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1、Hydrogen Storage Cost AnalysisCassidy Houchins(PI)Jacob H.ProsserMax GrahamZachary WattsBrian D.JamesJune 2023Project ID:ST235Award No.DE-EE0009630DOE Hydrogen Program2023 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation MeetingThis presentation does not contain any proprietary,confidential,or otherwise rest

2、ricted informationOverview2TimelineBarriersProject Start Date:9/30/21Project End Date:9/29/24%complete:50%A:System Weight and VolumeB:System CostK:System Life-Cycle AssessmentBudgetPartnersTotal Project Budget:$699,964Total DOE Funds Spent:$262,000(through March 2023,excluding Labs)Kevin Simmons,Pac

3、ific Northwest National Laboratory Rajesh Ahluwalia,Argonne National Lab Project Goal Conduct rigorous,independent,and transparent,bottom-up techno-economic analysis of H2storage systems using Design for Manufacture and Assembly(DFMA)Identify cost drivers and identify which performance parameters ca

4、n be improved to have the greatest impact on cost Provide DOE and the research community with referenceable reports on the current status and future projected costs of H2storage systems in various forms including a levelized cost of storage(LCOS)Analyses conducted:Onboard cryogenic(CcH2,LH2)and comp

5、ressed(350 and 700 bar)H2storage systems for Class 8 Long Haul trucks Large-Scale LH2storage systems at city gate and trade terminals Utility-scale engineered underground storage3Relevance&Potential Impact DFMA analysis is used to predict costs based on both mature and nascent components and manufac

6、turing processes depending on what manufacturing processes and materials are hypothesized Identify the cost impact of material and manufacturing advances and to identify areas of R&D with the greatest potential to achieve cost targets Provide insight into which components are critical for reducing c

7、osts of H2storage and for meeting DOE cost targets4Class 8 Long Haul Targets and Current Cost Projection5PropertyUnitsStatus/Assumption2030 Target1Ultimate Target1Storage capacityLH2350 bar Type 3350 bar Type 4700 bar Type 4500 bar CcH2kgH260290.5-101.1435.3-36.935.5-37.249.9-53.169.8-81.7NoneNoneSt

8、orage system cost projectionsLH2350 bar Type 3350 bar Type 4700 bar Type 4500 bar CcH22016$/kgH2$159-238$400-487$417-506$509-633$268-347300266Refueling cost310 bar LH2350 bar700 bar500 bar cryocompressed2016$/kgH28-10668-10421See Marcinkoski et al for full list of targets and assumptions.Marcinkoski

9、,Jason.“Hydrogen Class 8 Long Haul Truck Targets.”Washington D.C.:U.S.Department of Energy,December 12,2019.https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/19006_hydrogen_class8_long_haul_truck_targets.pdf.2DOE hasnt established capacity targets but assumes 60kgH2 is needed to achieve 750 mile range3Estimated f

10、rom HRS cost contribution projections in https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review20/sa170_elgowainy_2020_o.pdf and delivered fuel cost projections in https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review20/sa170_elgowainy_2019_o.pdf.Note that CcH2 dispensed cost is for 350 bar,so costs are expected to be hig

11、her.4Range includes the confidence interval from sensitivity analysis and the basis point from our analysis.See Slide 8 for further informationProjected Cost and Storage Capacity for Class 8 Trucks$400$417$509$268$159 36.937.253.181.7101.1020406080100120140$-$100$200$300$400$500$600$700350-T3350-T47

12、00-T4500-CcH2LH2System CapacitykgH2/systemProjected System Cost2016$/kgH2TankInsulation&Vaccum JacketHousing,Support,&AssemblyCompositeBOP Cost are projected to 100,000 systems manufactured annually Storage capacity is based on the largest available package with external dimensions of 66 cm x 305 cm

13、*Two frame-mounted tanksSee slide 26 for available configurations.https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review22/st235_houchins_2022_p.pdf6Uncertainty Analysis CompletedStorage Capacity(kWh)System Mass(kg)System Cost(2016$)Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis was completed for all systems investigated Res

14、ults for 700 bar Type 4 systems show that baseline projections(represented by the black,dashed line and data label)reflect best case scenario for all parameters studied.The most statistically probable case is demonstrated by the mode of the data(represented by the red,dashed line and data label).See

15、 backup slides for complete results of all storage system types investigated1137$29.41709$27.010921769+3.5%-4.0%-8.2%7ApproachCorrelative Model for Large-Scale LH2IRAS Cost Analysis8 Simplified cost correlations for primary system components separately reported by different groups(i.e.,NASA,ANL)Use

16、tank Total Capital Investment correlation from HDSAM v3.1(2018)developed by ANL5Use refrigeration capital cost estimates&efficiencies from NASA 2016-2021 IRAS analysis6Assume approximate top-level percentages for other miscellaneous components(e.g.,piping,valves,instrumentation&controls,other struct

