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1、Partnerships and cooperation for waterThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023Partnerships and cooperation for waterThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023Published in 2023 by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,7,place de Fontenoy,75352 P

2、aris 07 SP,France UNESCO 2023This report is published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water.The list of UN-Water Members and Partners can be found on the following website:www.unwater.org.ISBN 978-92-3-100576-3 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO(CC-BY-SA

3、3.0 IGO)license(creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).By using the content of this publication,the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository(www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en).The present license applies exclusively to the text content of t

4、he publication.For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO,prior permission shall be requested from the copyright owner.Section 8.2 by Bo Libert,Iulia Trombitcaia,Elise Zerrath and Diane Guerrier 2022 United Nations.Section 8.3 by Silvia Saravia Matus,Marina Gil,Alba Ll

5、avona,Laura Martinez Botia,Lisbeth Naranjo and Natalia Saramanto 2022 United Nations.Chapter 12 by Helen Laubenstein and Richard Connor OECD/UNESCO 2023;the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Members of the OECD.The designations empl

6、oyed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Similarl

7、y,boundaries and names shown and the designation used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands(

8、Malvinas).The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors;they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.The contents were contributed by the UN-Water Members and Partners,and others listed on the title pages of the chapters therein.UNESCO a

9、nd the UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP)are not responsible for errors in the content provided or for discrepancies in data and content between contributed chapters.WWAP provided the opportunity for individuals to be listed as authors and contributors or to be acknowledged in this public

10、ation.WWAP is not responsible for any omissions in this regard.Suggested citation:United Nations,The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023:Partnerships and Cooperation for Water.UNESCO,Paris.Cover artwork by Davide BonazziGraphic design and layout by Marco TonsiniPrinted by UNESCO,Paris

11、Printed in FranceThis publication is printed on 100%recycled,chlorine-free paper.At current rates,progress towards SDG 6 is off-track.The 2023 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report(WWDR)describes how building partnerships and enhancing cooperation across all dimensions of sust

12、ainable development are essential to accelerating progress towards all the targets of SDG 6 and realizing the human rights to water and sanitation.Partnerships and cooperation take place in almost any water-related endeavour and water resources management has a long history of experience with partne

13、rships,both good and bad.This report reviews this experience,highlighting how enhancing positive and meaningful cooperation amongst the water,sanitation and broader development communities is required to accelerate progress.This report also addresses how the water and sanitation community can intern

14、ally collaborate more effectively by maximizing complementarity,as well as reach out to other sectors and realms of decision-making where water plays a critical(but often times misunderstood or ignored)role in meeting their own objectives and amplifying co-benefits.Safeguarding water,food and energy

15、 security through sustainable water management,providing water supply and sanitation services to all,supporting human health and livelihoods,mitigating the impacts of climate change and extreme events,and sustaining and restoring ecosystems and the valuable services they provide,are all pieces of a

16、great and complex puzzle.Only through partnerships and cooperation can the pieces come together.And everyone has a role to play.Cooperation is critical to achieving all water-related goals and targets“Since wars begin in the minds of men and women it is in the minds of men and women that the defence

17、s of peace must be constructed”Nearly every water-related intervention involves some kind of cooperationS H O R T S U M M A R YiiForeword by Antnio Guterres,Secretary-General of the United Nations.viiForeword by Audrey Azoulay,Director-General of UNESCO.viiiForeword by Gilbert F.Houngbo,Chair of UN-

18、Water and Director-General of ILO.ixPreface.xWWDR 2023 Team.xiiAcknowledgements.xiiiExecutive summary.1Prologue Part 1 The state of the worlds freshwater resources.11 Water demand.12 Water availability and stress.13 Water quality.16 Water-related ecosystem services.17 Extreme events.18 References.18

19、Prologue Part 2 Progress towards SDG 6.20 SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2:Drinking water and sanitation services.21 SDG Target 6.3:Water quality and wastewater.21 SDG Target 6.4:Water use efficiency and water scarcity.23 SDG Target 6.5:Water management and transboundary cooperation.25 SDG Target 6.6:Water-r

20、elated ecosystems.25 SDG Target 6.a:International cooperation and capacity-building.26 SDG Target 6.b:Community participation.26 References.28Chapter 1 Introduction.29 1.1 Purpose and scope of this report.30 1.2 Basic concepts.31 References.32Chapter 2 Food and agriculture.33 2.1 Introduction.34 2.2

21、 Water user associations.34 2.3 Water allocation for agriculture and urban centres.38 2.4 Waterenergyfoodecosystem nexus.43 2.5 Collection and dissemination of water data and information.43 References.46Chapter 3 Environment.49 3.1 Introduction.50 3.2 Watershed services schemes.51 3.3 Institutional

22、partnerships for policy change and consensus-building.53 3.4 Environmental data and information.55 3.5 Lessons learned.57ContentsiiiContents 3.6 Conclusions.60 References.61Chapter 4 Water supply and sanitation for human settlements.63 4.1 Introduction.64 4.2 Water operators partnerships.64 4.3 Wast

23、ewater management.66 4.4 Multistakeholder partnerships in rural and secondary towns.66 4.5 Water resilience in cities.69 4.6 Migrants and refugees.70 4.7 Conclusions.71 References.72Chapter 5 Industry.73 5.1 Context.74 5.2 Industrial water use.74 5.3 Collective action and industry motivations.75 5.4

24、 Elements of collective action.77 5.5 Examples of industry collaboration.81 5.6 Energy sector.83 5.7 Small and medium enterprises.83 5.8 The way forward.84 References.85Chapter 6 Health.87 6.1 WASH and health linkages.88 6.2 Priority WASH and health partnerships.92 6.3 Emerging areas for partnership

25、s for WASH and health.98 6.4 Lessons learned and ways forward.100 References.100Chapter 7 Climate change.103 7.1 Introduction.104 7.2 Water and climate stakeholders.105 7.3 Intra-sectoral approaches.106 7.4 Cross-sectoral approaches.107 7.5 Extra-sectoral approaches.109 7.6 Conclusions.110 Reference

26、s.113Chapter 8 Regional perspectives.115 8.1 Sub-Saharan Africa.116 8.2 Europe and North America.119 8.3 Latin America and the Caribbean.124 8.4 Asia and the Pacific.128 8.5 The Arab region.131 References.137ivContentsChapter 9 Education and capacity development.141 9.1 Introduction.142 9.2 Educatio

27、n and training.142 9.3 Knowledge co-creation and communities of practice.144 9.4 Life-long learning.145 References.146Chapter 10 Data,information and monitoring.148 10.1 Introduction.149 10.2 Transforming data into information and action.149 10.3 Data generation and sharing.150 10.4 Data accessibili

28、ty and interoperability.152 10.5 Trends in monitoring and data accessibility.152 10.6 Next steps.154 References.155Chapter 11 Innovation.156 11.1 Introduction.157 11.2 Technological innovations.157 11.3 Social innovation.158 11.4 Challenges.160 References.161Chapter 12 Financing.162 12.1 Introductio

29、n.163 12.2 Cooperation on the demand side of finance.163 12.3 Cooperation on the supply side of finance.164 12.4 Cooperation between the supply and demand side of finance.167 12.5 Conclusions.170 References.170Chapter 13 Governance:A whole-of-society approach.172 13.1 Enhanced cooperation over water

30、,food and climate security.173 13.2 Whos at the table?On meaningful participation.175 13.3 Strategic integration,cross-sectoral coordination and multi-use water systems.177 13.4 Regulation and publicprivate partnerships.178 13.5 Good governance:a whole-of-society partnership approach.179 References.

31、180Chapter 14 Conclusions.183 14.1 Guiding principles for successful partnerships and cooperation.184 14.2 Aligning roles,including responsibilities and contributions.186 Coda.187 References.187Abbreviations and acronyms.188 vBoxes,figures and tablesBox 1.1 The SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework.31

32、Box 2.1 Water reclamation and inter-sectoral water transfer between agriculture and cities:A FAO economic wastewater study.41Box 2.2 WEFE nexus in Bekaa Valley,Lebanon.45Box 2.3 Cooperation through water tenure in achieving inclusive water policy and development objectives.46Box 3.1 Water funds mobi

33、lize multiple partnerships to address water security needs.52Box 3.2 Partnerships for conserving and restoring peatlands for carbon storage,hydrological flows and livelihoods.53Box 3.3 The Ecosystem Services Partnership.55Box 3.4 The Global Peatlands Initiative.56Box 3.5 Adopt-a-River in action:UNEP

34、 and Four Rotary Clubs partner to clean up the Athi River(Nairobi,Kenya)and plant trees.57Box 3.6 The Ecosystem Service Value Database.59Box 4.1 The experience of Ghana Water Company Ltd.in pro-poor services:From mentee to mentor.65Box 4.2 Providing water services to indigenous communities in Guatem

35、ala through the FESANADECOR water operators partnership.67Box 4.3 Smart rainwater management and drought resilience in rural semi-arid communities:A case study of Northeast Brazil.68Box 4.4 Uptime Consortium and Catalyst Facility:A new partnership approach to scaling up sustainable rural water servi

36、ces.69Box 4.5 Supporting community-based WASH collaboration in displacement settings.71Box 5.1 SDG Ambition.76Box 5.2 What can industry bring to a collective action?.78Box 5.3 The CEO Water Mandates Guide to Water-Related Collective Action.80Box 5.4 Partnering to achieve the worlds first Alliance fo

37、r Water Stewardship Group certification.81Box 5.5 Igniting a CEO-driven initiative:The Water Resilience Coalition.82Box 5.6 Personal Advancement and Career Enhancement(PACE)programme for women.82Box 5.7 Googles Flood Forecasting Initiative.83Box 5.8 Cooperation between a public utility(Hydro-Qubec)a

38、nd the Cree First Nation of Qubec,Canada:A sustainable path for the community and the environment.84Box 7.1 Applying water safety planning for climate resilience in Nepal.107Box 7.2 Drought-induced collaboration of water managers and service providers in Cape Town.108Box 7.3 Developing a climate fin

