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1、SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023Implementing the SDG StimulusIncludes the SDG Index and Dashboards A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Implementing the SDG Stimulus.Sustainable Development Report 2023 Jeffrey D.S

2、achs,Guillaume Lafortune,Grayson Fuller and Eamon Drumm,2023ISBN:978-0-903200-12-7(paperback)ISBN:978-0-903200-13-4(pdf)Published by Dublin University Press Dublin,Ireland,2023 Design:Pica Publishing,New York,London,ParisPrinted by Ingenidoc in Rouen,France.The rights of Jeffrey D.Sachs,Guillaume La

3、fortune,Grayson Fuller and Eamon Drumm to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright and Related Rights Act,2000(Ireland)and as defined by the U.S.Copyright Office.This work is in copyright.It is subject to statutory exceptions and to the provisions

4、of relevant licensing agreements;with the exception of the Creative Commons version,the link for which is provided below,no reproduction of any part of this work may take place without the written permission of the authors.An open access online version of this work is published at https:/doi.org/10.

5、25546/102924 under a Creative Commons Open Access license CC-BY-NC-SA4.0.This license requires that re-users give credit to the creators.It allows re-users to distribute,remix,adapt,and build upon the material in any medium or format,for non-commercial purposes only.If others modify or adapt the mat

6、erial,they must license the modified material under identical terms.To view a copy of this license,visit https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0.When citing this work,please include a reference to the DOI https:/doi.org/10.25546/102924.All versions of this work may contain content reproduce

7、d under license from third parties.Permission to reproduce this third-party content must be obtained from these third parties directly.Dublin University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication a

8、nd does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023Implementing the SDG StimulusIncludes the SDG Index and Dashboards By Jeffrey D.Sachs,Guillaume Lafortune,Grayson Fuller and Eamon DrummThe Sustainable Development Rep

9、ort(SDR)reviews progress made each year on the Sustainable Development Goals since their adoption by the 193 UN Member States in 2015.Midpoint on the way to 2030,this years edition takes stock of progress so far and discusses priorities to restore and accelerate SDG progress.More specifically,this y

10、ears edition focuses on the need to scale up development finance and reform the global financial architecture to support the SDGs.The SDR 2023 is published on the eve of the 2023 Paris Summit for a New Global Financial Pact and ahead of other major international summits this year,including the UN Hi

11、gh-Level Political Forum in July and the SDG Summit at Heads of States Level in September,the September G20 Meeting under Indian Presidency,and the December COP28 in Dubai.The SDR 2023 also aims to provide significant contributions in the lead-up to the 2024 Summit of the Future,to enhance cooperati

12、on on critical challenges and address gaps in global governance.The report was prepared by the SDSNs newly created SDG Transformation Center and coordinated by Guillaume Lafortune in cooperation with Jeffrey D.Sachs.Lead writers are Jeffrey D.Sachs,Guillaume Lafortune,Grayson Fuller,and Eamon Drumm.

13、Members of the Leadership Council of the SDSN led the preparation of Part 1.“How to Achieve the SDGs:the SDSN Framework”.The statistical work was led by Grayson Fuller,in collaboration with Leslie Bermont-Diaz and Samory Tour and under the supervision of Guillaume Lafortune.The interactive website a

14、nd data visualization that accompanies this report was developed by Max Gruber and Ruben Andino.Other major contributors to the data and analyses in this years report include Juliana Bartels,Grant Cameron,Mara Corts Puch,Olivia Lee Cosio,Salma Dahir,Juliette Douillet,Guilherme Iablonovski,Christian

15、Kroll,Alyson Marks,Isabella Massa,Maryam Rabiee,Casteline Tilus,Emma Torres,and Patrick Paul Walsh.We also thank Minister Romuald Wadagni from Benin,Simona Marinescu and Peter Schmidt for their contributions.The SDR 2023 combines data and analyses produced by international organizations,civil societ

16、y organizations,and research centers.We thank all of these for their contributions and collaboration in producing the report,including during the annual public consultation process that took place between April 17th and April 26th,2023.We also thank the regional and national SDSN networks,the SDSN s

17、ecretariat,and experts and government officials who responded to the SDSN 2023 Survey of Government Efforts for the SDGs and provided comments and feedback at various stages.Lauren Barredo,Mara Corts Puch,Andrija Erac,Alyson Marks,Sonja Neve,and Ryan Swaney provided communication support for the lau

18、nch of the report.We thank Dublin University Press and Roberto Rossi of Pica Publishing for preparing the report for publication.We welcome feedback on the publication and data that may help to strengthen future iterations of this work.Please notify us of any publications that use the SDG Index and

19、Dashboards data or the Sustainable Development Report,and share your publication with us at infosdgindex.org.An interactive online dashboard and all data used in this report can be accessed at:www.sdgtransformationcenter.org and www.sdgindex.org June 2023Published by Dublin University PressPlease ci

20、te this report as:Sachs,J.D.,Lafortune,G.,Fuller,G.,Drumm,E.(2023).Implementing the SDG Stimulus.Sustainable Development Report 2023.Paris:SDSN,Dublin:Dublin University Press,2023.10.25546/102924This report has been prepared with the extensive advice and consultation of the SDSN Leadership Council m

21、embers.Members of the Leadership Council serve in their personal capacities;the opinions expressed in this report may not reflect the positions or policies of their host institutions.Members are not necessarily in agreement on every detail of this report.The views expressed in this report do not ref

22、lect the views of any organization,agency,or programme of the United Nations.Design,layout and copyediting by Pica Publishing Ltd www.pica-AcknowledgementsiiiSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusExecutive Summary viPart 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN Framework 1Part 2

23、.The SDG Index and Dashboards 232.1 SDG Status at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda 232.2 Leave no one behind 272.3 International spillovers and policy coherence 312.4 SDGDashboards by income groups and major world regions 34References 44Part 3.Government Efforts and Commitments to the SDGs 473.1 Poli

24、tical leadership and institutional coordination:results from the 2023 SDSN survey of government efforts forthe SDGs 473.2 SDG integration into sectoral policies and pathways:scorecards for the Six SDG Transformations 543.3 Support for multilateralism under the Charter of the UnitedNations 613.4 Gove