17、ural,etc.)&missing installation&site preparation costs Perform system simplified heat transfer analysisCalculate heat flux into tank using effective thermal conductivities measured&reported by NASA for various bulk-fill tank insulation materials&heat transfer relationshipsApply approximate top-level

18、 percentages for heat addition into other miscellaneous componentsEstimate equivalent LH2boiloff for no refrigeration or refrigeration requirements in the IRAS system Estimate operating costsAssign LH2from typical cost value reported in current LH2delivery cost analysis literature&compute costs asso

19、ciated with LH2boiloff lossAssign electricity price from typical cost values currently reported for industrial-scale applications&compute electricity utility costsPostulate operations&maintenance personnel work force,total wages,system service life&operating efficiency,&calculate labor costs Combine

20、 amortized total capital&operating costs to produce a total system LCOS5.UChicago ANL.HDSAM v3.1 2018,https:/hdsam.es.anl.gov/index.php?content=hdsam6.A.Swanger&J.Fesmire.Economics of Energy Efficient,Large-Scale LH2 Storage Using IRAS&Glass Bubble Insulation.NASA KSC-CTL 2021Accomplishments&Progres

21、sCorrelative Model Basis for Large-Scale LH2IRAS Cost Analysis9CapExEfficiency6.A.Swanger&J.Fesmire.Economics of Energy Efficient,Large-Scale LH2 Storage Using IRAS&Glass Bubble Insulation.NASA KSC-CTL2021NASAs IRAS2016/3=3,100+5,646,6003CapExANL HDSAM(v3.1)5.UChicago ANL.HDSAM v3.1 2018,https:/hdsa

22、m.es.anl.gov/index.php?content=hdsamMain AssumptionsCapital CostsRefrigeration SubsystemAdditional 50%of NASA CapEx estimate to account for other equipmentInstalled cost is 2x bare capital cost40%extra for indirect costs(i.e.,site prep,E&D,licensing,etc.)Piping,valves,&other interconnecting equipmen

23、t is 2%of tank&refrigeration installed costsOperating CostsRequire dedicated personnel for operations&maintenanceH2 loss through heat gainTreat shell as planarHeat transfer limited so surface temperatures are atbulk fluid temperatures10%of shell for loss through:Piping,valves,&miscellaneous equipmen

24、tStructuralRefrigeration heat gain10%of complete tank for:InterconnectingInternalHe RefrigeratorInsulation Thickness 1 m(3-4 ft)Heat load calculated as a function of tank design,storage conditions,exposed area,shell evacuation,&insulation typeHDSAM=“Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis Model”Accompli

25、shments&ProgressPreliminary Results for Correlative Large-Scale LH2IRAS Cost Analysis10City GateTrade TerminalSeasonal Energy StorageNominal Capacity m340,000100,00010,000,000Turnover Period days10101467Assumptions/Other Parameters:Ambient Conditions:T=28 C,P=1 AtmInventory Conditions:T=20 K,P=-1.6

26、PSIGInsulation Shell Pressure:20 mtorr(average of typical Nasa operating range)Insulation Packing:Loose(132 kg/m3),1 m of thicknessUllage:10%System Operating Efficiency:98%(8,568 hrs/yr)H2 Price:$6.50/kgElectricity Price:$0.06/kWh24-hour operation$60/hr base pay,maintenance as needed$65/hrbase pay(a

27、verage)NER%/day=0.028 0 0.020 0 0.004 07.Estimated from:Mitsubishi Power Americas,Inc.Why the Western US Needs Energy Storage.White Paper 2020,https:/aces- Model for Large-Scale LH2IRAS Cost Analysis11 Initial correlative IRAS model developed in FY2023 Q1 limited due to inability to scale tank costs

28、Basis for HDSAM v3.1(2018)trade terminal storage tank total capital investment correlation could not be determinedTank design&insulation type&amounts unknownNot possible to accurately apply scaling rules to determine cost variation/difference with insulation type&amount,&tank design aspects Identifi

29、ed 4 large-scale LH2storage industry experts&held consultation meetings with eachNASA KSC-CTL,McDermott(CB&I),Shell,&Matrix ServicesPurpose was to:Confirm validity of correlative cost models&system componentsAcquire any insights for how to improve these correlative cost modelsObtain feedback&confirm

30、ation on model parameters&proposed storage scenariosMain discussion outcomes were determining the need to develop detailed,bottom-up cost models for the system Development of detailed,bottom-up cost models&total system LCOSCompile detailed parts list&bill of materials(BOM)for all system componentsCo

31、mplete tank including internal piping,fittings,and valvingLoading/Unloading station/bayRefrigeration subsystemInterconnecting piping,fittings,&valves,&other miscellaneous components for site development,installation,&constructionEstimate full material costs for all system BOM partsRaw material costs

32、Manufacturing/Fabrication&other commercial product costsCombine with on-site construction cost estimates&updated amortized operating costs to yield a total system LCOS12Dashed lines()denote additional components required for the zero-boiloff caseDashed-Dotted lines()indicate the possibility for mari