39、ancing proposal for water and food security in Zimbabwe.109Box 7.4 Lessons learned on transboundary basin cooperation regarding climate change and energy in the Mekong River.110Box 7.5 Promoting cooperation on water and climate at the ministerial level.111Box 7.6 Water and climate change cooperation

40、 through the Water Tracker.111Box 7.7 Water and Climate Coalition.112Box 8.1 AMCOW Pan-African Groundwater Programme:Advancing groundwater for water security and socio-economic transformation in Africa.120Box 8.2 Santiago Maipo Water Fund.127Box 9.1 H2O Maghreb:A training partnership responding to M

41、oroccos water challenges.145Box 9.2 Partnering for sustainable water management:The Andean monitoring network iMHEA.146Box 10.1 Joint monitoring of groundwater levels across borders.151Box 11.1 Citizen science for development.160Box 12.1 Strategic investment pathways in Zambia.165Box 12.2 Blended fi

42、nance example:The As Samra wastewater treatment plant expansion in Jordan.168Box 13.1 Publicprivate partnership on New Cairo Wastewater Treatment Plant.179BoxesThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for waterviFigure P.1 Evolution of global water withdraw

43、als,19002018(km/year).12Figure P.2 Seasonal variability in water availability.13Figure P.3 Per capita renewable water resources availability by geographic region,2000,2012 and 2018(m/capita).14Figure P.4 Annual baseline water stress.15Figure P.5 Groundwater depletion rates.16Figure P.6 Global risks

44、of poor water quality.17Figure P.7 SDG 6 indicators and tiering system.22Figure P.8 Global coverage of water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)services,20152020(%),and acceleration required to meet targets by 2030.23Figure P.9 Change in the level of water stress by region and at the global level,20082018.

45、24Figure P.10 Current data on Indicator 6.b.1:Participation of local communities in water and sanitation management.27Figure 2.1 Schematic of water allocation between agricultural(rural)and urban centres.39Figure 2.2 The FAO approach to the waterenergyfood nexus.44Figure 3.1 The World Water Quality

46、Alliance.56Figure 3.2 The SDG Indicator 6.6.1 workflow and monitoring and reporting.58Figure 3.3 Reported barriers to scaling up watershed investments.60Figure 5.1 UNIDO business partnerships typology.79Figure 6.1 Key health sectors functions in WASH.89Figure 6.2 WASH-related diseases and risks.89Fi

47、gure 6.3 Partnerships are key to acceleration on WASH(SDG 6)and progress on many health challenges(SDG 3).90Figure 8.1 Complex landscape of water partnerships in Africa.119Figure 8.2 Water stress levels in major river basins in Asia and the Pacific,2018.130Figure 8.3 The five priority areas of work

48、of the High-Level Joint Committee for Water and Agriculture.134Figure 10.1 Actors involved in improving flood management in West Africa under the FANFAR project.154Figure 12.1 Trend of official development assistance for water and selected sectors.165Figure 12.2 Private finance mobilized through off

49、icial development finance across sectors(US$billion),20162020.166Figure 13.1 What is water security?.174Figure 13.2 The IWRM comb for cross-sectoral integration.177Table 2.1 Factors influencing WUA performance.35Table 2.2 Overview of water allocation mechanisms.40Table 2.3 Challenges and approaches

50、to improve effectiveness of agricultureurban water reallocation.42Table 3.1 Buyer motivations by sector for user-driven watershed investments.54Table 6.1 WASH-attributable disease burden by health outcome,2019.88Table 10.1 Examples of how water-related data are transformed into information and actio

51、n.150FiguresTablesviiForewordby Antnio Guterres,Secretary-General of the United NationsWater is the lifeblood of humanity.It is vital for survival itself and supports the health,resilience,development and prosperity of people and planet alike.But humanity is blindly travelling a dangerous path.Vampi

52、ric overconsumption and overdevelopment,unsustainable water use,pollution and unchecked global warming are draining humanitys lifeblood,drop by drop.The effects are all around us from climate change-driven heatwaves,droughts,floods and violent storms,to the worlds supply of fresh water being contami

53、nated by pollutants,chemicals and torrents of salt water from rising seas.As this years report reminds us,protecting and preserving this precious resource for future generations depends on partnerships.The smart management and conservation of the worlds water resources means bringing together govern

54、ments,businesses,scientists,civil society and communities including indigenous communities to design and deliver concrete solutions.In particular,the 2023 United Nations Water Conference is a critical moment for collective progress the first major United Nations meeting on water in nearly half a cen

55、tury,and a significant step towards Sustainable Development Goal 6:clean water and sanitation for all.The Conference also reminds us that humanitys hopes captured by all of the Sustainable Development Goals from education and health,to human rights,economic progress and climate action depend on safe

56、guarding our water resources for the future.Now is the moment to stand together and invest in the management and governance of the worlds water resources and freshwater ecosystems.We must strengthen accountability and equitable water access for all people,and place conservation of this precious reso

57、urce first across national and global plans and priorities.The United Nations is proud to stand with you,and to ensure that water continues to sustain our ecosystems,our economies,and the lives,health and future of every person on earth.Antnio GuterresviiiForewordby Audrey Azoulay,Director-General o

58、f UNESCOWater is in constant motion.It is part of a cycle one that ignores all borders created by humans.As such,it is a common good,which requires common management,if this management is to be both effective and relevant.For what happens upstream always has an impact downstream:extracting water fro

59、m rivers or aquifers directly concerns all the populations that depend on them.For this reason,water is an essential component of international cooperation.But how can we ensure the success of the partnerships and cooperative arrangements on which its sustainable management depends?That is the quest

60、ion asked by this United Nations World Water Development Report,coordinated by UNESCO on behalf of the UN-Water family.Successful initiatives often apply a number of principles,which are presented in this report whether this means the inclusion of all communities,like indigenous peoples and women,or

61、 the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach.Pooling expertise and perspectives leads to more relevant and efficient management as seen in the impressive Climate Risk Informed Decision Analysis tool,which helps identify climate adaptation actions,or in the mapping of the Stampriet Aquifer,shared b

62、y Botswana,Namibia and South Africa.UNESCO seeks to implement these principles on a daily basis,for water is an important area of action for our Organization.Over the past 50 years,we have developed two major programmes:our Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme,with its 169 national committees an

63、d 18 flagship initiatives,and our World Water Assessment Programme,both of which have allowed us to develop an impressive network of partners.Not to mention the 29 independent centres operating under the auspices of UNESCO,and the 70 UNESCO chairs working on these topics at universities and research

64、 institutions.This report is a particularly timely way of building on these efforts.I would like to thank all its contributors,as well as the Government of Italy and the Regione Umbria for their ongoing support to UNESCOs World Water Assessment Programme.Indeed,this year,a major event on water is ta

65、king place,the United Nations conference on water,which will be an opportunity for the international community to develop a programme of action to ensure water and sanitation for all.This is an essential objective,for both collective security and human dignity.May this report,the result of the colle

66、ctive intelligence of the entire UN-Water family,contribute to this goal by paving the way for new partnerships and cooperative agreements on this issue.Audrey AzoulayixForewordby Gilbert F.Houngbo,Chair of UN-Water and Director-General of the International Labour OrganizationWater flows throughout

67、the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.It underpins most of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)that are intended to create a more sustainable future for us all,leaving no one behind.The essential role of the water cycle in all human activity and in our ecosystems means that if we fail to ac

68、hieve SDG6 to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 we risk the success of almost all of the other 16 Goals,including those related to food and nutrition,poverty reduction,human health,gender equality,energy,economic growth,sustainable cities,clim

69、ate change and the environment.As things stand today we are seriously off-track.The latest data show that if we continue on our current course we will not achieve any of the SDG 6 targets by the 2030 deadline.But this is not inevitable.We can still achieve SDG 6,and all the related benefits it will

70、bring to other parts of the 2030Agenda,if we come together and form effective and dynamic partnerships.This years edition of the UN World Water Development Report shows what is possible.It presents best-practice examples of water-related partnerships and cooperation.It shows us the potential for exp

71、anding and strengthening partnerships and cooperation as a key way to accelerate progress.It is a landmark publication.I would like to offer sincere thanks to the different UN bodies and partner organizations that make up the UN-Water family,without whose contributions the report would not have been

72、 possible.I would also like to recognize the valuable coordination work of UNESCO and its World Water Assessment Programme,as well as the inputs of the many other colleagues who contributed to the diversity and scope of this important study.The Report is launched as we convene for the UN 2023 Water

73、Conference-the first United Nations Conference on water in almost half a century.The primary purpose of this Conference is to generate voluntary commitments that will rapidly shift our current course.These will form the Water Action Agenda a shared endeavour on a critical issue that could make or br

74、eak the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.There is much to do and time is not on our side.But this report shows what is possible.We must now come together and accelerate action.Gilbert F.HoungboxThis year marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations World Water Development Report(UNWWDR),a

75、s well as the 10th anniversary of its annual,thematic version.It also coincides with the first UN conference dedicated to water since 1977,with UNWWDR occupying a critical role as the UN systems principal authoritative report on water.These milestones provide us the opportunity to both reflect on th

76、e successes of the past and,more importantly,take stock and learn from our mistakes as we move forward into the coming decades.The good news is that the resonance of the UNWWDR has been steadily increasing over the years,as evidenced by various indicators ranging from online downloads to media cover

77、age.This in turn has also sparked interest and motivation in contributing to the report.The concept of this years edition,partnerships and cooperation,underpins the entire archetype of the United Nations.This very report,like all its predecessors,is the result of a tremendous level of cooperation be

78、tween several UN agencies,partners and experts from around the globe.Indeed,the UNWWDR has often been cited as a shining example of the UN delivering as one.1 The report is all the more relevant in the context of accelerating change the theme of the 2023 World Water Day as nearly every water-related