25、rnment effort and commitments for the SDGs:overall scores 70References 73Part 4.Lessons Learned and Next Steps 774.1 The SDG Index:a tool for guiding SDG action and strengthening accountability 774.2 Have the SDGs increased data cooperation and innovation?864.3 Conclusions and next steps 88Reference

26、s 90Annex.Methods Summary and Data Tables 92A.1 Interpreting the SDG Index and Dashboards results 92A.2 Changes to the 2023 edition and limitations 93A.3 Methodology(overview)95References 119Part 5.Country Profiles 122ContentsivSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusList of

27、 FiguresList of FiguresFigure 1.1 SDG Index world average:pre-pandemic trend and trend needed to achieve the SDGs by 2030 5Figure 1.2 Observed and projected gaps in SDG Index score between HICs and LICs(in percentage points)6Figure 1.3 Projected global warming under alternative policy scenarios 7Fig

28、ure 2.1 World SDG Dashboards at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda 24Figure 2.2 Status on individual SDG targets at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda 24Figure 2.3 The 2023 SDG Index:score and rank 25Figure 2.4 SDG Index World Average,2010-2022 28Figure 2.5 SDG Index Low-Income Countries Average,2010-2022

29、 28Figure 2.6 Poverty headcount ratio at$2.15/day(PPP,%)in LICs 29Figure 2.7 Surviving infants who received 2 WHO-recommended vaccines(%),in LICs 29Figure 2.8 Subjective Well-Being,in HICs and LICs 29Figure 2.9 Unemployment Rate,in HICs and LICs 30Figure 2.10 Observed and projected gaps in SDG Index

30、 score between HICs and LICs 30Figure 2.11 Countries where 50%or more of the rural population has no access to all-season roads,and comparison with HICs and World average(%)31Figure 2.12 SDG Index scores versus International Spillover Index scores,by income level 32Figure 2.13 Illustration of enviro

31、nmental impacts embodied in international trade 33Figure 2.14 GHG emissions embodied in the final consumption of textiles and clothing 34Figure 2.15 Correlation between 2023 SDG Index Score and Narrow SDG Index(17“headline”indicators)35Figure 2.16 2023 SDG dashboards by region and income group(level

32、s and trends)36Figure 2.17 2023 SDG dashboards for OECD countries(levels and trends)37Figure 2.18 2023 SDG dashboards for East and South Asia(levels and trends)38Figure 2.19 2023 SDG dashboards for Eastern Europe and Central Asia(levels and trends)39Figure 2.20 2023 SDG dashboards for Latin America

33、and the Caribbean(levels and trends)40Figure 2.21 2023 SDG dashboards for the Middle East and North Africa(levels and trends)41Figure 2.22 2023 SDG dashboards for Oceania(levels and trends)41Figure 2.23 2023 SDG dashboards for sub-Saharan Africa(levels and trends)42Figure 2.24 2023 SDG dashboards fo

34、r Small Island Developing States(SIDS)(levels and trends)43Figure 3.1 A conceptual framework to evaluate government efforts and commitment to the SDGs 48Figure 3.2 Submissions of voluntary national reviews(number of submitters,2023)and submissions per year since 2016 52Figure 3.3 Designated lead uni

35、t for SDG coordination at the central/federal level of government to implement the SDGs(2023)53Figure 3.4 Integration of the SDGs into key policy processes by income groups 53Figure 3.5 Percentage of local and regional governments using selected SDG policies and actions 60Figure 3.6 UN treaties rati

36、fied by Member States(%),19462022 64Figure 3.7 Use of unilateral coercive measures(UCMs),number(19502021)66Figure 3.8 Membership in selected UN organizations,2022 67Figure 3.9 Participation in conflicts and militarization,2022 68Figure 3.10 Official Development Assistance(ODA)as share of GNI,2018202

37、2 69Figure 3.11 Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Government Efforts and Commitments to Implement the SDGs and Indicators Retained to Compute the Overall Score for 2023 70vSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusList of Figures,Tables and BoxesList of TablesTable 1.1 Globa

38、l Population,Investment,and GDP by World Bank Income Category 14Table 1.2 Credit Ratings by Income Category 14Table 2.1 Top five countries in terms of SDG targets achieved or on track,and those with the greatest percentage of targets showing a reversal in progress 24Table 3.1 National government eff

39、orts to implement the SDGs,survey results 49Table 3.2 Scorecard Transformation 1:Universal quality education and innovation-based economy 56Table 3.2 Scorecard Transformation 1:Universal quality education and innovation-based economy 56Table 3.3 Scorecard Transformation 2:Universal health coverage 5

40、7Table 3.4 Scorecard Transformation 3:Zero-carbon energy systems 59Table 3.5 Scorecard Transformation 6:Transformation to universal digital access and services 62Table 3.6 Measuring government SDG efforts and commitments:scores,ranks and performance by pillar 72Table A.1 New indicators and modificat

41、ions 93Table A.2 Major indicator and data gaps for the SDGs 94Table A.3 Countries excluded from the 2023 SDG Index due to insufficient data 96Table A.4 Indicators included in the Sustainable Development Report 2023 101Table A.5 Indicator thresholds and justifications for optimal values 111Table A.6

42、Indicators used for SDG Trends and period for trend estimation 116List of BoxesBox 2.1 The SDG Index and Dashboards 23Box 2.2 Explaining the SDG Index with a handful of key indicators 35Box 3.1 The OECD,SDSN and the European Committee of the Regions survey of city and regional SDG policies in a time

43、 of crisis 60Box 4.1 GIS for the SDGs:Assessing pedestrian accessibility in urban areas 81Box 4.2 GIS for the SDGs:Assessing accessibility to all-season roads in rural areas 82Box 4.3 The long-standing partnership between the European Economic and Social Committee(EESC)and the SDSN to advance polici

44、es and data for the SDGs in the EU 83Box 4.4 SDG Index and Dashboards:global,regional,and subnational editions(20162023)85Box 4.5 Cooperation between SDSN and the Government of the Republic of Benin in the context of the issuance of the first African SDG Bond 86Box 4.6 Partnership between SDSN and U

45、N Resident Coordinators in SIDS 87Figure 4.1 Map of Brazzaville,Republic of Congo,and Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of the Congo,showcasing the scale at which calculations are performed(100 m2 grid).79Figure 4.2 Diagram of a motorable road with the two-kilometer buffer applied,identifying rural popul