33、ne handling and transportCooling Power Sized for Heat Load(1-100 kW)External Refrigerant Supply Line(Vacuum-Jacketed Piping)(0.22-8.2 kg He/second)(I.D.6-30 for Perlite,I.D.4-22 for Glass Bubbles,I.D.6-36 for Aerogel)(-256.4 C)External Refrigerant Return Line(Vacuum-Jacketed Piping)(-253 C)Vacuum In

34、sulation(Perlite Powder,Glass Bubbles,Aerogel Particles)(1 m thick)(20 mtorr)Inner Shell(SA-240 Gr.304 SS)Outer Shell(SA-516 Gr.70 CS)External LH2 Fill Line(Vacuum-Jacketed Piping)(37.0-42.04 kgH2/second)(I.D.24-28 for a single pipe,I.D.16-20 for two pipes)LH2 Loading BayExternal LH2 Drain Line(Vacu

35、um-Jacketed Piping)(3.70-52.6 kgH2/second)(I.D.8-28)LH2 Distributor Ring(A312 SS Piping)(16-20 NPS)Support Column(A36 CS)Bayonet ConnectionsInternal LH2 Drain Line(A312 SS Piping)(8-28 NPS)Internal LH2 Fill Line(A312 SS Piping)(24-28 NPS for single pipe,16-20 NPS for two pipes)Piping Nozzles(A216 GR

36、 WCB Flanges)Internal Support Tower(SA-240 Gr.304 SS)Ladder(6061-T6 Aluminum)Manway(SA-516 Gr.70 CS)Vent Stack(SA-516 Gr.70 CS)Insulation Fill Port(SA-516 Gr.70 CS)Helium Intra-Insulation Transport Piping(A312 SS Piping)(6-30 NPS for Perlite,4-22 NPS for Glass Bubbles,6-36 NPS for Aerogel)Helium Int

37、ernal Refrigeration Tubing(A269 SS Tubing)(6-30 NPS for Perlite,4-22 NPS for Glass Bubbles,6-36 NPS for Aerogel)Support Struts(A36 CS)LH2 Internal Storage ConditionsInternal Water Volume:40,000 m3(City Gate),100,000 m3(Trade Terminal),10,400,000 m3(Seasonal Energy Storage)Minimum Ullage:10%Temperatu

38、re:-253 CPressure:0.89 atmAmbient ConditionsTemperature:28 CPressure:1 atmAccomplishments&ProgressPreliminary System Configurational Diagram&Detailed Tank Part Material Specifications13Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Results for Detailed,Bottom-Up Model for Large-Scale LH2IRAS Cost Analysis 3 St

39、orage Scenarios EvaluatedCG=City Gate(40,000 m3,10-Day Turnover Period)TT=Trade Terminal(100,000 m3,10-Day Turnover Period)SES=Seasonal Energy Storage(10,000,000 m3,6-Month Turnover Period)Inclusion of Integrated Refrigeration(IR)as a configuration option(passive vs.active boiloff control)Perlite vs

40、.glass bubbles vs.aerogel particles bulk-fill insulation(1 m thick)$12$14$31$12$14$31$20$24$54$20$24$55$368$449$1,101$529$461$2,374$-$500$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500Tank Materials Costs Millions of 2023 USDInner ShellInsulationOuter ShellExternal SupportsAnnular Space SupportsPiping and PortsInternal Su

41、pport TowerTotal Tank Materials Cost Most material costs do not include manufacturing&other commercial fabrication costsCosts for bulk-fill insulation,piping,tubing,and some structural components are based on commercially available productsunitEngineeredSalt CavernDepleted Gas ReservoirLined Rock Ca

42、vernCapacitytH2Up to 5002,000-6,0004700+1,000-2,000PressureBar200-70050-15050-100150-300VolumeEnergym3GWh6,70016.5500,00013381,000,000+15540,00050Cushion Gas Requirements%of Volume0255010Construction ProcessN/ABlind Bore DrillingSolution MiningNoneDrill and BlastConcernsN/ACasing and Seal Leak/Damag

43、eH2S generation by Micro-organisms,leakageH2S generation by Micro-organisms,leakageHydrogen Embrittlement and Sliding Layer,leakage14Underground Storage BackgroundUnitTeesideClemens DomeSpindletopMoss BluffLocation-UKTXTXTXOperator-BPConocoPhillipsAir LiquidePraxairMarket-North EnglandGulf CoastGulf

44、 CoastGulf CoastCommissioned-1970s198319832007Depthm370850850-1400850-1400Capacitym3210,000580,000600,000580,000Underground fossil gas storage is mature,with an average of 60 billion cubic meters of capacity in the USMost capacity is stored in depleted oil/gas reservoirs and salt caverns10 undergrou

45、nd H2facilities exist worldwideUnderground H2StorageUnderground Storage Facility Types and Properties8.D.G.Caglayan et al.,“Technical potential of salt caverns for hydrogen storage in Europe,”International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,vol.45,no.11,pp.67936805,Feb.2020,doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.16

