The following associate members are also covered by this report:Am

240、erican Samoa;Cook Islands;French Polynesia;Guam;Hong Kong,China;Macao,China;New Caledonia;Niue;and Northern Mariana Islands.While references to the Asia-Pacific region and subregions by other international organizations may differ,the ESCAP region is divided into five subregions:East and North-East

241、Asia:China;Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea;Hong Kong,China;Japan;Macao,China;Mongolia;and Republic of Korea.South-East Asia:Brunei Darussalam;Cambodia,Indonesia;Lao Peoples Democratic Republic;Malaysia;Myanmar;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Timor-Leste;and VietNam.South and South-West Asia:Afgh

242、anistan;Bangladesh;Bhutan;India;Islamic Republic of Iran;the Maldives;Nepal;Pakistan;Sri Lanka;and Trkiye.North and Central Asia:Armenia;Azerbaijan;Georgia;Kazakhstan;Kyrgyzstan;Russian Federation;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;and Uzbekistan.Pacific:American Samoa;Australia;Cook Islands;Fiji;French Polyne

243、sia;Guam;Kiribati;Marshall Islands;Micronesia(Federated States of);Nauru;New Caledonia;New Zealand;Niue;Northern Mariana Islands;Palau;Papua New Guinea;Samoa;Solomon Islands;Tonga;Tuvalu;and Vanuatu.This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Po

244、pulation and Development,adopted in Cairo in 1994,which set the agenda for global action on population and development,including international migration.The year also marks the mid-point between the first global review of the Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration(GCM)at the Internati

245、onal Migration Review Forum(IMRF)in 2022,and the second,to take place in 2026.The GCM is a vital part of realizing the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.1.1.1 Focus of the Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2024This report aims to assess the state of GCM im

246、plementation in the region,its progress and its challenges since the first Asia-Pacific Regional Review of Implementation of the Global Compact for Migration in 2021,in which a Chairs summary was adopted.Chapters 2 to 5 each consider clusters of GCM objectives,as presented in General Assembly resolu

247、tion 73/326 and following the same groupings as in the Asia-Pacific Migration Report(APMR)2020.These chapters open with a summary of the discussions from the first regional review of the GCM,held in 2021,drawing from the Chairs summary.Chapter 6 provides overarching recommendations to support and ac

248、celerate GCM implementation in Asia and the Pacific.At the end of the report are annexes with information on the GCM objectives and guiding principles,references to migration in Voluntary National Reviews to the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development,and GCM pledges at the level of th

249、e State or City,Municipality and Local Authority.The current report builds on APMR 2020,published by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)and the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration for Asia and the Pacific,and launched on International Migrants Day,18 December 2

250、020(ESCAP,2020a).2ASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024As with APMR 2020,this current report does not assess the situation for all people on the move within and from Asia and the Pacific.The mandate for the report is to assess GCM implementation across ESCAP member States since 2020.It is,therefore,dra

251、fted within the parameters of the GCM.This means that the focus is on the governance of international migration and the situation of migrants who have crossed international borders.Issues relating to internal migration or for internal or cross-border displaced persons are not included.The GCM does n

252、ot address the situation of refugees or asylum seekers,which is covered by the Global Compact on Refugees(GCR).However,this report includes a brief statistical profile on the number of refugees in the region,as it pertains to the context in which States are working to implement the GCM.It also descr

253、ibes the complementarity of the two Compacts,which strengthens protection and solutions in mixed movements,and the connections between the GCM and its review process and that for the GCR,namely the Global Refugee Forum(GRF).The report is focused towards States as the primary duty-bearers to implemen

254、t the GCM.However,one of the ten guiding principles of the GCM is that implementation should take a whole-of-society approach,recognizing the importance of including a wide range of stakeholders to ensure safe,orderly and regular migration and promoting broad multi-stakeholder partnerships to addres

255、s migration in all its dimensions.Though it is far from comprehensive,given the diversity both of relevant stakeholders and within each type of stakeholder,each chapter highlights the work of one or more of the GCM stakeholders.This chapter starts with an overview of developments at the intergovernm

256、ental level,including the first Asia-Pacific Regional Review.It also provides a brief introduction of five global megatrends that are shaping the future of the region:(a)demographic shifts,particularly population ageing;(b)urbanization;(c)climate change;(d)the emergence of digital technologies;and(e

257、)inequalities.The chapter also describes the main issues and trends in migration,including:Climate change and other crisis situations Main migration corridors Refugees and asylum seekers Labour migration Student migration Migration for family unity or formation Migration for permanent settlement Mig