46、ations living within and outside the buffer area 80Figure 4.3 Example of the method as applied in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo 80Figure 4.4 Statistical Performance Indicators(SPI):Overall Score,2016-2022 87Figure A.1 The Four-arrow system for denoting SDG trends 99Figure A.2 Graphic repres

47、entation of the methodology for SDG trends 99viSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusExecutive SummaryAt the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda,all of the SDGs are seriously off track.From 2015 to 2019,the world made some progress on the SDGs,although this was already vastly insu

48、fficient to achieve the goals.Since the outbreak of the pandemic in 2020 and other simultaneous crises,SDG progress has stalled globally.In most high-income countries(HICs),automatic stabilizers,emergency expenditure,and recovery plans mitigated the impacts of these multiple crises on socioeconomic

49、outcomes.Only limited progress is being made on the environmental and biodiversity goals,including SDG 12(Responsible Consumption and Production),SDG 13(Climate Action),SDG14(Life Below Water),and SDG 15(Life on Land),even in countries that are largely to blame for the climate and biodiversity crise

50、s.The disruptions caused by these multiple crises has aggravated fiscal-space issues in low-income countries(LICs)and in lower-middle income countries(LMICs),leading to a reversal in progress on several goals and indicators.Despite this alarming development,the SDGs are still achievable.None of thei

51、r objectives are beyond our reach.The world is off track,but that is all the more reason to double down on the SDGs.At their core,the SDGs are an investment agenda:it is critical that UN Member States adopt and implement the SDG Stimulus and support a comprehensive reform of the global financial arc

52、hitecture.To achieve the SDGs the world must both alter its current investment patterns and increase the overall volume of investments.The Stimulus urgent objective is to address the chronic shortfall of international SDG financing confronting the LICs and LMICs,and to ramp up financing flows by at

53、least US$500 billion by 2025.This years report also highlights six priorities to reform the complex system of public and private finance that channels the worlds savings to its investments what is known as the Global Financial Architecture:1.Greatly increase funding to national and subnational gover

54、nments and private businesses,especially in LICs and LMICs,to carry out needed SDG investments.2.Revise the credit rating system and debt sustainability metrics to facilitate long-term sustainable development.3.Revise liquidity structures for LICs and LMICs,especially regarding sovereign debts,to fo

55、restall self-fulfilling banking and balance-of-payments crises;4.Create ambitious,internationally-agreed upon criteria for sustainable finance that are mandatory for all public financial institutions.5.Align private business investment flows with the SDGs,through improved national planning,regulatio

56、n,reporting,and oversight.6.Reform current institutional frameworks and develop new mechanisms to improve the quality and speed of deployment of international cooperation,and monitor progress in an open and timely manner.All countries,poorer and richer alike,should use the half-way momentum to self-

57、critically review and revise their national SDG strategies and commit to strengthening multilateralism.National governments must ensure both domestic implementation of the SDGs,including the reduction of negative spillovers,and international implementation by building a global governance and financi

58、al architecture that delivers the SDGs.Building on SDSNs global survey of government efforts and commitment to the SDGs and third-party data,we highlight major differences across countries,including G20 countries,in their SDG strategies and commitment.Achieving the SDGs requires global cooperation g

59、uided by the United Nations Charter.In 2022,the United Nations Secretary-General appointed a High-Level Advisory Board(HLAB)on effective multilateralism,with a mandate to develop a list of concrete,actionable recommendations to improve international cooperation and advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustai

60、nable Development.We introduce in the report this year a pilot index of countries commitment to and support of multilateralism under the UN Charter.viiSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusExecutive SummaryFurther investment is needed in statistical capacity and data liter

61、acy to support long-term pathways for key SDG transformations.At the halfway mark to 2030,there remains a great deal of work to be done to improve the data and methods underlying the SDG indicator framework.Evidence suggests that since 2016 there has been only limited progress and convergence in cou

62、ntries statistical capacity,including LICs and LMICs,and that international funding for data and statistics fell between 2019 and 2021.Also,in an information-rich and post-truth environment,citizens and decision-makers need knowledge and tools to transform data and science into evidence,actions,and

63、long-term policies.According to major international studies,few teenagers can differentiate between a fact and an opinion.As underlined during the United Nations World Data Forum 2023 and in the 27 April Hangzhou Declaration,investing in statistical capacity,science,and data literacy are important p

64、riorities for achieving the SDGs.The SDSN and its global network will double-down on efforts to implement the SDGs by 2030 and beyond.The SDSN was created in 2012,soon after the Rio+20 Summit,to mobilize the worlds universities,think tanks,and national laboratories on behalf of the SDGs.SDSNs missio

65、n was fourfold:(i)scholarly research,(ii)educational innovation and partnerships,(iii)convening power,and(iv)outreach to the public.We are proud of our efforts since 2012 in these four areas.The SDSN is now a global network of more than 1,900 member organizations,mainly universities,organized in 53

66、national and regional chapters.Via science-based pathways and analytics,the SDSN supports discussions on SDG implementation at the global,regional,and national levels.These are available on the newly set up,open-access,SDG Transformation Center Portal.All UN Member States and UN agencies can count o

67、n the continued efforts and energies of the SDSN around the world to support all governments,businesses,and civil society in embracing and aligning with the SDGs on sustainable development.viiiSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusAIArtificial IntelligenceCAPIComputer Assi

68、sted Personal InterviewingCEPEICentro de Pensamiento Estratgico InternacionalCSACentral Statistics Agency(Ethiopia)CTGAPCape Town Global Action Plan for Sustainable Development DataCTGAPGlobal Action Plan for Sustainable Development DataDACDevelopment Assistance Committee of the OECDDANENational Adm

69、inistrative Department of Statistics(Colombia)DSSIDebt Service Suspension InitiativeEOEarth observationEUEuropean UnionFABLEFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,and Energy ConsortiumFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFELDFood,Environment,Land and Development Ac

70、tion TrackerG20Group of Twenty(intergovernmental forum comprising 19 countries and the European Union)G7Group of Seven(intergovernmental forum comprising Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,GDPGross domestic productGeoGlAMGroup on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring InitiativeGISGeograph

71、ic information systemHICHigh-income-countryHLABHigh-Level Advisory Board on Effective MultilateralismICAOInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationICLEILocal Governments for SustainabilityICSInternational Continence SocietyIFADInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentILOInternational Labour Org