46、1https:/www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/underground-natural-gas-storage/locations15 Analysis includes full capital cost build up for underground GH2storage facility plus all units for H2energy conversion system(e.g.,electrolyzer,turbine or fuel cell,etc.)LCOS will be calculated for facility System design

47、 inspired by Ardent Underground(https:/ Gravitricity(https:/ VesselPeak Pressurebara250-700Average TemperatureoC29Vessel ODm5.69Vessel Heightm201.2Shaft Diameterm6.5Shaft Depthm318.4Storage CapacityMT H292.5-208.0Accomplishments&ProgressHydrogen Energy Storage System DefinitionAccomplishments&Progre

48、ssResponses to Previous Year Reviewers Comments16 Project was not reviewed at 2022 AMRCollaborations&Coordination17MDV/HDVArgonnefinite element analysis,system performance analysisPNNLsystem assumptionsOnboard H2storageANLfinite element analysis and performance analysisLLNLSystem and manufacturing r

49、equirementsLH2ANLSystem assumptions discussed with Amgad Elgowainy and Rajesh AhluwaliaDemacoCryogenic piping,tubing,&connection(vacuum jacketed)costs,LH2 loading bays/station costsCabotAerogel bulk-fill insulation costsCryomechCryo-Refrigeration technical design,costsImerysPerlite bulk-fill insulat

50、ion costsNASASystem design assumptions,costs,use casesMatrix ServicesSystem design assumptions,costs,use casesMcDermott(CB&I)System design assumptions,costs,use casesPalmer HollandGlass bubbles bulk-fill insulation costsShellSystem design assumptions,costs,use casesTechnifabCryogenic piping,tubing,&

51、connection(vacuum jacketed)costsRemaining Challenges&Barriers Onboard H2Storage System validation is needed for cryogenic storage Completed preliminary discussions with cryo-compressed and LH2system developers and have agreements to review and comment on assumptions and results LNG reference study i

52、s planned LNG tear-down at PNNL will provide system design parameters Large-Scale LH2Storage Refrigeration system costs are too granular Underground GH2Storage Excavation costs for 6m bore holes are currently scaled from drilling studies with largest bore hole diameters of 2m Vessel dimensions and o

53、verburden are currently estimated from system images Rigorous calculations are needed18 Onboard storage for long haul trucksBaseline total system costs,mass and storage capacity fall outside the confidence bound.COVfiberand COVmanufacturingassumptions are likely too aggressive LH2From correlative co

54、st modelRefrigeration requirements are small&so capital&operating costs for the refrigeration subsystem do not contribute a significant portion to the overall storage system capital costCost savings from H2zero boiloff payback cost of refrigeration subsystem&only small percentage of remaining system

55、 costsProportion of system payback:Decreases with increasing system size/capacity for the same turnover periodIncreases with increasing turnover period for the same system size/capacityFrom detailed cost modelMaterial costs dominated by:FirstTank shell materials(mostly inner SS shell)for use of perl

56、ite&glass bubbles bulk-fill insulationBulk-fill insulation for use of aerogel particle insulationSecondPiping/Tubing&tank nozzles/connections&tank inner structural supports for use of perlite insulationBulk-fill insulation materials for use of glass bubblesTank shell materials(mostly inner SS shell)

57、for use of aerogel particle bulk-fill insulationPiping/Tubing costs estimated to become significant portion of capital costs for larger systems with refrigeration due to estimated cost increases of large-diameter refrigeration piping&tubing,particularly for aerogel particles since this insulation ma

58、terial is not as effectiveGH2Initial cost results and system capacities are in good agreement with published results Extrapolated drilling costs from small bore operations appears to give reasonable cost results,but this approach needs to be refined to give greater confidence in the analysis19Summar

59、y and ConclusionsProposed Future Work Class 8 Long Haul Validate LH2system cost with LNG teardown and quotes Finalize and publish comparative cost paper Refueling costs need to be accounted for in total storage system cost evaluation,so publication will be coordinated with members of the ANL systems

60、 analysis group Large-Scale LH2storage Complete detailed,bottom-up cost analysis Investigate LCOS as a function of storage size,choice of insulation materials,and cost impact of active refrigeration to achieve zero boiloff Underground GH2storage Complete detailed,bottom-up cost analysis Investigate

61、LCOS as a function of storage size Compute LCOS for use-cases such as seasonal energy storage and load balancing2020*Any proposed future work is subject to change based on funding levelsTechnical Backup and Additional Information21Technology Transfer Activities 22Technology transfer does not apply t

62、o this analysis-type projectEstimated Cost=(Material Cost+Processing Cost+Assembly Cost)x Markup FactorApproach:DFMA methodology used to track annual cost impact of technology advancesManufacturing Cost Factors:1.Material Costs2.Manufacturing Method3.Machine Rate4.Tooling AmortizationMethodology Ref