258、rant deaths and disappearances Smuggling of migrants Trafficking in persons2 Most of these are available at https:/www.unescap.org/intergovernmental-meetings/asia-pacific-regional-review-implementation-global-compact-safe-orderly3 Concept notes,programmes,presentations and summary reports are availa

259、ble under the“Stakeholders”tab at https:/www.unescap.org/intergovernmental-meetings/asia-pacific-regional-review-implementation-global-compact-safe-orderlyThis report cannot do justice to the diversity of migrants,State contexts and migration movements to,across and from them,as well as situations i

260、n a region as large and complex as Asia and the Pacific.Nor can it describe all the efforts by States and other stakeholders to implement the GCM a review that now also needs to incorporate an assessment of the recommendations of the Progress Declaration of the first IMRF and the Chairs summary adop

261、ted at the first regional review in Asia and the Pacific.As in APMR 2020,this report includes some examples of promising practices and developments in GCM implementation.These are non-exhaustive instances of measures,principally undertaken by States,international organizations and relevant stakehold

262、ers.The examples are indicative;they have not all been independently verified and are presented without claiming to be complete or geographically representative.1.1.2 Taking stock since APMR 2020APMR 2020 is part of a long ESCAP history of assessments of migration across the Asia-Pacific region,now

263、adapted to be part of the work of the Regional UnitedNations Network and the GCM review process in Asia and the Pacific.As such,it set out to provide a baseline assessment of the regional GCM implementation as a contribution towards the first regional review(ESCAP,2020b).Other baselines for the regi

264、onal review were the GCM Voluntary National Reviews:25 Asia-Pacific States submitted a national review in 2020/21.2GCM implementation requires a whole-of-society approach.Genuine and inclusive stakeholder engagement,in all breadth and diversity,is vital to a meaningful review.In preparation for the

265、first regional review,ESCAP and the Regional UnitedNations Network worked with relevant stakeholders to organize five consultations between October 2020 and March 2021,as well as two briefings,in August 2020 and February 2021.3 Because of the COVID-19 pandemic,these could only take place online,whic

266、h greatly increased the reach of the events and the diversity of stakeholders who were able to participate.The first four consultations followed the clustering of GCM objectives that States had decided for the IMRF(UnitedNations,2019a).The final consultation was planned and run by stakeholders as an

267、 opportunity to self-organize and draft joint statements to be presented at the intergovernmental regional reviewmeeting.Stakeholders also self-selected five speakers to present their statements and make interventions at the meeting.Additionally,stakeholders 3CHAPTER 1took the floor during panel dis

268、cussions,the opening and closing of the meeting,and they organized and participated in side events(ESCAP,2021b).Countries across the Asia-Pacific region continue to support implementation of the GCM,with Kyrgyzstan joining the GCM in September 2024.The first regional review in Asia and thePacificThe

269、 first Asia-Pacific intergovernmental regional review was organized by ESCAP,in partnership with the Regional UnitedNations Network on Migration,and was chaired by the Philippines.It was convened in hybrid mode from 10 to 12 March 2021.The meeting was attended by representatives of 32 member States,

270、which reiterated their commitment to the implementation of the GCM.Some 43 stakeholder groups,including civil society organizations(CSOs),trade unions and local governments,registered for the intergovernmental meeting.At the end of the meeting,ESCAP member States adopted a Chairs summary which,among

271、 others,highlighted the significant scale of migration and the major contributions of migrants and their families to sustainable development,including through remittances.It was also noted that there was a need to provide adequate support to migrants through social protection and other measures of s

272、ocial inclusion and engagement in society,while an inclusive approach to the implementation of the GCM would ensure that migrants in vulnerable situations had equal access to services and protection of their rights and dignity regardless of their status.The Chairs summary further emphasized the impo

273、rtance of subregional,regional and international cooperation and partnerships on international migration,recognizing that migration governance was a responsibility shared by all countries.The first IMRF and its Progress DeclarationThe IMRF,held in May 2022,represents the first-ever intergovernmental

274、 global platform to discuss and share progress on the implementation of all aspects of the GCM,including as it relates to the 2030 Agenda.It was held at the UnitedNations in New York,United States of America and comprised four interactive multi-stakeholder round tables covering the GCM objectives,a

275、policy debate and a plenary(general debate)(UnitedNations,2022p).From Asia and the Pacific,the general debate included statements by five Ministers,four Vice Ministers,and four other high-level representatives;Indonesia 4 The UnitedNations General Assembly endorsed the Progress Declaration(in resolu

