2020年加速风机叶片循环报告 - WindEurope（英文版）（42页）.pdf

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1、Subtittle if needed. If not MONTH 2018 Published in Month 2018 Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity May 2020 windeurope.org Published May 2020 Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity TEXT AND ANALYSIS: Marylise Schmid, WindEurope Nieves Gonzalez Ramon, Cefic Ann Dierckx, Cefic Thomas Wegm

2、an, EuCIA EDITORS: Daniel Fraile, WindEurope Colin Walsh, WindEurope DESIGN: Lin van de Velde, Drukvorm PHOTO COVER: Damon Hong MORE INFORMATION: Sustainability-Platformwindeurope.org +32 2 213 18 11 This report has been jointly prepared by WindEurope, Cefic and EuCIA through a collaborative cross-

3、sector platform on wind turbine blade recycling. Notably, the report: describes wind turbine blade structure and material composition; highlights the expected volumes of composite waste, including wind turbine blade waste; maps the existing regulations governing composite waste in Europe; describes

4、the existing recycling and recovery technologies for treating composite waste as well as innovative applications for using composite waste; and provides recommendations for research and innovation to further enhance the circularity of wind turbine blades and design for recycling. This report is inte

5、nded for general information only and, whilst its contents are provided in utmost good faith and are based on the best information currently available, is to be relied upon at the users own risk. No representations or warranties are made with regards to its completeness or accuracy and no liability

6、will be accepted by the authors. We would like to thank members of WindEurope Sustainability WG for their dedicated review and input. In particular: Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, LM Wind Power, TPI Composites, GE Renewable Energy, MHI Vestas, Vattenfall, Vestas, Nordex, EDF Renouvelables, Engie a

7、nd rsted. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .5 1. INTRODUCTION .7 1.1. CROSS-SECTOR PLATFORM .8 1.2. OBJECTIVES .8 1.3. CONTEXT .8 2. COMPOSITES highlights the expected volumes of composite waste, including wind turbine blade waste; maps the existing regulations governing composite waste in Europe; describ

8、es the existing recycling and recovery technologies for treating composite waste as well as innovative applications for using composite waste; and provides recommendations for research and innovation to further enhance the circularity of wind turbine blades, including new materials and design for re

9、cycling. This report supplies relevant and practical information on the subject and promotes the sustainable management of composite blade waste. Research on the subject is ongoing and with this comes the challenge of keeping up to date with the state-of-the-art. If you have further input please not

10、ify us at Sustainability-Platformwindeurope.org. 1.3 CONTEXT In 2019 wind energy supplied 15% of the EUs electricity 6. This number will continue to grow in the coming years (Figure 1). The EUs binding target for increasing the re- newable energy share to 32% by 2030, and its commit- ment to becomin

11、g carbon-neutral by 2050, emphasises wind powers important role in the future energy mix. The European Commission (EC), in their long-term decarbon- isation strategy to 2050, estimates that wind alone could provide 50% of the EUs electricity demand by 2050. And importantly, this demand will be signi

12、ficantly higher than todays level, as society increases the electrification of en- ergy uses. FIGURE1 GrossannualinstallationsinEurope Source: WindEurope 2013201420152016201720182019202020212022 2023 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Gross installations (GW) Cumulative capacity (GW) Off

13、shore Onshore Cumulative 1.51.53.01.63.22.73.62.92.73.45.9 11.011.610.912.313.99.411.715.214.214.714.5 122135148162178190205222238255275 9Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA Introduction In the future, a growing amount of wind turbines will start to be decommi

14、ssioned, considering that: The standard lifetime of a wind turbine is approximately 20-25 years, with some wind turbines now reaching up to 35 years through lifetime extension; There are increasing repowering opportunities i.e. replacing old models with newer and more efficient models, that can incr

15、ease wind farm electricity output by a factor of 2. Many of the wind turbines installed in the 1990s are of a few hundred kW and are under 60m in hub height. If replaced by taller and more powerful turbines, the in- crease in energy yields could be considerable. Indeed, the analysis of more than 100

16、 repowering projects in Europe has shown that, on average, the number of turbines de- creases by a third whilst wind farm capacity more than doubles 7. The wind industry is committed to promoting a more cir- cular economy and determining ways in which it can sup- port this. A sustainable process for