63、lects Cost of Under-utilization:Annual Minutes of Equipment OperationCapital CostInstallationMaintenance/Spare Parts UtilitiesMiscellaneousOperating ExpensesInitial ExpensesUsed to calculate annual capital recovery factor based on:Equipment LifeInterest RateCorporate Tax RateAnnual Capital Repayment

64、+Annual Operating Payments=Machine Rate($/min)23DFMA(Design for Manufacture&Assembly)is a process-based,bottom-up cost analysis methodology which projects material and manufacturing cost of the complete system by modeling specific manufacturing stepsRegistered trademark of Boothroyd-Dewhurst,Inc.Bas

65、is of Ford Motor Company(Ford)design/costing method for the past 20+yearsPredicts actual cost of components or systems based on a hypothesized design and set of manufacturing and assembly stepsDetermines the lowest cost design and manufacturing processes through repeated application of the DFMA meth

66、odology on multiple design/manufacturing potential pathwaysClass 8 Long Haul Truck Storage Status(Reported 2022)24PropertyValueNoteStorage System Type IVT700S/epoxy,PA6 liner,aluminum bossTank/Total Capacity(kg)30/60Target definition*Tanks per System2Tanks of identical sizeExternal Package Dimension

67、s250 cm x 64 cmAssumption.Similar to Quantum Fuel Systems.MountingStrap-Mounting FrameAssumption.Similar to Quantum Fuel Systems.BOPIntegrated valve and regulatorSimilar to GFI ITVR-70.Cost is assumed to be 120%of LDV unit cost per guidance from GFI.Estimated Composite Mass(kg/tank)444Estimated usin

68、g performance derived from ANL analysisEstimated Total Mass(kgH2storage/truck)1100Compared to 750 kg for Quantum 46 DGE CNG System.Safety Factor2.25(nom)/2.54(eff)NGV2,fiber,and mfg.variationsProjected Cost($/kgH2)383Projected to 100k systems per year.Compared with 2030 target of$300/kgH2*Baseline s

69、ystem is currently projected to able to meet DOE targetsPathways to 2030($300/kgH2)and the ultimate target($266/kgH2)requires 40%carbon fiber cost and weight reduction from relaxed safety factorAlternatives to compressed gaseous H2 are described in the following slides and compared with the baseline

70、*https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/19006_hydrogen_class8_long_haul_truck_targets.pdfThe baseline storage system is frame mounted 700 bar Type 4 25System Design AssumptionsSystem Design AssumptionsParameterUnitsValueNotesTank typeType 3,350 barType 4,350 barType 4,700 barType 3,500 bar Type 3 tanks

71、 utilize metal liners,Type 4 tanks utilize polymer linersLiner materialAluminumHDPEHDPE316LHDPE=High density polyethylene,316L=316L grade stainless steelHydrogen storage methodcH2CcH2cH2=compressed hydrogen;CcH2=cryo-compressed hydrogenNominal operating temperatureC14.85-201.15Tank interior diameter

72、cm60.460.255.451.0Tank interior lengthcm287291286291Usable H2kg18.518.626.520.4Based on hydrogen densities from Cool Prop9Minimum empty pressurebar15Based on parameters for ANL calculations10Liner thicknesscm0.60.50.50.2Shell material-6061 AluminumShell thicknesscm-0.3175Shell diametercm-53.0Shell l

73、engthcm-245Vacuum insulation material-MLIMLI=multilayer insulationVacuum insulation pressuremtorr-1Vacuum insulation thicknessmm-10Vacuum insulation masskg-0.5Carbon fiberT700SFiber tensile strengthMPa4900Based on Toray T700S performance11ResinVinyl EsterFiber volume fraction0.6Fiber masskg119133271

74、140Estimated from ANL total composite massResin masskg50.356.211459.1Estimated from ANL total composite massComposite masskg170189385199ANL model calculation9.Bell,I.H.;Wronski,J.;Quoilin,S.;Lemort,V.Pure and Pseudo-Pure Fluid Thermophysical Property Evaluation and the Open-Source Thermophysical Pro

75、perty Library CoolProp.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2014,53(6),24982508.https:/doi.org/10.1021/ie4033999.10.Ahluwalia,R.K.;Peng,J.K.;Roh,H.S.;Hua,T.Q.;Houchins,C.;James,B.D.Supercritical Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cell Electric Buses.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2018,43(22),1021510231

76、.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.113.11.https:/ Breakdown for all Tank Types at High ProductionTotal system cost:$14,145System energy cost:$11/kWhTotal system cost:$14,812System energy cost:$12/kWhTotal system cost:$26,574System energy cost:$15/kWhTotal system cost:$20,390System energy cos