79、 intervention that is required to accelerate progress towards SDG 6,the overall objective of the UN 2023 Water Conference,involves some kind of meaningful cooperation.As messages from this years report began to emerge,we also came to realize that many of the lessons weve learned developing this repo

80、rt can also apply to this unique collaboration among UN Water members and partners.The first and foremost pertains to the inestimable value of partner dedication and the quality of their contributions.Indeed,the majority of our partners,with several of whom we have been collaborating for several yea

81、rs,continued to be committed and focused on delivering the relevant and insightful content that is the foundation of the reports success.Another important lesson concerns the importance of data and information,specifically its availability and the best ways to share them among partners.While the the

82、me partnerships and cooperation provided opportunities to highlight a vast number of cases and examples,the circumstantial nature of such content does not easily lend itself to detailed empirical analysis.However,covering a broad range of topics and experiences,the data and information provided by v

83、arious contributors proved to be much more complementary than contradictory,and led to conclusions and response options that can serve the interest of all parties.In other words,the challenges of data limitations can be overcome,at least in part,by working in partnership across different perspective

84、s.Again this year,we have endeavoured to produce a balanced,fact-based and neutral account of the current state of knowledge,covering the most recent developments.This years report highlights how enhancing cooperation and partnerships is not only essential to the integrated management of water resou

85、rces in order to accelerate progress towards every water-related goal,but also critical in addressing the social,environmental and economic challenges that interconnect through water.1 Delivering as One refers to a concept at the core of the UN reform process:coordinating different agencies to explo

86、it the benefit of their competitive advantages.Prefaceby Michela Miletto,UNESCO WWAP Coordinatorand Richard Connor,Editor-in-ChiefxiAlthough primarily targeted at policy-and decision-makers,water resources managers,academics and the broader development community,we hope this report will also be well

87、 received by non-water specialists,including those who are engaged in the alleviation of poverty and humanitarian crises,in the pursuit of the human rights to water supply and sanitation,and the advancement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This latest edition of the UNWWDR is the resul

88、t of a concerted effort among the Chapter Lead Agencies listed in the acknowledgements.The Report also benefited to a great extent from the inputs and contributions of several other UN-Water members and partners,as well as from numerous universities,research institutions,scientific associations and

89、non-governmental organizations,who all provided a wide range of relevant material.On behalf of the World Water Assessment Programme Secretariat,we would like to extend our deepest appreciation to the afore-mentioned agencies,members and partners of UN-Water,and to the writers and other contributors

90、for collectively producing this unique and authoritative report.We are profoundly grateful to the Italian Government for funding the Programme and to the Regione Umbria for generously hosting the WWAP Secretariat in Villa La Colombella in Perugia.Their contributions have been instrumental to the pro

91、duction of the UNWWDR.Our special thanks go to Ms Audrey Azoulay,Director-General of UNESCO,for her ongoing support to WWAP and the production of the UNWWDR,and to Mr Gilbert F.Houngbo,Director-General of the International Labour Organization(ILO)and Chair of UN-Water.Finally,we extend our most sinc

92、ere gratitude to all our colleagues at the WWAP Secretariat,whose names are listed in the acknowledgements.The report could not have been completed without their professionalism and dedication.Michela MilettoRichard ConnorxiiDirector of the Publication Michela MilettoEditor-in-Chief Richard ConnorPr

93、ocess Coordinator Engin KoncaglPublication Assistant Valentina AbeteGraphic Designer Marco TonsiniCopy Editor Simon LobachUNESCO World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP)Secretariat(20222023)Coordinator:Michela Miletto Programmes:Richard Connor,Laura Veronica Imburgia,Engin Koncagl and Laurens ThuyPubl

94、ications:Valentina Abete,Martina Favilli and Marco TonsiniCommunications:Maria Letcia Carneiro Moderno de Oliveira,Simona Gallese and Eliana Maureen Harrigan Administration and support:Barbara Bracaglia,Lucia Chiodini and Arturo Frascani IT and Security:Michele Brensacchi,Tommaso Brugnami and France

95、sco GioffrediTrainees and Interns:Hanouf Alyami Mahdi,David Fabin Chacn-Labrador and Simn Matius Chaves PachecoWWDR 2023 TeamxiiiThis Report is published by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO),on behalf of UN-Water,and its production is coordinated by the UNES

96、CO World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP).Gratitude goes to UN-Water Members and Partners and other Contributors that made the content preparation of this Report possible.Chapter Lead Agencies Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),International Water Management Institute(IWMI)

97、,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),United Nations Development Programme(UNDP),United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP),UNESCO(Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme IHP,Nairobi Office and WWAP),United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat),United Nations Indus

98、trial Development Organization(UNIDO),United Nations Regional Commissions(Economic Commission for Europe UNECE,Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean UNECLAC,Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCAP,Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UNESCWA),Worl

99、d Health Organization(WHO),and World Meteorological Organization(WMO).Contributors Alliance for Global Water Adaptation(AGWA),AquaFed,Armenian Women for Health and Healthy Environment,International Capacity Development Network for Sustainable Water Management(Cap-Net),CDP(formerly the Carbon Disclos

100、ure Project),CEO Water Mandate,Global Water Partnership(GWP),GWP Mediterranean,International Association of Hydrogeologists(IAH),International Association of Hydrological Sciences(IAHS),International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research(IAHR),IAHR Experimental Methods and Instr

101、umentation Committee(IAHR-EMI),International Network of Basin Organizations(INBO),International Joint Commission(IJC),International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA),Institute for Water Education(IHE Delft),International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA),International Organization for Migration

102、(IOM),International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN),IWMI,OECD,Rural Water Supply Network(RWSN),Stockholm International Water Institute(SIWI),Sanitation and Water for All(SWA),United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD),United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR)Inc

103、heon,UNDP,UNECE,UNEP,United Nations University Programme on Comparative Regional Integration Studies(UNU-CRIS),UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security(UNU-EHS),UNU Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology(UNU-MERIT),Water Committee under the M

104、inistry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructures of Armenia,Water Europe,Water.org,Women for Water Partnership(WfWP),and WHO.DonorsThe development of the Report was financially supported by the Government of Italy and the Regione Umbria.All who have provided in-kind contributions,and their

105、respective donors,are gratefully acknowledged.AcknowledgementsThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for waterxivExecutive summary1Executive summaryThe year 2023 marks the first major conference of the United Nations(UN)dedicated to water since 1977.The U

106、N 2023 Water Conference focuses on progress towards water-and sanitation-related goals,coinciding with the mid-term comprehensive review of the International Decade for Action,Water for Sustainable Development 20182028.As the UN systems principal authoritative report on water,the United Nations Worl

107、d Water Development Report 2023 directly informs the UN conference discussions,describing how building partnerships and enhancing cooperation across all dimensions of sustainable development are essential to accelerating progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal for water and sanitation(SDG

108、6)and realizing the human rights to water and sanitation.The worlds water:demand,availability and qualityWater use has been increasing globally by roughly 1%per year over the last 40 years and is expected to grow at a similar rate through to 2050,driven by a combination of population growth,socio-ec

109、onomic development and changing consumption patterns.The bulk of this increase is concentrated in middle-and lower-income countries,particularly in emerging economies.Water scarcity is becoming endemic as a result of the local impact of physical water stress,coupled with the acceleration and spreadi

110、ng of freshwater pollution.As a result of climate change,seasonal water scarcity will increase in regions where it is currently abundant such as Central Africa,East Asia and parts of South America and worsen in regions where water is already in short supply such as the Middle East and the Sahel in A

111、frica.On average,10%of the global population lives in countries with high or critical water stress.Low-,middle-and high-income countries all show signs of risks related to water quality.Poor ambient water quality in low-income countries is often related to low levels of wastewater treatment,whereas

112、in higher-income countries runoff from agriculture is a more serious problem.However,water quality data remain sparse,due in large part to weak monitoring and reporting capacity.This is especially true in many of the least developed countries in Asia and Africa.Progress towards SDG 6 TargetsHalf-way

113、 through the 2030 Agenda timeline,progress towards SDG 6 targets is only significantly reported for drinking water and sanitation,with some preliminary and rough indications of progress for water stress,water use efficiency,transboundary cooperation and Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM),le

114、aving 5 of the 11 target indicators without quantified information on progress.At current rates,progress towards all the targets of SDG 6 is off-track and in some areas the rate of implementation needs to quadruple,or more.According to the latest figures from 2020,26%of the worlds population(2 billi

115、on people)did not have access to safely managed drinking water services(Target 6.1),and an estimated 46%(3.6billion)lacked access to safely managed sanitation(Target 6.2).Approximately 60%of the worlds reported water bodies were categorized as having good ambient water quality(Target 6.3).However,th

116、e poorest 20 countries are grossly under-represented in this global estimate.Globally,water use efficiency(Target 6.4)rose by 9%from 2015 to 2018(from 17.3 to 18.9 US$/m).Progress has been greatest in the industrial sector(15%increase),followed by thewater supply and sanitation services and agricult

117、ural sectors(8%increase).The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water2Cooperation improves water governance and decision-making,stimulates innovative solutions,and leverages efficienciesWhile most countries have reported some progress,the global rate

118、of progress on IWRM implementation(Target 6.5)needs to double to approach the target.The data required to track changes in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time(Target6.6)are not yet refined enough to reveal discrete trends in recent years.However,available data show an 80%loss in the ext

119、ent of natural wetland area since the pre-industrial era(1700).Official development assistance(ODA)committed and disbursed to water in 2020 was estimated at US$8.7 billion globally,up from US$2.7 billion in 2002.However,international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries

120、in water-and sanitation-related activities and programmes(Target 6.a)had not yet been specifically reported at the time of this reports production.The number of countries with clearly defined procedures in law or policy for participation by users/communities(Target 6.b)has increased between 2014 and

121、 2019,but still remains low overall.Levels for both laws/procedures and participation are very low for drinking water in both urban and rural settings compared to the other subsectors.Diversity of partnerships and collaborationThe currently inadequate rate of progress towards the SDG 6 targets highl