72、anisationILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMFInternational Monetary FundIMFInternational Monetary Fund IMOInternational Maritime OrganizationITUand the International Telecommunication Union LACLatin American countriesLICLow-income countryLMICLower-middle-income countryLSMSLiving Standards Measure

73、ment StudyMDBMultilateral Development BankMENAMiddle East and North AfricaAcronyms and AbbreviationsixSustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusMRIOMulti-regional input-outputNBSNational Bureau of StatisticsNGONon-governmental organisationNSONational Statistic OfficeODAOfficia

74、l Development AssistanceOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentSDGSustainable Development GoalSDRSustainable Development ReportSDSNSustainable Development Solutions NetworkSIDSSmall Island Developing StatesSTATINStatistical Institute of JamaicaTReNDSThematic Research Network on Da

75、ta and StatisticsUCLGUnited Cit ies and Local GovernmentsUHCUniversal Health CoverageUMICUpper-middle-income countryUNDESA Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNThe United NationsUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNEPUnited Nations

76、Environment ProgrammeUNESCOUnited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFPAUnited Nations Population FundUNICEFUnited Nations Childrens FundUNICEFUnited Nations Childrens FundUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development Or

77、ganizationUnitedNations-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUNWTOWorld Tourism OrganizationUPUUniversal Postal UnionVNRVoluntary National ReviewWBGWorld Bank GroupWFPWorld Food Programme().WHOWorld Health OrganisationWHOWorld Health OrganizationWIPOWorld Intellectual Property Organizat

78、ionWMOWorld Meteorological OrganizationWTOWorld Trade OrganizationAcronyms and AbbreviationsHow to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN Framework11Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusHow to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkBy Members of the SDSN Leadership CouncilPart 1 H.E.Reem

79、Al HashimyDr.Sultan Al JaberDr.Anthony AnnettH.E.Mr.Shaukat AzizMs.Chandrika BahadurMr.Peter BakkerMr.Sam BarrattDr.Eugenie BirchMs.Irina BokovaMs.Micheline Calmy-ReyDr.Joshua CastellinoTan Sri Dato Seri Dr.Jeffrey CheahProf.Kieth Rethy ChhemMs.Jacqueline CorbelliMr.Ramu DamodaranMr.Jack DangermondM

80、s.Bineta DiopMr.David DonoghueMr.Hendrik du ToitMr.Jan EgelandH.E.Metropolitan EmmanuelMs.Patricia EspinosaH.E.Leonel Fernndez ReynaDr.Xiaolan FuDr.Stuart GibbDr.Ken GillerMs.Jennifer GrossSir Andrew HainesH.E.Tarja HalonenDr.James HansenMr.Olli-Pekka HeinonenDr.Naoko IshiiMr.Vuk JeremiDr.Pavel Kaba

81、tMr.Niclas Kjellstrm-MatsekeDr.Israel KlabinMr.Adolf Kloke-LeschDr.Siva KumariMr.Markos KyprianouDr.Upmanu LallDr.Felipe LarranLord Richard LayardDr.Frannie LautierDr.Klaus LeisingerDr.Justin Yifu LinDr.Gordon LiuMr.Siamak LoniMr.Mai LuDr.Jane LubchencoMrs.Graa MachelDr.Julia Marton-LefvreDr.Ramesh

82、MashelkarDr.Vladimir MauDr.Mariana MazzucatoH.E.Miguel ngel Moratinos CuyaubMs.Sam MostynMs.Claude NahonMr.Eddie NdopuDr.Rebecca NelsonDr.Joanna NewmanDr.Amadou NiangMs.Michelle NunnMs.Cherie NursalimMr.Joaquim Oliveira MartinsMr.Luiz Eduardo OsorioMs.Roza OtunbayevaMs.Mari PangestuH.E.George Papand

83、reouMr.Antonio PedroMr.Paul PolmanMr.Stefano QuintarelliMs.Sabina RattiDr.Srinath ReddyDr.Aromar ReviDr.Teresa RiberaDr.Angelo RiccaboniDr.Johan RockstrmRabbi David RosenDr.Joanna RubinsteinDr.Jeffrey SachsMonsignor Marcelo Snchez SorondoHH Muhammad Sanusi IIDr.Elly SchleinDr.Guido Schmidt-TraubDr.A

84、ndrew SteerDr.John ThwaitesDr.Lena Treschow-TorellDr.Laurence TubianaMr.Ted TurnerDr.Albert van JaarsveldDr.William VendleyDr.Virgilio VianaDr.Martin VisbeckMr.Forest WhitakerDr.Lan XueDr.Hirokazu YoshikawaDr.Hania Zlotnick Members of the SDSN Leadership Council2Sustainable Development Report 2023 I

85、mplementing the SDG StimulusOverview1.General Assembly Economic and Social Council,Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals:Towards a Rescue Plan for People and Planet,Report of the Secretary-General,Special Edition,May 2023.https:/hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/SDG%20Progress%20R

86、eport%20Special%20Edition.pdf2.United Nations Secretary-Generals SDG Stimulus to Deliver Agenda 2030,Feb 2023.https:/www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SDG-Stimulus-to-Deliver-Agenda-2030.pdfThis statement,issued by Members of the Leadership Council of the UN Sustainable De

87、velopment Solutions Network(SDSN),builds on the work of the SDSNs Secretariat and its global programs,as well as the work of its 1,900 member institutions,spanning all world regions.The grim reality is that at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda,the SDGs are far off track.At the global level,averaging a

88、cross countries,not a single SDG is currently projected to be met by 2030,with the poorest countries struggling the most.And global cooperation has ebbed as geopolitical tensions have risen.In response to this situation,United Nations Secretary-General Antnio Guterres has urged world leaders to come

89、 together at the 2023 SDG Summit in September to deliver a“Rescue Plan for People and Planet”.1 SDSN offers the following recommendations to accelerate progress over the remaining seven years to 2030,and to set even more ambitious targets to be achieved by 2050 under the SDG framework.As the worlds

90、nations prepare to meet in September to review the progress the world has made so far towards achieving the SDGs,at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda,SDSN emphasizes six areas for immediate action.I.Most urgently,UN Member States should adopt an SDG Stimulus,to close the massive financing gap faced by