77、t:$7/kWhLiner,7%Composite,72%Composite Curing,1%Autofrettage&Hydro Test,1%Leak Test,0%BOP,7%Housing,Support,and Assembly,12%350 bar Type 3(500k/year)Tank Boss,2%Liner,1%Composite,77%Composite Curing,1%Leak Test,0%Hydro Test,1%BOP,6%Housing,Support,and Assembly,12%350 bar Type 4(500k/year)Tank Boss,1

78、%Liner,1%Composite,86%Composite Curing,1%Leak Test,0%Hydro Test,0%BOP,4%Housing,Support,and Assembly,7%700 bar Type 4(500k/year)Liner,8%Composite,58%Composite Curing,1%Autofrettage&Hydro Test,0%Leak Test,0%Multi-Layer Vacuum insulation,7%Vaccum Jacket,6%BOP,11%Housing,Support,and Assembly,9%500 bar

79、CcH2(500k/year)26System Cost vs.Annual Production Ratey=19.346x-0.041R=0.9334y=20.028x-0.04R=0.9262y=21.964x-0.03R=0.8933y=15.978x-0.059R=0.9734$0$2$4$6$8$10$12$14$16$18-100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000Levelized System Costs12016$/kWhAnnual System Production Rate systems/year350 bar T

80、ype 3350 bar Type 4700 bar Type 4500 bar Cryo-Compressed271The levelized system cost is the total storage system cost divided by the usable hydrogen energy stored in the tank.Sensitivity Analysis Results for T3 Tanks Storing cH2at 350 bar28The base case used in our analysis is indicated by the dotte

81、d,red line.Dollar amounts are 2016$.Sensitivity Analysis Results for T4 Tanks Storing cH2at 350 bar29The base case used in our analysis is indicated by the dotted,red line.Dollar amounts are 2016$.Sensitivity Analysis Results for T4 Tanks Storing cH2at 700 bar30The base case used in our analysis is

82、indicated by the dotted,red line.Dollar amounts are 2016$.Sensitivity Analysis Results for T3 Tanks Storing CcH2at 500 bar31The base case used in our analysis is indicated by the dotted,red line.Dollar amounts are 2016$.Storage Scenarios/H2Use-Cases32*The full extent of the difference between season

83、al and load shifting isnt clear yetStorage ScenarioDescriptionUse/PurposeNominal CapacityStorage/Hold PeriodComparisonsCity GateHolding Terminal for Short-Range DistributionEnergy or Chemical40,000 m32,800 t93 GWh10 daysTrade TerminalHolding Point at Port(International or Domestic)Energy or Chemical

84、100,000 m37,000 t233 GWh10 daysLNG,LPG,or NH3 TerminalsSeasonal Energy Storage*Energy Storage for Long-Term Load LevelingEnergy10,000,000 m3700,000 t23,300 GWh6 months upper bound(further defined by expected runtime)Pumped Hydro Storage,Underground gH2,Electric Batteries,Flow BatteriesLoad Shifting/

85、Shedding Mitigation*Energy Storage for Short-Term Load LevelingEnergy130,000 m39,000 t300 GWh4-16 hours(typical)Pumped Hydro Storage,Underground GH2,Electric Batteries,Flow BatteriesParameterUnitsCG+IR(perlite)CG+IR(glass bubbles)CG+IR(aerogel)TT+IR(perlite)TT+IR(glass bubbles)TT+IR(aerogel)SES+IR(p

86、erlite)SES+IR(glass bubbles)SES+IR(aerogel)Estimated Heat LoadkW3.651.935.726.563.4610.313772.2215Piping&Ports Material Cost$M/tank1.541.531.542.182.182.18178.5529.111290Insulation Material Cost$M/tank0.742.8319.701.345.1335.6028.68109.98761Total Material Cost(Piping/Ports&Insulation Only)$M/tank2.2

87、84.3621.203.527.3137.80207.23139.082,05033Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Insulation Cost&Performance ComparisonNote:these are preliminary results with cost values given in millions of 2023 US$($M)accounting for the cost of raw materials,not a complet

88、ely manufactured tank.These results assume that there is a 1-meter-thick layer of insulation used for each tank configuration.Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Material Cost Breakdowns(Perlite)City GateTrade TerminalSeasonal Energy StorageWithout Refrig

89、erationWith RefrigerationInner Shell,50.29%Insulation,6.29%Outer Shell,9.03%External Supports,8.11%Annular Space Supports,12.68%Piping and Ports,12.32%Internal Support Tower,1.28%Inner Shell,49.06%Insulation,6.13%Outer Shell,8.81%External Supports,7.92%Annular Space Supports,12.37%Piping and Ports,1

90、2.83%Internal Support Tower,2.88%Inner Shell,54.14%Insulation,6.66%Outer Shell,9.50%External Supports,8.31%Annular Space Supports,10.20%Piping and Ports,10.19%Internal Support Tower,1.00%Inner Shell,53.10%Insulation,6.53%Outer Shell,9.31%External Supports,8.15%Annular Space Supports,10.01%Piping and