122、ights the need to explore opportunities through partnerships and cooperation.Cooperation improves water governance and decision-making,stimulates innovative solutions,and leverages efficiencies.By promoting inclusive engagement,participation and dialogue,and giving voices to those that are otherwise

123、 not heard,partnerships can help ensure that no one is left behind and that the human rights to water and sanitation are realized.Each party invariably comes with its own knowledge,perceptions,interests,positions and objectives,such that disagreements on priorities and strategies are commonplace.Whi

124、le partnerships and cooperation,at all levels,overwhelmingly deliver positive outcomes,in rare occasions,they can institutionalize exclusion,distort resource allocations and encourage fragmentation.The categorization adopted for the purposes of this report is based on the water-related outcomes that

125、 partnerships seek to achieve.The first category involves partners with a common objective,such as supplying water and sanitation to local communities or managing shared irrigation systems.The second involves actors with different(potentially competing)water-related objectives,including cooperation

126、between municipalities and farmers over the allocation of water supplies,or payment for environmental services schemes.The third involves actors from outside the water domain,where objectives of some partners are not primarily water-related,but where water plays a determining role.These partnerships

127、 support water-related interventions that in turn serve objectives related to human health or climate change adaptation and mitigation.Thematic perspectivesAgricultureWater user associations(WUAs)are formal organizations through which farmers manage a common irrigation system.Smaller-sized WUAs,in w

128、hich farmers share similar norms,and have social capital from other local institutions(e.g.village councils or religious groups),long-term involvement of local non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and democratic internal processes(e.g.elected chairpersons and board members)have been most Executive s

129、ummary3Water allocation from agriculture to urban centres has become a common strategy to meet freshwater needs in growing citiessuccessful.Others have underperformed due to poor implementation,unclear roles and responsibilities,lack of women participation,and lack in administrative authority,among

130、other factors.The imposition of central and national directives by governments(e.g.irrigation departments and water ministries),often through mandated scheme by-laws or rules,may limit the effectiveness of WUAs.While urban water demand is projected to increase by 80%by 2050,water allocation from agr

131、iculture to urban centres has become a common strategy to meet freshwater needs in growing cities.The reallocation of water from agriculture has been generally successful in terms of meeting the demands of growing cities.From an agricultural/rural perspective,negative consequences have been observed

132、 as less water is available for irrigation,leading to reduced food security and lower farmer livelihood incomes.Compensation,including financial payments or new infrastructure,and benefit-sharing arrangements can help offset these negative impacts.The waterenergyfoodecosystem(WEFE)nexus provides a s

133、ystematic approach to understanding WEFE interconnectedness and trade-offs.The WEFE approach integrates across all sectors and provides a holistic vision of sustainability that seeks to balance the different goals,interests and needs of people and the environment.EnvironmentWatershed protection or r

134、ehabilitation measures are among the oldest of water-related partnerships.Many watershed services schemes address climate change adaptation by building resilience,and their role in mitigation is increasingly recognized.Co-benefits generated through ecosystem-based approaches provide a strong justifi

135、cation for nature-based solutions.Water utilities are mainly interested in reducing infrastructure risks,ensuring compliance and reducing costs.Climate adaptation benefits,such as flood mitigation,are particularly attractive to rural communities.Additional benefits include biodiversity conservation,

136、and jobs and training opportunities.This diversity and scale of benefits forge strong interests among a broader scope of stakeholders and potential partners.Water funds,as a means of financing these schemes,support partnerships that bring together downstream users,like cities,businesses and utilitie

137、s,to collectively invest in upstream habitat protection and land management to improve water quality and/or quantity and generate long-term benefits.Partnerships involving local communities are increasingly used to improve monitoring of the environment.These are particularly important in order to ad

138、dress the huge gaps in water quality data.Human settlementsA diversity of actors,including the private sector,NGOs and communities,along with government ministries and departments responsible for water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH),health,housing,agriculture,education,planning and infrastructure,hand

139、le various aspects of WASH.Cooperation also opens up space for an even broader range of partners.WASH initiatives are more likely to meet their objectives if the intended beneficiaries participate in a meaningful way,especially in rural areas and secondary towns.Effective stakeholder involvement in

140、planning and implementation leads to services that are more appropriate to the needs and resources of poor communities,and increases public acceptance and ownership of systems.Stakeholder engagement from the onset also fosters accountability and transparency.The United Nations World Water Developmen

141、t Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water4Water operators partnerships(WOPs)connect established,well-functioning utilities with others that need assistance or guidance.The resulting improvements in capacity and performance can facilitate utilities access to financing for infrastructural i

142、nvestments,supporting further extensions or improvements in services.WOPs can be a valuable instrument to reach underserved populations in both rural and urban contexts.Forced migration puts an increased strain on local entities(utilities,communities)responsible for providing water supply and servic

143、es.While states are the primary duty-bearers for fulfilling these human rights,multi-stakeholder partnerships between United Nations agencies,international organizations,NGOs and civil society are needed to respond to the complex dynamics that impact both displaced populations and host communities.W

144、ithin displacement settings,water user committees can facilitate collaboration with local water authorities as well as promote womens participation.IndustryIndustry turns to collective action when desired outcomes cannot be obtained through internal or unilateral action alone.Industry has the capaci

145、ty to advance responsible practices and devise market-based solutions to accelerate the SDGs at scale,but this ability can be undermined by governance gaps,market failures,cultural barriers and trust deficits.Collective action,in the form of partnerships and coalitions,is vital to overcoming these i

146、mpediments.For collective action to be effective,companies typically have to establish unconventional relationships with non-traditional partners.There must be a commitment to shared goals and a recognition of the potential for trade-offs between company interests and broader public benefits.Collect

147、ive action requires companies to develop new skills and knowledge,such as greater understanding of community needs and values,and to enhance their ability to connect with government actors and NGOs.In recent years the increased value of adding environmental,social and governance(ESG)and water stewar

148、dship scopes to such arrangements has become very evident not only in the commercial sense but also in the broader context of overall water sustainability to provide beneficial results for all parties.HealthDespite interdependences between the WASH and health sectors,gaps in coordination and governa

149、nce occur because they are led by different ministries,local authorities,international organizations,NGOs and private sector actors.Partnerships aligned at the scientific,strategic and operational levels are therefore necessary to optimize and accelerate positive health outcomes through WASH.Fully f

150、unctioning WASH services in health care facilities are essential to the delivery of safe quality care.While the provision of WASH in hospitals,in-and out-patient health centres and clinics is a health sector responsibility,it has until recently been neglected due to health actors either not acceptin

151、g the role,not knowing how to develop and maintain WASH services,or being overwhelmed with curative tasks.COVID-19 efforts have been increasingly leveraged to strengthen policies,regulations and investments in WASH.New health risks are emerging from exposure to contaminants of emerging concern in wa

152、ter,such as pharmaceuticals,industrial and household chemicals,personal care products,pesticides,and manufactured nanomaterials.WASH plays an essential role in preventing neglected tropical diseases that are close to elimination from bouncing back.Safe WASH limits the avoidable use of antimicrobials

153、 for WASH-preventable infections,thus contributing Many watershed services schemes address climate change adaptation by building resilience,and their role in mitigation is increasingly recognizedExecutive summary5to address the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)crisis.Progress requires cooperation across

154、 a wide range of stakeholders,such as policy-makers,engineers and scientists,health care professionals,veterinarians,farmers,donors,NGOs,and private citizens and corporations.Wastewater disease surveillance can complement diagnostic testing.The global polio eradication programme is a well-establishe

155、d example of a health partnership(with wastewater laboratories)using wastewater as part of a wider surveillance and control approach.Climate changeThe coordination of climate and water agendas is bidirectional.On the one hand,climate policy-makers need to better understand the needs of the water com

156、munity to adapt to climate change,as well as the role that water resources management and supply and sanitation can play in mitigation.On the other hand,water policy-makers need to proactively reach out to climate stakeholders to better understand how climate-led processes work,and to integrate wate

157、r-related climate risks into national water policies,strategies and implementation plans.Accelerating action through partnerships and cooperation between water and climate stakeholders can create additional benefits to freshwater ecosystems and to the most exposed and vulnerable people,reducing disa

158、ster risks,delivering cost savings,fostering job creation and generating economic opportunities.The cross-sectoral nature and interdependence of water and climate change with other vital natural resources,such as land or energy,create further opportunities for partnership and cooperation.In commitme

159、nts made by Parties to the Paris Agreement,more than 80%of countries have reported freshwater resources as an adaptation priority area.However,mitigation opportunities through water management ranging from biogas recovery from wastewater treatment systems to geothermal power generation deserve great

160、er attention from climate planners and should open the door to further collaboration with water stakeholders.Regional perspectivesSub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping water infrastructure,harnessing groundwater resources,addressing climate change effects and investing in science and technology are all neede

161、d to drive sustainable water security in Sub-Saharan Africa.However,the coordination,communication and exchange of the generally limited data and information available to African water stakeholders have been very weak due to the lack of appropriate strategies and platforms to enhance dialogue betwee

162、n researchers,decision-makers and community members.Cooperation is particularly critical for ensuring water security in the regions many transboundary basins and aquifers.Communitypublic partnerships(CPPs),usually established between a water utility and an elected group within a community,offer winw

163、in arrangements that enable private operators,public utilities and communities to derive benefits through mutual understanding,shared responsibilities,and exchange of knowledge and experiences.There are currently numerous activities at all levels that require coordination to optimize efforts and res

164、ources.Several subregional,regional and continental partnerships could be strengthened.Member states,development partners and other stakeholders should consider reinforcing existing structures,rather than developing new ones.Within displacement settings,water user committees can facilitate collabora

165、tion with local water authorities The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water6Europe and North AmericaWater-related partnerships and cooperation initiatives are frequent in Europe and North America.The Convention on Access to Information,Public Parti

166、cipation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters and the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes stress the need for cooperation and involvement of stakeholders,as do several relevant Directives of the European Union.These