91、 many developing economies.As called for by United Nations Secretary-General Antnio Guterres,2 the SDG Stimulus plan has five main components:1.Increased funding from the multilateral develop-ment banks(MDBs)and public development banks(PDBs)to low-and middle-income countries,linked to investments i

92、n the SDGs;2.Enhancement of relief for countries facing debt distress;3.Expansion of liquidity by the International Monetary Fund(IMF)and major central banks;4.Empowerment and expansion of the specialized global funds;and5.Expansion of private philanthropy with a focus on ultra-high-net-worth indivi

93、duals.II.UN Member States must endorse a deep and overdue reform of the global financial architecture.SDSN identifies six priorities for this reform:1.Greatly increased funding for national and subnational governments and private businesses in the emerging economies,especially the low-income countri

94、es(LICs)and lower-middle-income countries(LMICs),to carry out needed SDG actions;2.Revision of the credit-rating system and debt-sustainability metrics to facilitate long-term sustainable development;3.Revision of the liquidity structures for LICs and LMICs,especially regarding sovereign debt,to for

95、estall self-fulfilling banking and balance-of-payments crises;4.Creation of ambitious,internationally-agreed criteria for sustainable finance that are mandatory for all public financial institutions in high-income countries(HICs),middle-income countries(MICs),and LICs alike.5.Alignment of private bu

96、siness investment flows in all countries with the SDGs,through improved national planning,regulation,reporting,and oversight.6.A reform of current institutional frameworks and development of new and innovative mechanisms to improve the quality and speed of deployment of international cooperation,and

97、 the monitoring of progress in an open and timely manner.Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkOverview3Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusIII.All UN Member States should adopt long-term sustainable development pathways that provide a stepwise and medium-to l

98、ong-term approach to guide their sustainable development policies,not only to 2030 but to 2050,with particular focus on gender equality,social inclusion,and the principal of leave no one behind.We are facing a long-term set of challenges:resolving them must be the global priority for a generation to

99、 come.SDSN recommends that national pathways should include six key transformations:31.Universal quality education and innovation-based economy:a massive increase in investments in quality education and in science and technology innovation systems;2.Universal health access and coverage:an expansion

100、of health coverage to ensure universal access to both preventative and curative services;3.Zero-carbon energy systems:the transition by 2050 of energy systems to net-zero emissions;4.Sustainable ecosystems,sustainable agriculture,and climate resilience:the transition to sustainable land use,healthy

101、diets,and resilience to ongoing climate change;5.Sustainable cities:urban infrastructure and services to ensure productive,safe,inclusive,and healthful cities for a world that will be around 70percent urbanized in 2050;6.Transformation to universal digital access and services:actions by governments

102、at all levels to ensure universal access to digital services including online payments,finance,telemedicine,online education,and others,while ensuring privacy and online safety.3.Sachs,J.D.,Schmidt-Traub,G.,Mazzucato,M.et al.Six Transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.Nat Sustai

103、n 2,805814(2019).https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9 IV.All UN Member States should present,at regular intervals,their national SDG frameworks in the form of Voluntary National Reviews(VNRs).To date,188 of the 193 UN Member States have already presented VNRs.Five countries(Haiti,Myanmar,South S

104、udan,the United States,and Yemen)have yet to do so,and should prepare to do so with urgency.V.All UN Member States should recommit to peaceful cooperation,in the service of the SDGs and all other multilateral agreements.Current geopolitical tensions are hindering SDG achievement and diverting financ

105、ial and human resources away from sustainable development.Global spending on armaments,estimated at US$2.2 trillion in 2022,dwarfs financing for the SDGs and climate change.SDSN calls on all nations to renounce violence,live within the United Nations Charter,and settle conflicts through diplomacy,es

106、pecially through the UN Security Council.VI.UN Member States should commit to accelerating SDG progress to 2030,and to setting even more ambitious SDG targets to 2050,incorporating the recent Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework and the High Seas Treaty.The report that follows offers SDSNs update

107、 on the state of the SDGs at their mid-point,highlighting the growing dangers of adverse environmental,social,and economic“tipping points”and identifying key ways that the global community can and should accelerate SDG progress.1.The SDSN Framework4Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing th

108、e SDG StimulusIntroductionThe SDGs are facing strong headwinds.Despite significant efforts in some places,national governments on all continents have fallen short in integrating the SDGs into national policies and public investments.Moreover,societal polarization,populism,and growing geopolitical co

109、nflict are hindering the global cooperation needed to achieve the SDGs.Civil society,including academic institutions,is becoming more constrained in the midst of intensifying political tensions.The international financial architecture is failing to channel global savings to SDG investments at the ne

110、eded pace and scale.We emphasize that achieving the SDGs rests on five pillars of good governance:1.Preparing long-term SDG pathways to guide public policy;2.Ensuring SDG financing at the necessary scale and timing;3.Promoting global cooperation and reducing geopolitical conflict and tension;4.Suppo

111、rting innovation to broaden social inclusion and environmental sustainability;5.Regular reporting on SDG progress and performance.The SDGs are not only a public policy framework;they are an ethical imperative.They are grounded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,which celebrates its 75th an

112、niversary this year.The SDGs are based on its core premises;that“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood,”and that“it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations.”As the Universal D

113、eclaration makes clear,and the SDGs make explicit,social justice and sustainable development require the full realization of the rights of all people.This includes equality of opportunities for girls and women(SDG5),respect for the rights and voice of Indigenous peoples around the world,and a much l

114、arger role for young people,who will face the consequences of our(in)actions throughout the 21st century.The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network(SDSN)is dedicated to finding and amplifying practical solutions to achieve the SDGs and closely-related global goals(such as the Paris climate agr

115、eement and the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework).We emphasize that all these global goals are interrelated and must be achieved together.Members of the SDSN Leadership Council offer the following assessments and recommendations to the UN Member States,the United Nations Agencies,international

116、 finance institutions,business,and civil society,based on more than a decade of research,measurement,advising,and partnerships across the world.4.Hansen,James et al.2002.Earths Energy Imbalance and Climate Response Time.http:/www.columbia.edu/jeh1/mailings/2022/EarthEnergyImbalance.22December2022.pd

117、fDire shortfalls in meeting the SDGs The SDGs are seriously off track(Figure 1.1).SDG progress was already very slow in the five years to 2020.According to the annual SDG Index,global achievement of the SDGs rose only slightly,from 64percent in 2015 to 66percent in 2019 far too slowly to meet the go