276、tion 76/266),again without a vote,on 7 June 2022.delivered a joint statement on behalf of the champion countries of the GCM.In total,26 Asia-Pacific countries,representing every subregion,delivered statements in the general debate and 14 of them also made interventions in one or more of the other se

277、ssions.Representatives from Azerbaijan,Tajikistan and Thailand co-chaired roundtables 4,2 and 3,respectively,and representatives from Bangladesh,Cambodia and the Philippines,were on the panels.Furthermore,representatives from across Asia and the Pacific engaged in policy discussions through several

278、of the official side events organized during the IMRF.The IMRF Progress Declaration was adopted by consensus,reaffirming the GCM and making a further set of recommendations to accelerate its implementation.4 The Declaration also took note,with appreciation,of the first round of regional reviews and

279、again invited UnitedNations regional commissions,among others,to review progress made in GCM implementation to inform the second IMRF,in 2026.On the sidelines of the IMRF,all regional commissions and their regional partners and respective Chairs of the 2020/21 round of regional reviews organized an

280、event on the regional reviews,highlighting regional priorities(see also chapter 5.5).Between 2024 and 2025,all regional commissions,with their regional partners,are convening GCM regional reviews in their respectiveregions.It is now recognized that the inaugural IMRF did not adequately draw on or re

281、flect the GCM implementation work at the regional level.The President of the General Assembly,who had organized the IMRF,recommended targeted efforts to ensure,among others,regional representation in future forums and migration-related meetings,as well as the participation of youth,mayors and migran

282、ts(UnitedNations,2022i).1.2 Regional context:Demographics and sustainable development inAsia and thePacific Asia and the Pacific is the worlds most populous region,home to about 58 per cent of the global population.It includes China and India,countries that have the largest populations,but also Paci

283、fic States that have some of the smallest.The region is vast in its geography,diverse in economic and social development,and is at the forefront of important global trends.4ASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 20241.2.1 Megatrends in sustainable development and their effects onmigration In 2020,the United

284、Nations Economist Network identified demographic shifts,particularly population ageing;urbanization;climate change;the emergence of digital technologies;and inequalities as megatrends shaping sustainable development at the global and regional levels(UnitedNations,2020e).In a region as large and dive

285、rse as Asia and the Pacific,these overall trends mask myriad variations;however,they have profound impacts on people(including throughout the migration cycle),the environment and prosperity at every level.The five megatrends are closely interlinked,either reinforcing each others impacts or slowing o

286、r counteracting them.They also intersect with a range of crisis situations(see below)that have notably affected Asia-Pacific migrants in countries of origin,transit and destination over the past four years,such as in the context of disasters,economic crises and conflict situations.Demographic shifts

287、The Asia-Pacific region has undergone significant demographic changes,primarily due to declines in fertility and mortality,as well as increased migration within and beyond the region.In the mid-1960s,women in the region,on average,had about 5.6 children over their life course.By 2024,that number had

288、 fallen to 1.8 below the replacement level of 2.1.At the same time,life expectancy at birth increased by a third,from 51.5 to 74.7 years(for more on the regions demographic changes,see UN DESA,2024).As countries go through the demographic transition,first the number of children and youth increases.I

289、f countries invest in health,education and decent work,and reinforce their financial infrastructure and overall governance structures,enhanced innovation and economic productivity often follow.This has occurred in several countries of the region in which governments have harnessed the benefits of th

290、e demographic dividend associated with the growth in the share of the working-age population relative to the non-working-age population.The consequences for labour markets,economic growth and innovation have been profound.However,where investments in education,health and/or decent work have not mate

291、rialized,the growing number of young and working-age people have faced unemployment and underemployment.In fact,to this day,young individuals are still three times more likely to be unemployed than adults in 5 Percentage of older persons(65+)=15percent and=21percent:super-aged society.all Asia-Pacif

292、ic subregions.This particularly affects young women,who are more than 2.5 times(36.7 to 13.6percent)more likely to be not in employment,education,or training than young men(ESCAP,2023a).This ongoing challenge exacerbates rural to urban migration and emigration of young people.More developed countrie

293、s in the region and elsewhere are popular destinations due to their robust economies and abundant job opportunities in technology,health care and engineering sectors.The draw of better employment prospects and higher living standards motivate many to relocate.These migrations also present challenges

294、 such as brain drain,where countries lose their highly skilled labour force,potentially hampering long-term national development.In the Pacific,there is concern that the high levels of youth migration could jeopardize traditional knowledge and skills,the basis of sustainable and resilient communitie