167、instruments have facilitated the development of various types of partnerships in the region and are also contributing to stakeholder participation outside the region.Stakeholder involvement is an objective that has been proactively pursued and,to a large degree,it remains a common challenge in water

168、 management,governance and cooperation across the region.The International Joint Commission(IJC)between Canada and the United States of America has a long history of successful water cooperation,not only across borders but also within countries and between sectors,administrative levels and other sta

169、keholders.Latin America and the CaribbeanThe different types of partnerships and forms of cooperation in the region are mainly water-focused or closely connected to water-dependent sectors,such as agriculture.Evidence points to limited engagement outside the water-based domain,such as water initiati

170、ves linked to social justice,gender,education or job creation,or even other environment-related aspects,such as biodiversity.The most common water-related partnerships at the local level have been established for overseeing drinking water supply and sanitation services,particularly in rural areas.Ag

171、ricultural producer groups,such as WUAs,are also widespread.One common trait of these associations is that they usually operate independently of urban area regulators,with varying levels of involvement from national-level authorities.There is a long history of basin management organizations in the r

172、egion,which mostly focus on data monitoring,research,coordination of actions,regulation,planning,financing,and development and administration,among other aspects.They often face similar challenges related to technical capacity,governance structures and,particularly,funding.There are additional insta

173、nces of inter-institutional coordination where public,private and community actors work together with the aim of improving water management.These involve public-and private-sector entities,academia,community and national networks,and national as well as international NGOs.Asia and the PacificWater r

174、esources management contributed to the economic and social welfare of the region over the last decade through the provision of basic WASH services,improved food production,industrial development and ecosystem-based services.However,Asia and the Pacific remains far from being on track to meet the tar

175、gets of SDG 6.Inequity in terms of water access remains an issue.Women,who are primarily responsible for water collection in local communities,often have limited participation in water management due to traditional norms and practices,such as power imbalances and sociocultural factors.Other critical

176、 regional challenges include inadequate sanitation services and pollution,as well as shortcomings in transboundary cooperation.Cooperation is particularly critical for ensuring water security in many transboundary basins and aquifersExecutive summary7There is a need to strengthen existing partnershi

177、ps and networks,to enhance existing platforms for better stakeholder engagement at all levels,and to ensure that all relevant stakeholders are included in water governance.Participative governance approaches at subnational and national levels,across multiple government agencies,would support the mai

178、nstreaming and financing of water management and expedite progress across other water-dependent sectors.The Arab regionThe regions surface water scarcity,along with other rising challenges such as climate change,high dependency on transboundary water resources and high usage of water resources by th

179、e agricultural sector,requires successful cooperation and partnership initiatives in order to progress towards water security.Several such arrangements have already been initiated in the Arab region despite the financial and political barriers that might hinder collaboration.These have demonstrated

180、the importance of collaborative efforts,trust-building processes and data exchange for better water management.However,given the immense challenges,increased collaboration is needed,especially to secure additional financing,advance innovation and share information.Most Arab states largely rely on ri

181、vers and/or aquifers shared with neighbouring countries for their water supply.Despite certain inter-state tensions between some neighbouring countries,several examples of cooperation modalities do exist in the region,including transboundary aquifers.These transboundary cooperation arrangements have

182、 led to improved water management through iterative trust-building processes that started with targeted data-sharing,information-gathering and scientific research,which then developed into more robust cooperation modalities.Accelerating changeThe following sections align with each of the five accele

183、rators of the SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework(GAF),in which partnerships and cooperation play a central role.Such partnerships and cooperation transcend boundaries and sectors,making SDG 6 everyones business.Education and capacity developmentEducation and capacity development are crucial to acce

184、lerate the development,adoption and institutionalization of more sustainable and equitable water management practices.They involve the sharing of knowledge and skills between teachers,students,institutions,and other providers and recipients of information.Technological progress is a major driver of

185、such collaborative opportunities.The recent COVID-19 pandemic,in particular,has given a major boost to the development of digital content and the adoption of information and communication technologies(ICT)for teaching and training worldwide.In many parts of the world,water management is shaped by lo

186、cal knowledge and practices.Often based on natural processes that provide multiple ecosystem services,they can add flexibility and adaptive capacity.Integrating this knowledge requires multidirectional forms of knowledge exchange,such as occurs in communities of practice and professional networks.In

187、 many parts of the world,water management is shaped by local knowledge and practicesThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water8Government agencies tasked with resource monitoring and management often lack the capacity to generate all the data needed

188、 to address water-related economic and social issuesMaximizing these opportunities poses several challenges.Some of them are technical in nature,such as creating inclusive online platforms and systems that maximize access to disadvantaged groups and communities.But partnerships for more efficient,su

189、stainable and equitable education and capacity development on water can also benefit from a stronger adoption of approaches such as communities of practice,citizen science,open innovation and life-long learning.Many citizen science projects are cross-disciplinary partnerships that bring together sci

190、entists,water professionals and the broader public.These projects often have a strong educational dimension,and are increasingly used to build awareness on local issues,such as water pollution and equitable resource allocation,and to increase transparency and inclusivity.Data and informationData and

191、 information are essential to water-related decision-making.While the potential breadth and scope of water-relevant data is vast,so too are the data gaps from the local through to the international levels.Additional challenges include insufficient levels of disaggregation and difficulties(or relucta

192、nce)in sharing data.Water-related data are often generated by different users(or sectors)and therefore not interoperable for multiple users due to differences in terminology and other factors.While data may be considered to be neutral,the information generated after data analysis may not be.Partners

193、hips can help ensure that relevant data are effectively generated and processed into objective information.A broader engagement process,involving partners in priority-setting,planning,data collection and joint development of data governance mechanisms,fosters collective ownership.Successful partners

194、hips also require time,transparency and mutual respect.At initial stages,areas of common interest need to be explored,expectations discussed and trust built in order to reach a common understanding of the objectives.Consultation,communication and consensus-building are critical throughout the proces

195、s.Open-access global data repositories can be used at national and regional scales,but such data tend to lack the spatial resolution or level of disaggregation required for more targeted interventions.Government agencies tasked with resource monitoring and management,such as agricultural or environm

196、ental industries,often lack the capacity to generate all the data needed to address water-related economic and social issues.The problem is compounded further when these agencies fail(or refuse)to share what data they do have between them.Joint monitoring of transboundary water resources promotes a

197、shared understanding of the system and provides a platform where data can be shared and applied in a timely manner.Transboundary actors such as river basin organizations,national government entities,academic institutions,as well as development organizations,are repositories of data that can be strea

198、mlined and shared through these platforms.Harmonizing various databases,within and across borders,requires partnerships between government institutions and private sector actors such as companies and landowners.Executive summary9Better coordination across stakeholders can generate additional funding

199、 streams for water-related investments InnovationPartnerships can accelerate the development and uptake of innovative technologies through knowledge transfer,entrepreneurship and applied research.Strengthening and extending SouthNorth and SouthSouth partnerships between universities encourage the tr

200、ansfer of new technologies and innovative skills.Business incubators and accelerators can facilitate partnerships between universities,budding entrepreneurs and venture capital providers.Such incubators should be strengthened and expanded in middle-and low-income countries.Communities of practice fo

201、r knowledge co-creation and innovation with partners from the North and South could go a long way towards developing technically feasible,economically viable,socially acceptable and locally adaptable solutions.Novel partnerships across the wider water and sanitation industry are also needed to accel

202、erate the uptake of new technologies for water processing,distribution and treatment.This can be achieved through partnerships between industry and technology providers,such as universities and entrepreneurs.The introduction of new technologies and innovations,such as ICT,does not favour the partici

203、pation of those without proper access to internet or mobile phones connections,not to mention electricity.Care should therefore be taken that the introduction of new technologies does not lead to unintended side effects,such as a widening the knowledge and socio-economic divides.FinancingAchieving e

204、quitable access to safe drinking water for all by 2030 could require tripling current investment levels.Evidence suggests that some WASH-related funding may be poorly targeted and even counterproductive in addressing the needs of the poorest people and communities.Better coordination across stakehol

205、ders can generate additional funding streams for water-related investments from various sources.Cooperation mechanisms are key for bringing these beneficiaries together and can facilitate joint financing of relevant projects.Water funds are examples of multi-stakeholder platforms that pool funding f

206、rom various actors.Cooperation among the different sources of finance can support and leverage co-financing arrangements.By spreading investment risks among multiple financiers(with differing risk appetites and requirements),public or development finance can be used strategically to improve the risk

207、return profile of a project and to mobilize additional investment so-called blended finance arrangements.Better cooperation between the demand and supply sides of finance encompasses improved understanding of(i)the supply and demand sides respective perceptions,characteristics and requirements;(ii)i

208、ntermediary institutions and their diverse functions;and(iii)the translation of water-related risks and benefits into expressions relevant and understandable to the financial sector.Investments for water supply and sanitation facilities at the household level require specific financial products,such

209、 as micro-credits for low-income consumers and households,and could attract finance from impact investors.The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water10GovernanceA whole-of-society approach embraces both formal and informal institutions in seeking a g

210、eneralized agreement across society about policy goals and the means to achieve them.Trust and hope are fundamental building blocks for social cohesion and security.Trust is the lubricant needed to grease the wheels of the economy,and hope can be the mortar that holds societies together.Addressing c

211、orruption has been shown to yield substantial cost savings across the water sector,and also reduce the incidence of cancellations and delays.Meaningful participation and inclusive stakeholder engagement take time but stand to generate trust and hope.Policy and project processes need to adapt to the

212、concerns and potential contribution of different groups.Strategic integration of cross-sectoral and stakeholder concerns involves developing norms,standards and allocation methods that affect water use efficiency and the protection of resources across sectors.Public authorities,acting on behalf of t

213、he state,in principle determine whether and how to bring private operators in to deliver water and sanitation services.The authorities retain their sovereign duties for ensuring the progressive fulfilment of the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation.To be successful,publicprivate partne