118、als by 2030,and with highly uneven progress within and between countries.Then with the onset of the pandemic,progress stopped.As of 2022,the global SDG Index is below 67%.At current trends,based on simple projections,there is a risk that the gap in SDG outcomes between HICs and LICs will be wider in

119、 2030(29 points)than it was in 2015(28 points).This means that we are at risk of losing a decade of progress towards convergence globally(Figure 1.2).The multiple geopolitical crises in the world today will no doubt place further obstacles on the path to 2030.If we look at each of the 17 individual

120、SDGs,not a single SDG is projected to be met at the global level.The world is also seriously off track to meet the Paris agreement climate targets and SDG13(Figure 1.3).Global warming as of 2022 stood at 1.2C,with warming continuing at more than 0.3C per decade.4 At this rate,the likelihood of overs

121、hooting 1.5C,even within a decade,is very strong.According to the UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2022,current policies put the world on track Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkDire shortfalls in meeting the SDGs 5Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulusto reaching

122、a disastrous 2.8C warming by 2100.5 Current Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)targets,if implemented,would still lead to around 2.4C warming by 2100.Even taking the net-zero pledges of many countries into account,best-case scenarios given current pledges would lead to around 1.8C warming by 210

123、0.Biodiversity targets(SDG15 and targets agreed under the CBD)are also at grave risk.All dimensions of biodiversity,including species abundance,species diversity,and the functioning of ecosystems,are under threat.It has been announced that the current loss of species rate is 1,00010,000 times more t

124、han the natural extinction rate.A combination of land-use change(e.g.,dramatic increases of tropical deforestation),global warming,and pollution are driving more and more species,including entire families and orders of species,towards mass extinction.At the same time,Indigenous peoples who 5.UNEP.20

125、22.Emissions Gap Report.Available at https:/www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022.have been safeguarding and stewarding these resources for millennia are facing greater threats than ever.Water scarcity affects more than 40%of the worlds population.An estimated 1.8 billion people depend on

126、 drinking water contaminated by human waste.Unsustainable water management practices,including chemical discharges into water supply systems for irrigation,affect the functioning of ecosystems services.Global resource consumption assessments for rare earth elements are critical.Although reserves of

127、these elements do not exist in concentrated clusters which make them inefficient for mining certain countries are quite dominant in this field,producing 98%of the worlds supply.As demand for rare earth elements is increasing tremendously,their scarcity is becoming more evident.Ocean goods and servic

128、es(SDG14 and the High Seas Treaty)are at severe risk due to full-to over-exploitation Figure 1.1 SDG Index world average:pre-pandemic trend and trend needed to achieve the SDGs by 2030Note:Pre-pandemic trend corresponds to the extrapolated annual growth rate over the period 20152019.See Part 2 for f

129、urther details.Source:Authors analysis5560657075808590951002010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030World AveragePre-pandemic trendTrend needed to achieve the SDGs1.The SDSN Framework6Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the

130、SDG Stimulusof nearly 90%of global fish stocks.6 The crises facing our oceans are unabated,multidimensional,and complex.These crises include the destruction of fisheries through over-fishing and the deployment of destructive technologies(such as ocean trawling);the destruction of coastal wetland eco

131、systems;the mass pollution of estuaries through fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus(causing eutrophication)and other chemical pollutants;acidification of the oceans(with an increase of 30%over the last 50 years due to rising atmospheric concentrations of CO27);pollution of the high seas(including plas

132、tic waste and microplastics in marine food chains);the slowdown of ocean circulation due to climate change;explosions of invasive marine species due to increased shipping facilities;and rising sea levels(including the growing possibility of a rapid,multi-metre sea-level rise caused by the disintegra

133、tion of parts of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets).Inland fisheries are also experiencing similar challenges.6.The World Bank.2017.Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals.https:/datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgatlas/archive/2017/SDG-14-life-below-water.html 7.Smithsonian Institution.2018.Ocean Acid

134、ification.https:/ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification The 2021 UN Food Systems Summit raised many urgent concerns around improving the sustainability,affordability,and quality of food across the world(SDG2).Overall,the Food Systems Summit highlighted the need for an inte-grated

135、and global approach to addressing food systems challenges,including food security,rural development,the reduction of food waste,transparency along the value chain,sustainable diets,and the fight against climate change.Providing quality education(SDG4)for all children is perhaps the single most impor

136、tant key to achieving sustainable development in the long term.The UN General Assemblys Transforming Education Summit held in September 2022 was a critical meeting to spur national and global efforts to transform education to give all people the skills and knowledge to end poverty,protect the enviro

137、nment,and build peaceful and inclusive societies.8 And yet,the truth remains that hundreds of millions of children are either out of school entirely or receiving such an under-funded and under-resourced education that they are failing to achieve basic literacy and numeracy even after several years o

138、f education.8.UN Transforming Education Summit,2022,https:/www.un.org/en/transforming-education-summit Figure 1.2 Observed and projected gaps in SDG Index score between HICs and LICs(in percentage points)Note:Projected gap by 2030 is based on extrapolation of annual growth rate on the SDG Index over

139、 the period 2019-2021.Pre-pandemic projected gap is based on an extrapolation of SDG Index annual growth rates over the period 2015-2019.Source:Authors analysisGap in 2015Gap in 2022Projected gap by 2030(current trend)Projected gap by 2030(pre-pandemic trend)222324252627282930Part 1.How to Achieve t

140、he SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkPlanetary boundaries and geophysical tipping points7Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusPlanetary boundaries and geophysical tipping pointsHumanity is eroding the biological and physical resilience of Earths physical systems by transgressing env

141、ironmental limits that endanger their functioning:the“planetary boundaries”that regulate the Earth system.The latest scientific assessments indicate that six of the nine planetary boundaries have been breached.The scientific evidence points to global risks well beyond climate change,including the lo

142、ss of biodiversity and ecological functions,changes in natural land use configuration,overuse of both green and blue water,overloading of nitrogen and phosphorus,and widespread chemical pollution.One of the most ominous aspects of this rampant,and still uncontrolled,heedlessness is the likelihood of

143、 reaching multiple dire tipping points in the Earths physical systems.Scientists have identified a large number of extremely dangerous potential tipping points,with linkages and dependencies across the different planetary boundaries.Tipping points are characterized by a non-linear response to gradua