91、 Ports,10.63%Internal Support Tower,2.27%Inner Shell,65.14%Insulation,7.79%Outer Shell,10.82%External Supports,8.24%Annular Space Supports,2.71%Piping and Ports,5.06%Internal Support Tower,0.25%Inner Shell,45.31%Insulation,5.42%Outer Shell,7.53%External Supports,5.73%Annular Space Supports,1.88%Pipi

92、ng and Ports,33.73%Internal Support Tower,0.40%34City GateTrade TerminalSeasonal Energy StorageWithout RefrigerationWith RefrigerationInner Shell,42.68%Insulation,20.46%Outer Shell,7.67%External Supports,6.89%Annular Space Supports,10.76%Piping and Ports,10.46%Internal Support Tower,1.08%Inner Shell

93、,41.82%Insulation,20.05%Outer Shell,7.51%External Supports,6.75%Annular Space Supports,10.54%Piping and Ports,10.87%Internal Support Tower,2.45%Inner Shell,45.55%Insulation,21.48%Outer Shell,7.99%External Supports,6.99%Annular Space Supports,8.58%Piping and Ports,8.57%Internal Support Tower,0.84%Inn

94、er Shell,44.81%Insulation,21.13%Outer Shell,7.86%External Supports,6.88%Annular Space Supports,8.45%Piping and Ports,8.97%Internal Support Tower,1.91%Inner Shell,53.36%Insulation,24.47%Outer Shell,8.86%External Supports,6.75%Annular Space Supports,2.22%Piping and Ports,4.15%Internal Support Tower,0.

95、20%Inner Shell,52.00%Insulation,23.85%Outer Shell,8.64%External Supports,6.58%Annular Space Supports,2.16%Piping and Ports,6.32%Internal Support Tower,0.46%35Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Material Cost Breakdowns(Glass Bubbles)36City GateTrade Termi

96、nalSeasonal Energy StorageWithout RefrigerationWith RefrigerationInner Shell,19.25%Insulation,64.12%Outer Shell,3.46%External Supports,3.11%Annular Space Supports,4.85%Piping and Ports,4.72%Internal Support Tower,0.49%Inner Shell,19.07%Insulation,63.52%Outer Shell,3.43%External Supports,3.08%Annular

97、 Space Supports,4.81%Piping and Ports,4.99%Internal Support Tower,1.12%Inner Shell,20.00%Insulation,65.53%Outer Shell,3.51%External Supports,3.07%Annular Space Supports,3.77%Piping and Ports,3.76%Internal Support Tower,0.37%Inner Shell,19.85%Insulation,65.05%Outer Shell,3.48%External Supports,3.05%A

98、nnular Space Supports,3.74%Piping and Ports,3.98%Internal Support Tower,0.85%Inner Shell,21.78%Insulation,69.16%Outer Shell,3.62%External Supports,2.75%Annular Space Supports,0.91%Piping and Ports,1.69%Internal Support Tower,0.08%Inner Shell,10.10%Insulation,32.07%Outer Shell,1.68%External Supports,

99、1.28%Annular Space Supports,0.42%Piping and Ports,54.37%Internal Support Tower,0.09%Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Material Cost Breakdowns(Aerogel)37Tank ComponentComponent MaterialInner ShellA240 TP304 SSInsulationPerlite Powder,3M K1 Glass Bubbles

100、,or Aerogel ParticlesOuter ShellA516 GR70 CSExternal SupportsSupport ColumnsA36 CSSupport StrutsA36 CSSupport FoundationConcreteC150 TP IIConcrete Reinforcement Bars A615 GR60 CS RebarAnchor PlatesA36 CSSupport FastenersAnchor Bolts4.5 Diameter F1554 Grade 55 Galvanized Double End Threaded Straight

101、Anchor BoltHex Nuts4.5 A563 Grade A Heavy Hex Nut Plain FinishWashers4.5 USS Flatwasher Plain FinishAnnular Space SupportsVertical Support Rods304 SSSway Rods304 SSHorizontal Support Girder304 SSEquator Girder304 SSTank ComponentComponent MaterialPiping and PortsLH2Load/Unload Internal and External

102、PipingInternalA312 TP304 SSExternal304 SS Vacuum JacketedHe Refrigeration Internal&External Piping&TubingInternal Coil TubingA269 TP316 SSIntra-Insulation PipingA312 TP304 SSExternal Piping304 SS Vacuum JacketedMiscellaneous Internal PipingA312 TP304 SSLH2 Distributor Ring ApparatusPipingA312 TP304

103、SSSupports304 SSExternal PortsPortsA516 GR70 CSPipe JacketingA240 TP304 SSPipe NozzlesA216 GR WCB FlangesBayonett ConnectionsBayonett ConnectionsFire Safety SystemA106 CSInternal Support TowerCentral Structure304 SSInternal Refrigeration Manifold Supports304 SSLadder6061-T6 AluminumAccomplishments&P