214、rships(PPPs)need to build upon cooperation that is beneficial to all stakeholders they need to serve the public interest while providing a decent return to the service provider.Both private sector and public sector operations are more effective in countries with clear,predictable and stable legislat

215、ive frameworks,as these allow long-term investment to be supported with confidence and receive a reasonable return.CodaSafeguarding water,food and energy security through sustainable water management,providing water supply and sanitation services to all,supporting human health and livelihoods,mitiga

216、ting the impacts of climate change and extreme events,and sustaining and restoring ecosystems and the valuable services they provide,are all pieces of a great and complex puzzle.Only through partnerships and cooperation can the pieces come together.And everyone has a role to play.ProloguePart 1The s

217、tate of the worlds freshwater resourcesWWAPRichard Connor and David CoatesThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water12Globally,water use has been increasing by roughly 1%per year over the last 40 years(AQUASTAT,n.d.).The bulk of this increase is con

218、centrated in middle-and lower-income countries,particularly in emerging economies(Ritchie and Roser,2017).This trend has been driven by a combination of population growth,socio-economic development and changing consumption patterns(Figure P.1).Regions with the largest water withdrawals per capita ha

219、ve been Northern America and Central Asia(FAO,2022).Between 2010 and 2018,municipal withdrawals increased by 3%,whereas agricultural withdrawals increased by 5%,and now represent 72%of total withdrawals.Meanwhile,industrial withdrawals decreased by 12%,mainly due to reductions in withdrawals for the

220、rmal power production,as cooling processing has become more water-efficient(FAO,2022).Groundwater provides half of the volume of water withdrawn for domestic uses globally and around 25%of all water withdrawn for irrigation(United Nations,2022).Total water withdrawals per capita remained flat or dec

221、lined from 2000 to 2018,except in Central America and the Caribbean,South America and Southeast Asia.In general,these trends are expected to persist as populations grow,partly due to overall increases in water productivity,including in agriculture,and partly due to the prevalence of water scarcity i

222、nduced by extended periods of aridity in areas of high population density(FAO,2022).Future trends in demand are difficult to predict accurately.Burek et al.(2016)estimated that overall global demand for water will continue to increase at an annual rate of about 1%,resulting in an increase of between

223、 20 to 30%by 2050,with a margin of error of more than 50%.The evolution of water demand is highly location-specific,reflecting shifting use patterns across the three major water use sectors municipalities,industries and agriculture.Growth in the municipal sector is mainly driven by the expansion of

224、water supply(and to a lesser extent sanitation)services,and is therefore faster in regions where efforts are being made to address lower levels of existing provision.Industrial water demand is led by water-intensive processes,including various types of manufacturing and energy production.Water deman

225、dFigure P.1Evolution of global water withdrawals,19002018(km/year)Source:FAO(2022,fig.1.23,p.71,based on AQUASTAT).4 5004 0003 5003 0002 5002 0001 5001 000500190019101920193019401950196019701980199020002010201720180MunicipalitiesIndustriesAgricultureGrowth in water demand will be highly dependent up

226、on whether(or not)measures to improve water use efficiency are implemented across these different sectorsThe state of the worlds freshwater resources13Therefore,increases tend to be associated with escalating industrialization(as is currently the case in many middle-income and emerging economies),bu

227、t demand can subsequently decrease as industries and(especially)energy production become more water-efficient.Water demand for agriculture is essentially driven by irrigation,where demand will vary as a function of several determining factors,ranging from soil to climatic factors and from crop type

228、to field applications.Agricultural water use is also increasingly determined by competing uses and limits to availability,while food consumption patterns and trade are also important factors(FAO,2022).These global figures mask important local and regional differences;for example,in Europe,agricultur

229、e withdraws only 30%,municipalities 26%and industry 45%,whereas in South Asia,the respective figures are 91%,7%and 2%(FAO,2022).Real growth in water demand will be highly dependent upon whether(or not)measures to improve water use efficiency are implemented across these different sectors.The global

230、volume of renewable freshwater was estimated at around 37,000 km/year in 2015(Ritchie and Roser,2017).Availability varies considerably locally and regionally according to geological and climatic factors.Seasonal variation in water availability(Figure P.2)is also a main driver of water storage needs.

231、It can be as important a factor as total annual availability,or even more important.Water availability and stressSource:WRI(2019).Attribution 4.0 International(CC BY 4.0).Figure P.2 Seasonal variability in water availabilitySeasonal variabilityExtremely high(1.33)High(1.001.33)Medium-high(0.661.00)L

232、ow-medium(0.330.66)Low(80%)High(4080%)Medium-high(2040%)Low-medium(1020%)Low(991x2x4x1008060402020152020202520300Hygiene6771784x1008060402020152020202520300The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water24industrial sector has experienced the largest net

233、 efficiency gains from 2006 to 2018,likely due to the transformation of thermal cooling for energy production,industrial processes and heating systems.Emerging data on total withdrawals and gross value added(GVA)over the years reveal a potential decoupling of economic growth from water use since 201

234、6.These results are preliminary and remain inconclusive until more data points are forthcoming.Water use efficiency is closely linked to water scarcity.SDG Indicator 6.4.2 tracks water stress(Figure P.4)as a proxy measure of scarcity,and the most recent status report is provided by FAO/UN-Water(2021

235、b).In 2018,18.4%of the total global renewable freshwater resources available was being withdrawn.1 Although this figure may seem safe,there are important large regional,national and subnational variations(Figure P.4).Three out of seven SDG regions had water stress values above 25%in 2018,including C

236、entral and Southern Asia with high water stress and Northern Africa with critical water stress.Western Asia and Eastern Asia had medium and low water stress,respectively.The remaining regions and subregions,representing approximately 31%of the global population,were at the no stress level,but import

237、ant differences in water stress levels were evident at country and major basin level.On average,10%of the global population lives in countries with high or critical water stress,which significant impacts water access and availability for personal needs.1 This estimate takes account of environmental

238、flow requirements(EFR),which represent,on average,50%of total renewable water resources(FAO,2019).Source:FAO/UN-Water(2021b,fig.4,p.19).Note:To reach Target 6.4,the level of water stress should decrease(i.e.show a negative percentage change over time).Figure P.9 Change in the level of water stress b

239、y region and at the global level,20082018WorldWestern AsiaOceaniaEurope and Northern AmericaEastern AsiaEuropeSub-Saharan AfricaSouthern AsiaSouth-Eastern AsiaNorthern Africa and Western AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanCentral AsiaEastern and South-Eastern AsiaNorthern AmericaNorthern AfricaCentr

240、al and Southern Asia0.1%15.5%1.9%7.1%7.6%15.4%14.2%13.3%2.0%4.3%-14.7%-0.6%-6.4%9.2%-6.8%-5.3%-16%-8%4%12%-12%0%-4%8%16%RegionSubregionWorldGlobally,an estimated 44%of all domestic wastewater worldwide was not safely treated prior to its release into the environment in 2020Progress towards SDG 625Pr

241、evious published reports indicate a much lower level of water stress.These differences are attributed largely to improved assessment methodologies.FAO/UN-Water(2021b)recomputed data prior to 2015.This shows that the water stress value has evolved from 2008 to 2018 at the regional and subregional lev

242、els(Figure P.9).Note that in order to reach Target6.4,water stress should not increase at a slower rate,but decrease.Slower growth is evident in Eastern,Western and Central Asia but a moderate to large increase between 2008 and 2018 is evident in South-Eastern Asia,Latin America and the Caribbean,Su

243、b-Saharan Africa,Oceania,and Northern Africa.Southern Asia,Europe and Northern America reduced their water stress level between 2008 and 2018.SDG Indicator 6.5.1 monitors the degree of IWRM2 implementation,by assessing the four key dimensions of IWRM:enabling environment,institutions and participati

244、on,management instruments,and financing.According to the latest indicator status report(UNEP,2021b),while most countries have made some progress,the global rate of progress on IWRM implementation needs to double to approach the target.None of the four IWRM dimensions is expected to be fully implemen

245、ted by all countries by 2030.Management arrangements at the basin level are generally lagging behind at the subnational and national level,and aquifer management is lagging further still.Acceleration is most urgently needed in South and Central America,the Caribbean,Oceania,South Asia,Central Asia,C

246、entral Africa,and West Africa,but further effort is still needed in all regions.A total of 107 countries are not on track to achieve SDG Target 6.5.There are signs of progress:between 2017 and 2020,55 countries made limited or no progress,but 52 countries made moderate progress,22 countries made sub

247、stantial progress,and 44 countries are close to the target.Despite this progress,the degree of IWRM implementation remains low,with 87 countries(47%)still reporting low or mediumlow levels.SDG Indicator 6.5.2 monitors the area of a country within transboundary basins and assesses the extent to which

248、 that area is covered by operational3 cooperation arrangements.In total,153 countries share 286 transboundary river and lake basins and 592transboundary aquifer systems.As of 2022,an estimated 58%of the worlds transboundary basin areas had an operational arrangement for water cooperation.The global

249、average of the aquifer component is 42%(UNECE/UNESCO,2021).In most cases,transboundary aquifers are part of broader water cooperation arrangements,rather than covered by stand-alone agreements(United Nations,2022b).SDG Indicator 6.6.1 tracks changes in extent of water-related ecosystems over time.Th

250、e latest update of the indicator is reported in UNEP(2021c).A primary indicator,the wetlands extent index,tracks natural wetland area since 1700,showing an 80%loss since the pre-industrial era.The data are not yet refined enough to track discrete trends in recent years.The monitoring effort is also

251、compiling data on areas of lakes,rivers,wetlands,mangroves,groundwater and reservoirs.Combined data on these indicators need to be interpreted carefully,but they do confirm,for example,the rapid changes occurring in the global surface water area.An estimated 21%of the worlds water basins are experie

252、ncing rapid changes,both increases and decreases,in the area covered by surface waters.The disaggregated datasets confirm the continuing shift in surface area from natural wetlands,such as river 2 IWRM is“a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water,land and related

