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1、NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARDSCIENCE&ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2024Labor ForceThe STEM Labor Force:Scientists,Engineers,and Skilled Technical WorkersNSB-2024-5May 30,2024This publication is part of the 2024 edition of the Science and Engineering Indicators(Indicators)suite of reports.Indicators is prepared un

2、der the guidance of the National Science Board by the National Science Foundations National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.The Indicators suite consists of a summary report called The State of U.S.Science and Engineering,more-detailed thematic reports with supporting data,and a data t

3、ool that provides state-level indicators.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-52National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-53Table of Contents 7Executive Summary 8Introduction 9Terminology 9Occupations 9Workforce 10U.S.STEM Workforce:Size,Growth,and Empl

4、oyment 10Size,Growth,and Employment 13Employment Rate and Labor Force Participation of STEM versus Non-STEM 16Representation of Demographic Groups in STEM 16Women in STEM 18Race or Ethnicity in STEM 19Who Is Working Outside of Their Highest Degree Field 22STEM Labor Market Characteristics:Earnings,O

5、ccupations,and Industries 25Earnings of STEM Workers 28STEM Occupations 28Industries That Utilize STEM Workers 29Geographic Distribution of the STEM Workforce 29States Where the U.S.STEM Workers Are:2021 30The STEM Workforce within States 32STEM Pathways:Degree Attainment and Training of Workers in

6、STEM 32Educational Attainment of STEM Workers 37Certifications and Licenses 39Employment Outcomes for Recent Graduates 42Foreign-Born STEM Workers 42Occupations and Geographic Characteristics of Foreign-Born STEM WorkersNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-54 44Foreign-Born