295、s.Regardless of where countries are in the demographic transition,the lessons are clear.Countries that invest in their people,benefit the most from the demographic transition.However,investments must be made over the life course,and they must be inclusive and sustainable.With life expectancy increas

296、ing further and fertility falling to levels at or below replacement level,populations age,and the share and total number of older persons increases relative to youth.For many countries in the region,the window of opportunity to benefit from the youth bulge has closed,and they have become aged and su

297、per-aged societies.5 Others are at the tail end of the demographic dividend,and a few others,some in the Pacific,are still in the midst of this transition.Since APMR 2020 was published,fertility and mortality levels have fallen further in many countries of the region,and population ageing and even p

298、opulation decline have become prevalent features of the demographic landscape.Migration and population change(especially population ageing)is likely to become increasingly important in the decades to come.Between 2024 and 2050,the regions population is projected to increase from 4.8billion to 5.1bil

299、lion people,then peak in 2051 and decline to 4.4billion people by 2100.A total of 14 countries in the region have already reached their population peak,and an additional 16 countries will follow before 2060.A further 16 countries are projected to peak before 2100,and the rest will follow after 2100.

300、Currently,16 countries are experiencing negative population growth,and this number is projected to increase to 19 by 2050.5CHAPTER 1Most population change at the regional and subregional levels in Asia and the Pacific has been influenced by natural increase,or the change in the number of births and

301、deaths.Net migration,or the difference in the number of immigrants and emigrants has hardly had any influence on overall population change,and it is projected to remain that way in the future(figure 1.1).However,if Asia-Pacific countries decide to move to more pro-immigration policies,such as due to

302、 labour shortages,migration can have a positive effect on overall population change.For several high-income countries in the global North,for example,the contribution of international migration to population growth has exceeded the balance of births over deaths in recent years,and migration is proje

303、cted to become the sole driver of population growth,as the number of deaths will progressively exceed the number of births.6 These emerging trends present new challenges and opportunities for societies.As the number and share of older persons increases and the working age population declines,demand

304、for older persons care 6 UnitedNations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2022).World Population Prospects 2022:Summary of Results.UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO.3is rising in the region.Migrants play an essential role in delivering such care,including domestic work,in particular

305、in countries where family sizes are shrinking due to young people moving to cities or other countries to find work.Nevertheless,care workers often encounter low pay,poor working conditions and abuse,particularly if working in private households,and if undocumented.Moreover,countries facing decreases

306、 in the working age population and even overall population decline are concerned about economic growth and work force productivity.Some such countries in the region have implemented new policies to attract migrant workers,while others are still considering their options.Whatever the case,migration n

307、eeds to be fair and ethical,without jeopardizing the capacity of origin countries to meet their own needs.In this context,it is important to remember that demographic change affects inclusive and sustainable development now and in the future.Often,what countries observe today regarding demographic c

308、hange was set in motion many years ago.Thus,forward-looking policies,including demographic foresight,are needed to address challenges and opportunities of demographicchange.FIGURE 1.1 Total population change,natural increase and net migration for Asia and the Pacific,19502100Source:ESCAP calculation

309、s based on UnitedNations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2024).World Population Prospects 2024.Online Edition.-300-200-10001002003004005006007001950195519601965197019751980198519901995200020052010201520202025203020352040204520502055206020652070207520802085209020952100Mi

310、llionsPopulation changeNatural change(births-deaths)Net migrants(immigrants-emigrants)6ASIA-PACIFIC MIGRATION REPORT 2024UrbanizationThe region is home to 54percent of the worlds urban population,with around 2.5billion people,or more than 50percent of the regions population,already living in urban a

311、reas.Asia-Pacific cities continue to expand and are their population is projected to increase to 3.5billion by 2050(ESCAP,2023b).Rural to urban movement and reclassification of rural into urban areas are important driving forces of increased urbanization across the region.For some,this move to a maj

312、or urban area may involve cross-border migration.Cities are also primary hosts for international migrants,as well as refugees and,in some contexts,internally displaced persons,making city officials important actors in global discussions on migration governance.Cities in the region are at the global

313、forefront of economic opportunity and dynamic hubs of innovation that provide transformative urban solutions and employment opportunities for many.However,urban residents also face challenges related to environmental degradation,increasing impacts of disasters,the persistence of slums,social exclusi

314、on,and lack of access to services,including adequate housing and unemployment.Many of the regions major cities face heightened risks from climate change,for example being located in coastal areas or subject to urban heat island effects.Numerous jobs available to migrants in urban areas are informal