253、resources,in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”(GWP,2000,p.22).3 Arrangements are operational when there is a joint body,meetings between countries take place and information is exchanged at

254、least once per year,and joint or coordinated management plans or objectives for the basin(s)have been set.SDG Target 6.5 Water management and transboundary cooperationSDG Target 6.6 Water-related ecosystemsThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water2

255、6floodplains,to artificial water bodies such as reservoirs.An experimental data platform(the Freshwater Ecosystems Explorer see Section 3.4)is being developed to provide an improved and simplified but accessible overall picture of a complex monitoring area.Datasets also include those for water quali

256、ty,river flow,IWRM and other management trends.Potential for a scorecard to quantify river basin health,using multiple datasets,to assist in providing a more systematic overview of trends,is being explored.The monitoring for Indicator(s)6.6.1 does not currently measure mountains or forests or the ex

257、tent of ecosystem restoration dimensions of Target 6.6.SDG Indicator 6.a.1 tracks the amount of water-and sanitation-related official development assistance(ODA)that is included in a government-coordinated spending plan.According to estimates by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop

258、ment(OECD),the ODA disbursed and committed to water in 2020 was estimated at US$8.7 billion globally,up from US$2.7 billion in 2002(OECD.stat,n.d.).Investment categories include water supply and sanitation,agricultural water resources,and hydro-electric power plants.The OECD Creditor Reporting Syste

259、m(CRS)currently disaggregates ODA data on water and sanitation among several categories(including sector policy and administration,water resources protection,large and basic water and sanitation systems,river basin infrastructure,waste management,agricultural water resources,and education and traini

260、ng).The UN-Water IMI-SDG6 had not yet reported comprehensively and separately on this indicator at the time of this reports publication,although real-time data are available on the data portal.4SDG Indicator 6.b.1 measures the proportion of local administrative units with established and operational

261、 policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management.Participation of users and communities helps ensure sustainable solutions for all aspects of SDG 6 and contributes to equality within and among countries,including with regard to gender.The metric in u

262、se records the existence,at country level,of procedures in law or policy for participation,as well as the actual level of participation,in the subsectors of urban drinking water,rural drinking water,urban sanitation,rural sanitation,hygiene promotion,and water resources planning and management.Data

263、availability has improved from 2014.The number of countries with clearly defined procedures in law or policy for participation by users/communities has increased between 2014 and 2019.Over the same period,the number of countries reporting high levels of participation has increased more rapidly,but s

264、till remains low overall(Figure P.10).Levels for both laws/procedures and participation are very low for drinking water in both urban and rural settings compared to the other subsectors.4 www.sdg6data.org/indicator/6.a.1.SDG Target 6.a International cooperation and capacity-buildingSDG Target 6.b Co

265、mmunity participation Progress towards SDG 627Source:UN-Water(n.d.).Figure P.10 Current data on Indicator 6.b.1:Participation of local communities in water and sanitation management120120404016080801001001400020206060Drinking water UrbanWater resources planning and management NationalDrinking water

266、RuralData not availableSanitation UrbanSanitation RuralHygiene promotion National20122014201720192010201420172019Number of UN Member Statesa)Number of UN Member States with clearly defined procedures in law for participation by users/communitiesb)Number of UN Member States with high level of partici

267、pation by users/communitiesNumber of UN Member StatesThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water28ReferencesFAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).2019.Incorporating Environmental Flows into“Water Stress”Indicator 6.4.2 Guidelin

268、es for a Minimum Standard Method for Global Reporting.Rome.32 pp.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.www.fao.org/3/CA3097EN/ca3097en.pdf.FAO/UN-Water(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/UN-Water).2021a.Progress on Change in Water-Use Efficiency:Global Status and Acceleration Needs for SD

269、G Indicator 6.4.1,2021.Rome,FAO.doi.org/10.4060/cb6413en._.2021b.Progress on Level of Water Stress:Global Status and Acceleration Needs for SDG Indicator 6.4.2,2021.Rome,FAO.doi.org/10.4060/cb6241en.GWP(Global Water Partnership).2000.Integrated Water Resources Management.TAC Background paper No.4.St

270、ockholm,GWP.www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/background-papers/04-integrated-water-resources-management-2000-english.pdf.OECD.stat.n.d.Development.Flows Based on Individual Projects(CRS).https:/stats.oecd.org/(Data extracted on 21 July 2022).UNECE/UNESCO(United Nations Economic C

271、ommission for Europe/United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization).2021.Progress on Transboundary Water Cooperation:Global Status of SDG Indicator 6.5.2 and Acceleration Needs.New York/Paris,United Nations/UNESCO.www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2021/09/SDG6_Indicator_Report_652_Progre

272、ss-on-Tranboundary-Water-Cooperation_2021_EN_UNESCO.pdf.UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme).2021a.Progress on Ambient Water Quality:Tracking SDG 6 Series Global Indicator 6.3.2 Updates and Acceleration Needs.Nairobi.https:/wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/36689._.2021b.Progress on Integrated Wate

273、r Resources Management:Tracking SDG 6 Series Global Indicator 6.5.1 Updates and Acceleration Needs.Nairobi,UNEP.www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2021/09/SDG6_Indicator_Report_651_Progress-on-Integrated-Water-Resources-Management_2021_EN.pdf._.2021c.Progress on Freshwater Ecosystems:Tracking SDG 6 Series

274、Global Indicator 6.6.1 Updates and Acceleration Needs.Nairobi.https:/wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/36691.UN-Habitat/WHO(United Nations Human Settlements Programme/World Health Organization).2021.Progress on Wastewater Treatment Global Status and Acceleration Needs for SDG Indicator 6.3.1.Geneva,UN-Ha

275、bitat/WHO.www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2021/09/SDG6_Indicator_Report_631_Progress-on-Wastewater-Treatment_2021_EN.pdf.United Nations.2022a.The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022.New York,United Nations.https:/unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/._.2022b.The United Nations World Water Development R

276、eport 2022.Groundwater:Making the Invisible Visible.UNESCO,Paris.https:/unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380721.UN-Water.n.d.Progress on Community Participation(SDG Target 6.b).UN-Water website.www.sdg6data.org/indicator/6.b.1(Accessed in August 2022).WHO/UNICEF(World Health Organization/United N

277、ations Childrens Fund).2021.Progress on Household Drinking Water,Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2020:Five Years into the SDGs.Geneva,WHO/UNICEF.https:/washdata.org/report/jmp-2021-wash-households.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.Chapter 1IntroductionWWAPRichard Connor,David Coates,Joshua Newton and Michela

278、MilettoThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water30The year 2023 marks the first major United Nations(UN)conference dedicated to water5 since 1977.The UN 2023 Water Conference focuses on progress towards water-and sanitation-related goals,coinciding

279、 with the mid-term comprehensive review of the International Decade for Action,Water for Sustainable Development 20182028.Atcurrent rates,progress towards all the targets of the sixth Sustainable Development Goal(SDG 6)is off-track and in some areas the rate of implementation needs to quadruple,or m

280、ore(see Prologue Part 2).The SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework(GAF)was designed to accelerate this progress,and partnerships and cooperation are central to it(Box 1.1).Such partnerships and cooperation transcend boundaries and sectors,making SDG 6 everyones business.As the UN systems principal aut

281、horitative report on water,the United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 directly informs the UN conference discussions,describing how building partnerships and enhancing cooperation across all dimensions of sustainable development are essential to accelerating progress towards SDG 6 and re

282、alizing the human rights to water and sanitation.The Prologue to this report briefly describes the status and trends concerning global freshwater resources(availability,demand,quality,etc.)and summarizes the current level of progress on each of the SDG 6 targets.Chapters 27 showcase experiences and

283、perspectives on partnerships and cooperation from different water-dependent sectors:Agriculture,Environment,Human Settlements,Industry and Energy,Human Health,and Climate Change.Regional knowledge and practices are highlighted in Chapter 8.Chapters 913 review partnerships and cooperation with regard

284、s to each of the five accelerators under the SDG 6 GAF:Education and Capacity Development,Data and Information,Innovation,Funding,and Governance.Guiding principles for successful partnerships and cooperation,along with a review of the roles,responsibilities and contributions of partners at various l

285、evels,are presented in Chapter 14.Partnerships and cooperation,at all levels,overwhelmingly deliver positive outcomes.Cooperation improves water governance and decision-making,stimulates innovative solutions,and leverages efficiencies.By promoting inclusive engagement,participation and dialogue,and

286、giving voices to those that are otherwise not heard(e.g.marginalized communities),partnerships can help ensure that no one is left behind and that the human rights to water and sanitation are realized.However,in rare cases,partnerships and cooperation can institutionalize exclusion,distort resource

287、allocations and encourage fragmentation.Corruption is widespread in the water sector(WIN,2016;Vos,2011)and can be based on or influenced by partnerships and cooperation.These negative aspects,even where unintentional,highlight the need to be vigilant that partnerships and cooperation are aligned wit

288、h societal benefits.Water resources management has a long history of experience with partnerships,both good and bad.Partnerships and cooperation take place in almost any water-related endeavour.The currently inadequate rate of progress towards the SDG 6 targets(see Prologue Part 2)highlights the nee

289、d to explore opportunities for new models of partnerships and cooperation,especially because of the intersectoral nature of water,crossing all the social,economic and environmental pillars of sustainable development.This report reviews this experience,highlighting how enhancing positive and meaningf

290、ul cooperation amongst the water,sanitation and broader development communities is required to accelerate progress.5 For more information,please see:https:/sdgs.un.org/conferences/water2023.1.1Purpose and scope of this reportPartnerships and cooperation,at all levels,overwhelmingly deliver positive

291、outcomesIntroduction311.2.1 What is a partnership or cooperation?There is a multitude of definitions and understanding of what constitutes a partnership or cooperation.For the purpose of this report,partnerships are considered to be“voluntary and collaborative relationships between various parties,b