17、 dealing with wind tur- bines at the end of their service life is needed to maximise the environmental benefits of wind power from a life cycle approach (Figure 2). To do so, the wind industry is actively looking for industries and sectors that can make use of the materials and equipment decommissio

18、ned from wind farms. And the wind industry wants to work with them to build capacities in wind turbine blade circularity, including through the development of new, more easily recyclable structural design and materials. FIGURE2 Thelifecycleofawindturbine Source: WindEurope If countries enable the re

19、powering of an increas- ing amount of old wind turbines, about 14,000 windturbinebladescouldbedecommissionedby 2023 4,equivalenttobetween40,000and60,000 tons. Repowering or life time extension (optional) Decommissioning 4. Structural adhesives e.g. epoxies, polyurethane (PUR) 5. Coatings e.g. polyes

20、ter (UPR), polyurethane (PUR); 6. Metals e.g. copper or aluminium wiring (lightning protection system), steel bolts. FIGURE3 Genericcross-sectionofrotorblade Spar Caps/Girders: Unidirectional (UD) Glass/Carbonfibre, supported by Epoxy, Polyester, Polyutherane or Vinylester matrix ShearWebsandShellPa

21、nels:Multiaxial GFRP Sandwich laminates using Balsa/PVC/PET as core material and Epoxy, Polyester, Polyutherane or Vinylester as matrix systems Leading/Trailing Edge and Webs Bonding: Epoy/Polyutherane based structural adhesive LightningProtetionCable:Aluminium or Copper SurfaceCoating:Polyutherane

22、based lacquer LEP(LeadingEdgeProtection):Polyutherane based lacquer/tape Source: TPI Composites 12Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA Composites Provide resistance to fatigue, corrosion, electrical and thermal conductivity important for the long-expected lifet

23、ime (20 to 30 years); Provide flexibility in design and manufacturing, allowing to optimise the aerodynamic shape of the blade, resulting in high turbine efficiency; and Enable high yields resulting in lower levelised cost of energy. At present, wind turbine blades are made of composites based on th

24、ermoset polymers. These polymers become cross-linked in an irreversible process. The cross-linking is a key requirement for obtaining the desired performance in terms of fatigue resistance and mechanical strength. Thermoplastics, unlike thermosets, do not undergo the crosslinking. Thermoplastics are

25、 therefore more easily recycled in simple shapes and components as they can be melted. They have the potential for easier recycling, though the structural design complexity of the blades makes it difficult. Furthermore, the mechanical prop- erties, durability and processability of thermoplastics in

26、comparable price ranges currently limit their applications in blades compared to thermosets. 2.3 FUTURE TRENDS IN BLADE MATERIALS Table 1 presents future trends in blade materials aimed at addressing current challenges. Blade material chal- lenges include stiffness optimisation, fatigue life, damage

27、 prediction methods and the production of light weight blade structures. Material selection is determined by price, process abilities, material integrity, geographical lo- cations with more hostile environmental conditions and the demand for longer wind turbine blades. Design and material selection

28、processes is rapidly evolving in order to also consider the overall sustainability of the materials chosen (life cycle assessment) including their impacts on recyclability and alignment with future recycling methods 9, whilst meeting the cost and performance criteria at the same time. Besides improv

29、ing efficiencies in waste collection and combining waste volumes, the high investment costs and energy requirements seem to be a common limitation to a greater implementation and scale-up of novel composite recycling technologies (see Section 5). Multiple projects are ongoing to improve energy effic

30、iency by reducing the process time required for the same amount of materials and by increasing the material output of the processes. This would translate into lower costs and allow a more ac- ceptable energy use whilst not offsetting the benefits of recycling materials. However, in order to make rec

31、ycling technologies more efficient and sustainable, the devel- opment of these technologies needs to be coupled with material development 10. Material innovations should strive to have positive effects on the production, maintenance, lifetime and environ- mental footprint of the blades. European tec

32、hnological platforms indicate that materials research for blades is an important research area 1, 11 and see accounting for sus- tainability and recycling as a strategic issue 12. 13Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA Composites Reduced carbon footprint Develo