315、and lack the protection of labour laws.Moreover,people displaced from disasters and conflicts often end up in cities throughout the region(ESCAP,2023b).Digital transformationIn recent years,digital transformation has accelerated in Asia and the Pacific,with continued growth in most areas of informat

316、ion and communications technology infrastructure,access and use,guided by e-governance policies developed across the region.Yet,the region remains the most digitally divided in the world,with only 66percent of the population using the Internet(ITU,2023).As a result,millions of people are shut out fr

317、om transformative digital opportunities in education,health,work and financial sectors,while countries progress towards the implementation of digital access to government services for their populations.Women and girls,migrants,older persons and people in vulnerable situations have lower levels of ac

318、cess to broadband Internet and other knowledge-enhancing technologies.7 The COVID-19 pandemic further spurred governments,businesses and people,including migrants,to become“digital by default”.Digital financial services have increased at a rapid rate in the region.However,benefits associated with di

319、gital transformation have not been distributed 7 For further information:https:/www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reductionequally,and rapid digitalization has exacerbated existing inequalities within and across countries.The move online necessitates certain skills as well as access to a sm

320、art phone and an adequate data plan,which is out of reach for some migrant workers,and could lead to loss of work.The rush to a technology-based solution cannot equal ensuring rights-based migration policies,access to decent work and ending inequalities.Digital transformation has the potential to en

321、hance migration management but only if it is people-centred,human rights-based and gender-responsive(United Nations,2021f;University of Essex and OHCHR,2023).For example,expanding access to digital formal remittance services,as well as products linked to those services,has increased financial inclus

322、ion for underserved populations(see objective 20,chapter 4).In some countries in the region,digital delivery platforms are providing job opportunities,for example as taxi drivers and delivery workers,for migrant workers,though there is concern over working conditions(ILO,2021f).At the same time,inte

323、rnational borders across the region are becoming increasingly better equipped with technology to progressively automate border control and facilitate travel,raising in parallel the need to develop data protection regimes and cybersecurity measures to minimize risks of hacking and misuse of personal

324、data.Some policymakers are turning to algorithmic-driven or automated decision-making models and programmes to assist human decision-making processes in migration policy(Bither and Ziebarth,2021).This raises various human rights concerns,including about racial discrimination.The increased digitizati

325、on of migration management services and tools also opens up new risks for migrants from online criminals,necessitating digital literacy and good security practices,especially in a region that often lacks adequate privacy and data protection regulation.The rise of and lack of moderating influence of

326、various online media platforms have created an echo chamber of targeted online campaigns of disinformation,hostility and hate speech against migrants and marginalized groups(see objective 17,chapter 5).This has also opened up new avenues for exploitation(see objective 10,chapter 3).Digital transform

327、ation could make it possible for jobs to migrate rather than workers,thereby reducing emigration pressures and providing a viable alternative to migration for some.These jobs are located predominantly in major cities that can provide the necessary infrastructure.Given that,apart from Central Asia,in

328、 Asia and the Pacific there is a marked Internet use gap between rural and urban areas 7CHAPTER 1(52to80percent),this could drive internal migration and urbanization(ITU,2023).Like manufacturing and other work before it,transnational businesses can reduce their costs by outsourcing to developing cou

329、ntries with lower price and wage levels but adequate technological infrastructure and platform workers with the required technical and language skills.For example,among developing countries a large share of tasks is completed by workers in South Asia and South-East Asia(ILO,2021f).The 2020 Online La

330、bour Index,which provides an online gig economy equivalent of conventional labour market statistics,lists India,Bangladesh and Pakistan as the top three countries(in order)for this online gig work,with China,Indonesia,the Philippines and Sri Lanka(in order)also in the top 15 countries(Stephany et al

331、.,2021).Similarly,ongoing developments with artificial intelligence could have a wide range of implications for the future of work.These include direct effects on a range of labour sectors and on labour migration,as well as indirect effects such as the vast energy requirements and resulting emission

332、s of these systems and their contribution to climate change,a driver of migrations and a threat across the migration cycle.In many parts of the region,the development of artificial intelligence is driven by the contributions of low-wage data workers in precarious employment engaged in very simple,re

333、petitive microtasks that do not provide adequate opportunities for skills development or advancement and could potentially have negative occupational and mental health outcomes for workers(Rani and Dhir,2022;Murgia 2024).Furthermore,on these platforms are frequently pushed into informality,excluded from the protections of labour and social security law(Rani and Dhir,2022).Such decent work deficits