292、oth public and non-public,in which all participants agree to work together to achieve a common purpose or undertake a specific task and,as mutually agreed,to share risks and responsibilities,resources and benefits”(UNGA,2015).Partnerships between different stakeholders at all levels(international,na

293、tional and local)are emphasized in most contemporary water-related policy approaches,recognizing that solutions to water problems cannot be achieved by one organization or even one segment of society(WWAP,2003).Partnerships are often based on some type of formal or informal agreement.Cooperation is

294、generally understood to be a less formal practice of“working together to the same end”(Dictionary,2021).Water cooperation entails various players and sectors working together towards a common goal to peacefully manage and use freshwater resources at the local,national,regional and international leve

295、ls(UN Water for Life Decade,2013).Each of these cooperative arrangements may include more formal partnerships,and each partnership involves cooperation.Consequently,many sections of this report use the two terms flexibly and often interchangeably.1.2Basic conceptsBox 1.1 The SDG 6 Global Acceleratio

296、n FrameworkThe SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework(GAF)is a new,unifying initiative that aims to deliver fast results at an increased scale.It is part of the UN Secretary-Generals Decade of Action to deliver the SDGs by 2030.One of the main strategies focuses on partnerships,noting the need to estab

297、lish or scale up powerful partnerships at the global,regional,community,and river,lake and aquifer basin levels.The objectives of such partnerships include:to generate and sustain political will,to mobilize public and private entities across different sectors for cooperation,to foster innovation and

298、 reform,to prevent conflicts,and to promote effective,sustainable and peaceful management of water resources.Designed to enable entities within the UN system and multi-stakeholder partners to act together to support country progress,the SDG 6 GAF is guided by five accelerators:Capacity,Funding,Innov

299、ation,Data and Information,and Governance.Source:UN-Water(2020).To distinguish them from a loose association among players(e.g.meetings),genuinely successful examples of partnerships and cooperation are those that result in a demonstrable mutual benefit for the parties involved and/or result in a ta

300、ngible change in their behaviour.1.2.2 Types of partnerships and cooperationPartnerships exist at all geographic scales:global,international,basin,regional,national and local.Some are more wide-ranging in terms of the aspects of water that they cover,some are more specific;some focus solely on water

301、,and others link to other subject matters.Examples include multi-stakeholder partnerships,corporate partnerships,academic/research partnerships,publicprivate partnerships(PPPs),basin organizations that involve multiple countries as partners,water user associations(WUAs),and water operator partnershi

302、ps,among many others.Examples of cooperation include networks,platforms,transboundary water cooperation,and multi-/cross-/inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary cooperation,technical cooperation,SouthSouth/NorthSouth/triangular cooperation,and development cooperation,among several others.Integrated wa

303、ter resources management(IWRM)can involve both partnerships and cooperation,but not always depending on its level of participation.Partnerships and cooperation can develop naturally among parties,or need enabling and promoting,but few are without difficulties.Each party comes with its own knowledge,

304、perceptions,interests,positions and objectives,such that disagreements on priorities and strategies are commonplace.The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water321.2.3 Categorizing partnershipsSpatial scales are a precarious way of categorizing partne

305、rship and cooperation over water,as these can occur at different geographic scales and most usually operate across multiple scales.Similarly,categorization by discipline or subsector is problematic because stakeholders themselves often operate across different scales and,most importantly,may or may

306、not necessarily share the same primary water-related objectives.The novel approach to categorization adopted for the purposes of this report focuses directly on the overall objectives of the partners in relation to the type of water-related outcomes that they are meant to collectively achieve.These

307、are divided into three categories:a)Intra-sectoral partnerships and cooperation between or among stakeholders with a common and specific type of water-related use or objective.The partners may include different types of stakeholders(e.g.governments,non-governmental organizations(NGOs),private sector

308、,financiers,academia,local communities,etc.),but all would share the same general water management objective.Examples include organizations managing a common irrigation system,or coalitions that supply drinking water and sanitation infrastructure to a certain area.b)Cross-sectoral(or inter-sectoral)

309、partnerships and cooperation,involving actors with different water-related foci and multiple(different or even competing)water-related objectives.While these can potentially involve several of the actors mentioned above,the difference is that these actors would have different perspectives and,theref

310、ore,often different perceptions,intentions and goals requiring conciliation and/or benefit-sharing.Examples include cooperation between municipalities and farmers over the allocation of water supplies,or payment for environmental services schemes.c)Extra-sectoral partnerships and cooperation,involvi

311、ng actors from outside the water domain,where the primary foci and objectives of some partners are not primarily water-related,but where water plays a determining role.Such non-water objectives may involve land use,gender equity,urban/rural planning,education,job creation,art and culture,trade,and e

312、conomic development(among others).Partnerships and cooperation addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation through water-related interventions is one specific example.Dictionary.2021.Dictionary Assembly of the United Nations).2015.Towards Global Partnerships:A Principle-Based Approach to Enh

313、anced Cooperation between the United Nations and all Relevant Partners.Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 December 2015.Seventieth session.A/RES/70/224.https:/digitallibrary.un.org/record/809811#record-files-collapse-header.UN-Water.2020.The Sustainable Development Goal 6 Global Accele

314、ration Framework.www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2020/07/Global-Acceleration-Framework.pdf.UN Water for Life Decade.2013.Water Cooperation:Information Brief.International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013,810 January 2013.Vos,J.2011.Fighting Corruption in the Water Sector:Methods,Tools and G

315、ood Practices.New York,United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).www.undp.org/publications/fighting-corruption-water-sector.WIN(Water Integrity Network).2016.Water Integrity Global Outlook 2016.Berlin,Water Integrity N Water Assessment Programme).2003.Water for People,Water for Life:The United Nati

316、ons World Water Development Report.Paris/New York,UNESCO/Berghahn Books.https:/unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129726.ReferencesChapter 2Food and agricultureFAOSasha Koo-Oshima,Matthew England,Maher Salman,Riccardo Biancalani,Virginie Gillet,Jippe Hoogeveen,Benjamin Kiersch,Patricia Meijas-Moren

317、o,Livia Peiser and Kamar KhazalThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for water34This chapter examines three management responses to explore cooperation and partnership for food and agriculture.Water user associations(WUAs)are chosen as an example of intr

318、a-sectoral water partnerships and cooperation;water allocation for agriculture and urban centres to illustrate cross-sectoral interactions;and the waterenergyfoodenvironment(WEFE)nexus as an extra-sectoral case study.Data and information concerning water use for all sectors is required in order to d

319、etermine their impacts on water and other water-related systems(e.g.energy).By increasing the availability of high-quality data for evidence-based policy-making,regulations,planning and investments at all levels,the FAO AQUASTAT Database,as well as the UN-Water collaboration and partnerships through

320、 the Integrated Monitoring Initiative for the Sustainable Development Goal 6(IMI-SDG6),are key examples in accelerating the achievement of SDG 6.The chapter illustrates how the levels of cooperation and performance of a management response is determined by a multitude of hydro-physical,socio-economi

321、c,political,institutional and governance parameters.Partnerships and cooperation between actors operate at varying and interdependent sectoral scales,depending on the objectives and scope.Additional highlights include how the SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework6 accelerators are of critical importan

322、ce to the performance of management responses,and how partnerships and cooperation can help strengthen them in order to improve water and food security.The characteristics of partnerships and cooperation involving WUAs are an important factor when considering their performance.The actors involved in

323、 WUAs often include farmers,government agencies,non-governmental organizations(NGOs),academia,bilateral development institutions,development banks,and in some cases the private sector.Capacity,funding and governance issues are also highlighted in relation to WUA performance,linking to the SDG 6 Glob

324、al Acceleration Framework accelerators.WUAs warrant attention because of their focus on improving the performance of irrigation schemes and smallholder farm systems,enhancing irrigated agricultural productivity and food security for marginalized farmers whose livelihoods are often highly dependent o

325、n irrigated agriculture.WUAs are formal organizations that bring together farmers for the purpose of managing a common irrigation system.The historical development of WUAs at a larger scale originates from the late 1970s.They sought to improve coverage and efficiency in low-performing state-managed

326、irrigation systems(Mollinga et al.,2007;Garces-Restrepo et al.,2007;Turral,1995),and to improve small-scale community-based and farmer-led irrigation systems.Decentralization entails transferring management responsibility for all or part of an irrigation scheme from the state to farmers(Aarnoudse et

327、 al.,2018;Turral,1995).Principal tasks of WUAs include the allocation of water within an irrigation system,operation and maintenance(O&M),and the cost recovery of O&M through the collection of irrigation fees.WUAs are generally small-scale with a limited number of members(usually not exceeding sever

328、al hundred,dependent on the size of the irrigation system),so that self-management by users is possible(Aarnoudse et al.,2018).The characterization and development of WUAs differ globally.In South and South-East Asia,as well as North Africa,WUAs are primarily established for the management of large-

329、and medium-scale irrigation systems,rehabilitated or constructed by governments.They are generally managed by state irrigation departments.WUAs in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa are also established in small-scale irrigated systems and managed by farmers.In the case of Sub-Saharan Africa,WUAs a

330、re often heterogeneous(serving multiple uses and users,6 The SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework accelerators include optimizing finance,improved data and information,capacity development,innovation,and governance.For more information,see:www.unwater.org/publications/the-sdg-6-global-acceleration-fr

331、amework/.2.1Introduction2.2Water user associationsWater user associations are formal organizations that bring together farmers for the purpose of managing a common irrigation systemFood and agriculture35Socio-economic and political settingWater resource systemsGovernanceUsers(farmer groups)Economic

332、development Demographic trends Government water policies Market incentives Definition of clear policies and responsibilities for each party involved in water management Legal framework,low interference from politicians or other groups High-level political commitment Water availability Climate patter

333、ns Size of the irrigation system Irrigation infrastructure Flows in and out of the irrigation system Predictability of supply Storage characteristics Location Hydrological interaction among irrigation units Physical infrastructure Government organizations Non-governmental organizations Local institutions(operational rules,collective-choice rules,constitutional rules,monitoring and sanctioning proc