104、rogressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Bill of Materials38Analysis CaseCG+IR(PP)CG+IR(GB)CG+IR(AP)TT+IR(PP)TT+IR(GB)TT+IR(AP)SES+IR(PP)SES+IR(GB)SES+IR(AP)Tank ComponentUnitsInner Shell$M/tank$5.90$5.90$5.90$10.87$10.87$10.87$239.83$239.83$239.83 Insulation$M/tank$0.74$2.83$

105、19.67$1.34$5.13$35.63$28.68$109.98$761.49 Outer Shell$M/tank$1.06$1.06$1.06$1.91$1.91$1.91$39.83$39.83$39.83 External Supports$M/tank$0.95$0.95$0.95$1.67$1.67$1.67$30.32$30.32$30.32 Support Columns$M/tank$0.62$0.62$0.62$1.13$1.13$1.13$23.10$23.10$23.10 Support Struts$M/tank$0.02$0.02$0.02$0.03$0.03$

106、0.03$0.13$0.13$0.13 Support Foundation$M/tank$0.29$0.29$0.29$0.48$0.48$0.48$6.95$6.95$6.95 Support Fasteners$M/tank$0.03$0.03$0.03$0.03$0.03$0.03$0.14$0.14$0.14 Annular Space Supports$M/tank$1.49$1.49$1.49$2.05$2.05$2.05$9.97$9.97$9.97 Vertical Support Rods$M/tank$0.24$0.24$0.24$0.36$0.36$0.36$2.11$

107、2.11$2.11 Sway Rods$M/tank$0.41$0.41$0.41$0.54$0.54$0.54$2.45$2.45$2.45 Horizontal Support Girder$M/tank$0.28$0.28$0.28$0.38$0.38$0.38$1.80$1.80$1.80 Equator Girder$M/tank$0.56$0.56$0.56$0.77$0.77$0.77$3.61$3.61$3.61 Piping and Ports$M/tank$1.54$1.53$1.54$2.18$2.18$2.18$178.56$29.12$1,290.87 LH2 Loa

108、d/Unload Piping$M/tank$0.75$0.75$0.75$1.11$1.11$1.11$12.38$12.38$12.38 He Refrigeration Piping&Tubing$M/tank$0.10$0.09$0.10$0.13$0.13$0.14$159.93$10.49$1,272.24 Miscellaneous Internal Piping$M/tank$0.003$0.003$0.003$0.004$0.004$0.004$0.01$0.01$0.01 LH2 Distributor Ring Apparatus$M/tank$0.45$0.45$0.4

109、5$0.58$0.58$0.58$4.51$4.51$4.51 External Ports$M/tank$0.02$0.02$0.02$0.02$0.02$0.02$0.04$0.04$0.04 Fire Safety System$M/tank$0.23$0.23$0.23$0.32$0.32$0.32$1.69$1.69$1.69 Internal Support Tower$M/tank$0.35$0.35$0.35$0.46$0.46$0.46$2.12$2.12$2.12 Central Structure$M/tank$0.14$0.14$0.14$0.19$0.19$0.19$

110、0.87$0.87$0.87 Internal Refrigeration Manifold Supports$M/tank$0.20$0.20$0.20$0.26$0.26$0.26$1.20$1.20$1.20 Ladder$M/tank$0.01$0.01$0.01$0.01$0.01$0.01$0.05$0.05$0.05 Tank Material Cost$M/tank$12.04$14.12$30.97$20.47$24.26$54.78$529.31$461.17$2,374.43 Tank Material Cost,Energy Basis$/kWh$0.14$0.17$0

111、.36$0.10$0.11$0.26$0.02$0.02$0.11 Tank Material Cost,Volume Basis$/m3$300.89$352.97$774.13$204.74$242.65$547.76$51.04$44.47$228.98 Accomplishments&ProgressPreliminary Detailed,Bottom-Up Large-Scale LH2 IRAS Tank Bill of MaterialsAll costs given in 2023 US$&in millions($M)where indicatedApproachDetai

112、led,Bottom-Up Model for Large-Scale Underground Storage Cost Analysis39 ScopeSurvey underground hydrogen storage costs for multiple natural and engineered systemsPrepare detailed cost analyses of engineered underground storage systems GoalsDevelop capital cost models that account for a range of mult

113、i-tonne storage system capacitiesDevelop cost models that account for different range of storage time(days to months)Report capital cost(total$per plant),cost per unit hydrogen($/tH2),and LCOS($/MWh)Identified 2 large-scale engineered storage system concepts to base conceptual designs on:Ardent Unde

114、rground(Australia)and Gravitricity(UK)Develop detailed,bottom-up cost models&total system LCOSCompile detailed parts list&bill of materials(BOM)for all system componentsCompleted storage system lining,cap,and plugCompleted piping,fittings,valving,and compressionAdditional facility sub-units such as electrolysis,power conditioning,and H2 combustion specified for single use-casePreliminary cost analysis completed Raw material costsExcavationCombine with on-site construction cost estimates&updated amortized operating costs to yield a total system LCOS