33、ping 3R-resins a new family of enhanced thermoset res- ins and composites with better re-processability, repairability and recyclability properties Increased lifetime; Improved recyclability 14Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA 3.1 AN AGEING ONSHORE WIND FLEE

34、T Figure 4 provides a picture of the ageing onshore wind fleet. Denmark, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands are the most mature wind energy markets. In terms of tur- bines that are over 15 years old, these countries respec- tively have 2.74 GW (57%), 17 GW (33%), more than 5 GW (33%) and 0.6 GW (21%

35、). MARKET OUTLOOK 3. Repowering project El Cabrito, Tarifa, Spain. Completed in 2018. It was 25 years old when dismantled and resulted with 87% fewer turbines with the same output capacity. Source: ACCIONA. 15Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA Market outlook

36、3.2 COMPOSITE WASTE: A CROSS-SECTOR CHALLENGE WindEurope estimates around 2 GW of wind energy ca- pacity could be repowered and another 2 GW could be fully decommissioned by 2023 in Europe 4. This means about 4,700 turbines (or 14,000 blades equivalent to be- tween 40,000 and 60,000 tons) could be d

37、ecommissioned and would need to be sustainably disposed of. Recycling these old blades is a top priority for the wind industry. This requires certain logistics and technology in place to pro- ceed to disassembling, collection, transportation, waste management treatment and reintegration into the val

38、ue chain. Composite waste amounts from the wind industry are ex- pected to continue to increase (Figure 5). However, the wind industry produces far less composite waste than other industries. Based on EuCIA estimates wind will contribute 66,000 tons of thermoset composite waste in 2025. This is only

39、 10% of the total estimated thermoset composite waste (and less than 5% of the total estimat- ed composite waste combining thermoset and thermo- plastics). Other composite-waste-producing sectors are building 10 11 03 waste glass-based fibrous materials from thermal processes; 10 11 12 waste glass o

40、ther than those mentioned in 10 11 11 from thermal processes; 10 11 99 wastes not otherwise specified from thermal processes; and 12 01 05 plastics shavings and turnings from shaping and physical mechanical surface treatment of metals and plastics. National authorities need to ensure the correct and

41、 suit- able code is applied to blade waste. This would ensure efficient separate collection and sorting and help identi- fy suitably authorised waste treatment options. Having a LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 4. 18Accelerating Wind Turbine Blade Circularity - 2020 WindEurope Cefic - EuCIA Legislative context w

42、aste stream that can provide clean composite of a single type in large quantities increases the efficiency of the cho- sen waste treatment option. However, as shown above, composite waste is often classified as plastic waste. It may therefore become mixed with other types of plastics. Hav- ing a dif

43、fering waste classification may also limit the poten- tial for a pan-European market for recycled composites. 4.3 EXISTING REGULATION To date, few regulatory requirements are in place for the composite waste sector. Nevertheless, there is a clear push towards more circularity in general at the Europ

44、ean level as shown by the new EU Circular Economy Action Plan (2020) 13. The European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy (2018) 14 stresses that the low reuse and recycling rates (less than 30%) of end-of-life plastics is a key challenge to be addressed. It sets out the vision for circular

45、plastics with concrete actions at EU level. The strategy also stresses that the private sector together with national and regional authorities, cities and citizens will need to mobilise to fulfil this vision. So far the focus has been on single-use plastics, microplastics, oxo-plastics and plastics

46、packaging and not on composite waste. At the national level, four countries make a clear reference to composite waste in their waste legislation: Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Finland. These countries for- bid composites from being landfilled or incinerated (see Country Case Studies below).

47、France is considering intro- ducing a recycling target for wind turbines in its regulatory framework (due to be updated in 2020) 15. EXISTING REGULATORY INCENTIVES LANDFILL BANS AND TAXES Landfill bans or taxes, if well designed and correctly imple- mented, can act as a driver to change industrial p

48、ractices. They can dissuade disposal and stimulate more circular solutions. When comparing the cost of recycling composite waste with the levels of landfill taxes for wind turbine blade waste, the tax level in some countries is considered too low to trigger substantial changes towards more recycling. M