144、l human forcings.Human-induced global warming could hit several tipping points that may in turn lead to further feedbacks(amplifications)of the warming.For example,as the Earth warms,sea ice melts,reducing the reflectance of solar radiation back into space and accelerating the warming.Similarly,melt

145、ing permafrost in the Tundra could release massive stores of CO2 and methane,leading to rapid further warming.Another Figure 1.3 Projected global warming under alternative policy scenarios9 2C pathway1.5C pathwayCurrent policies scenario:2.8C(66%chance)Estimated global warming over the twenty-first

146、centuryConditional NDC scenario:2.4C(66%chance)Unconditional NDC scenario:2.6C(66%chance)Unconditional NDC scenario with net-zero targets:1.8C(66%chance)GtCO2eConditional NDC scenario with net-zero targets:1.8C(66%chance)2010 policies scenarioArea of figure 4.2Indicative emissions gap to 2C and 1.5C

147、 pathways for the conditional NDC scenarioIndicative emissions gap to 2C and 1.5C pathways for the unconditional NDC scenario20100304050607020152020202520302035204020452050Source:UNEP,Emissions Gap Report 20221.The SDSN Framework8Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulustippi

148、ng point would be the collapse of the worlds rainforests due to warming(and associated drying)in the Amazon,Congo,and other tropical regions,which would release a massive new load of CO2 into the atmosphere.Others include slowing or stopping the global ocean(thermohaline)circulation,and significant

149、loss of coral reefs.10 Each of these potential tipping points would lead to global disaster on an unprecedented scale.The interconnected environmental,social,and health challenges can be characterized as a planetary health crisis,caused by human activities such as industrialization,urbanization,defo

150、restation,and the burning of fossil fuels.The consequences of inaction in the face of this crisis are significant and far-reaching,affecting both the natural systems that sustain life on Earth and the well-being of human societies.9.UNEP.2022.Emissions Gap Report.Available at https:/www.unep.org/res

151、ources/emissions-gap-report-2022.10.David I.Armstrong McKay,et al.,Exceeding 1.5C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points.Science 377,eabn7950(2022).DOI:10.1126/science.abn7950Grave dangers of social tipping pointsUnless the SDGs are actively pursued,geophysical tipping points c

152、ombined with technological disruptions could ignite disastrous social conflicts within and between nations.We must therefore acknowledge the real risk of negative“social tipping points”beyond which peaceful governance and co-existence breaks down,as it did in World War I and World War II.We firmly b

153、elieve that international cooperation together with the achievement of the SDGs is the best preventative to this dire and growing risk,and represent an opportunity to create positive social tipping points:for example,through equal access to high-quality education(SDG4),and by fighting all forms of i

154、nequalities,including income and wealth inequalities(SDG10).We see across societies that inequalities are rising.Environmental crises weigh most heavily on the poorest and most marginalized individuals.At the same time,technological advances such as artificial intelligence and robotics have the pote

155、ntial to eliminate many working-class and professional jobs.The COVID-19 pandemic also severely depleted trust in governments.Many societies,and not only the poorest ones,are facing increased crises of governance,marked by political and social instability,general strikes,and a further loss of public

156、 confidence in government.Although all governments are in principle committed to economic justice as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,and to the SDG tenets of leave no one behind and reach the furthest behind first,too few are living up to these commitments,especially as powerf

157、ul groups block adequate public support for weaker groups.In her 2022 report on the SDGs,E.Tendayi Achiume UNSpecial Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance noted that racism and racial discrimination are key barriers to sustainable develop

158、ment,and called attention to the failure of some States to collect disaggregated data on race,ethnicity,indigeneity,and migration status in the context of the 2030 Agenda.She noted however that,while disrupting the dynamic ofracially discriminatory underdevelopment may require a greater transformati

159、on than is possible at this moment,the SDGs held untapped potential to advance both development and non-discrimination.The reports recommendations include calling for more racially-disaggregated SDG indicators and for dialogue with stakeholders on how to use these indicators to better allocate resou

160、rces and prioritize the inclusion of marginalized peoples.11The geopolitical situation today is certainly the most conflictual in decades,perhaps since World War II.The rise of China has led to great tension between it and the 11.Achiume,T.E.(2022).2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the Sustain

161、able Development Goals and the fight against racial discrimination.Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance.A/HRC/50/60(13 June8 July 2022),available from https:/www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5060-2030

162、-agenda-sustainable-development-sustainable-development.Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkInvesting in the SDGs 9Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusUnited States,and much of the world is trying to adjust to the strains between these two major economies.Th

163、e disastrous war in Ukraine has further destabilized and divided the worlds nations.There are calls in many countries to increase military budgets,even as the SDGs are woefully underfunded at home and internationally.New records on global military spending were reached in 2022,totaling US$2.2 trilli

164、on,even as the most basic social services were under grave stress in many countries.Economic tipping points could accompany or be triggered by environmental,social,governance,and geopolitical tipping points.Banking failures are a prime example of an economic tipping point:the national economy deteri

165、orates to the point where a financial crisis is triggered,in turn pushing the economy into a massive downturn.This was seen in the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession of 2008.Similarly,extreme poverty can lead to a collapse of tax revenues,followed by government bankruptcy and furt

166、her economic collapse,a syndrome that now threatens dozens of poor countries.12.Sachs JD,Schmidt-Traub G,Lafortune G.,2020.Speaking truth to power about the SDGs,Nature.https:/ in the SDGs Despite this ominous news,the SDGs are still achievable.None of their objectives are beyond our reach.12 Yes,th

167、e world is off-track,but that is all the more reason to double-down on the goals,rather than surrendering to human-made shortfalls in achieving them.Our future remains in our hands.At their core,the SDGs are an investment agenda.In the most basic terms,the world must devote an increased portion of c

168、urrent output to building up sustainable capital assets for the future,and must deploy such assets effectively.Sustainable capital assets are long-lasting capital resources that can enable the world to meet the agreed goals of economic well-being,social justice,and environmental sustainability.The w

169、orld must both shift its current investment patterns and increase the overall investment flow in order to build the future we want.Development practitioners have identified eight major kinds of capital assets:1.Human capital:The skills and health of a productive citizenry,supported by universal heal

170、th access and coverage,quality education,shared data and knowledge,promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence,global citizenship,and the appreciation of cultural diversity.2.Infrastructure:Energy production and distribution,land and sea transport,telecommunications,digital information services

171、,public buildings(e.g.,schools and hospitals),and safe water and sanitation.3.Natural capital:The capacity and healthy functioning of ecosystems,to be protected by ending human-induced climate change,protecting biodiversity,sustainably managing freshwater resources,and eliminating toxic pollutants.4

172、.Innovation capital:The stock of intellectual property and data resulting from public and private research and development,creative cultural works,and responsibly governed and managed emerging technologies.5.Business capital:Goods and services of true social value derived from utilizing the machiner

173、y,buildings,information resources,and other capital assets that underpin business productivity.6.Social capital:Social trust and pro-social values,good governance and justice,freedom of speech and the press,trusted scientific capabilities,and international cooperation.7.Urban capital:Spatial human s

174、ettlements,notably in urban areas,that drive and support productive and creative interactions across the other seven capital assets.8.Cultural capital:Appreciation of the diversity of cultures,value systems,languages,the traditional knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples,and artistic expressions.Th

175、ese capital assets are complementary;that is,they work together in a mutually-supportive manner.A business cannot be productive if its workers lack skills and health,or if there is no electricity,piped water,1.The SDSN Framework10Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulustrans

176、port,or digital access.A society cannot function peacefully if there is a breakdown of social capital.A city cannot function without water.Challenges such as decarbonization cannot be met with existing technologies alone,and so depend on continued innovation and scientific research,especially in cou

177、ntries where investment is low.There is no hope of achieving global food security for more than eight billion people unless Earths natural capital is protected.And there is no hope for global peace unless there is respect for,and investment in,cultural capital and cultural diversity.To achieve the S

178、DGs,the world must invest boldly,amply,and consistently in all eight kinds of capital.These investments must involve both governments and corporations.For example,while business capital is mainly the purview of the private sector,human capital is mainly the purview of the public sector.Governments t

179、oo must take the lead in protecting natural capital,while civil society especially must promote social and cultural capital,including mutual understanding across cultures and nations.Infrastructure capital and innovation capital tend to be financed roughly equally by the public and private sectors.F

180、or example,governments tend to finance power transmission grids,while the private sector tends to finance power generation.Governments generally finance basic scientific research,while businesses focus on applied R&D.Parallel to investing in the SDGs,the world needs to stop investing in activities t

181、hat threaten planetary boundaries,destroy human and natural capital,and harm social cohesion.Curtailing the extraction and use of fossil fuels is of paramount importance.To curb harmful investments,regulatory measures,including fair and sustainable taxation and the dismantling of unsustainable subsi

182、dies,need to be an integral element of the SDG investment agenda.In 2022,the United Nations Secretary-General appointed a High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism,with a mandate to develop a list of concrete,actionable recommendations to improve international cooperation and advance th

183、e 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Boards 2023 report lists six areas for action that are directly aligned with the SDGs and SDSNs recommendations:rebuilding trust in multilateralism,safeguarding our planet and its people,scaling up and improving the efficacy of global finance,improving d

184、ata systems and their governance,and promoting peace.1313.High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism(HLAB),2022.A Breakthrough for People and Planet:Effective and Inclusive Global Governance for Today and the Future,https:/www.highleveladvisoryboard.org/breakthrough Failures(and some suc

185、cesses)of national SDG governance The most important level of decision-making remains the nation-state.Nation-states hold the primary responsibility for achieving the SDGs.They are members of the United Nations and the signatories of United Nations treaties.They hold juridical responsibility for imp

186、lementing treaty agreements and the rest of the United Nations architecture,including the United Nations Charter,the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,and the SDGs.National governments must ensure both the domestic implementation of the SDGs,including the reduction of negative spillovers,and int

187、ernational implementation by building a global governance and financial architecture that delivers the SDGs.Crucially,national government must also work with subnational governments to implement the SDG agenda at the local level,including sustainable urban infrastructure,delivery of social services,

188、and ensuring safe communities.Virtually all governments of the world have embraced the SDGs in principle.188 of 193 UN Member States have submitted VNRs for comment by the other nations.Only five countries,notably the United States,Haiti,Myanmar,South Sudan,and Yemen,have never presented VNRs.Four o

189、f these countries are wracked by violence and poverty.The case of the United States stands as a glaring exception.The Nordic countries and European Union have shown considerable support for the SDGs.So too have many developing countries in the G20.However,many governments of developing countries hav

190、e made Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkFailures(and some successes)of national SDG governance 11Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulusonly low to moderate SDG commitments,although of course these countries have also not received the financing needed to sup

191、port the Goals.14 In many cases,national SDG strategies remain disconnected from core government policies and priorities.These are some of the findings of SDSNs annual(2023)survey on government efforts and commitments for the SDGs,which is conducted in close cooperation with our global network of ex

192、perts and practitioners.Of 74 governments analyzed,we see large differences in terms of government efforts and commitments(see Part 3).The greatest responsibility for achieving the SDGs and safeguarding the planetary boundaries lies with the G20 members.These countries represent more than 80%of glob

193、al GDP,around 70%of the worlds forests,more than 60%of the earths population,and more than 50%of its landmass.The G20 countries account for 90%of global lignite and coal extraction and more than 60%of global oil and gas production.The United States,as the worlds biggest economy in terms of GDP at ma

194、rket prices and its biggest oil and gas producer,has a responsibility both to itself and to the rest of the world to immediately embark on an ambitious transformation towards the SDGs,as well as towards other global climate and biodiversity goals.With the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act,the Biden gover

195、nment announced its intention to reduce carbon emissions by roughly 40percent from 2005 levels by 2030,although there are growing concerns that outcomes will lag behind these goals,due in part to the legislations lack of an agreed national financing strategy other than tax credits.This and other pol

196、icy measures fall short,however,of the scope and ambition of the SDGs.Overall,the United States has so far shown very little commitment to the SDGs.We call on the United States to formulate an SDG action plan and to present a VNR to the High-Level Political Forum.The European Union the worlds second

197、-largest economy and its major lignite producer has produced 14.Lafortune,G.,Fuller,G.,Bermont Diaz,L.,Kloke-Lesch,A.,Koundouri,P.,Riccaboni,A.(2022).Achieving the SDGs:Europes Compass in a Multipolar World.Europe Sustainable Development Report 2022.SDSN and SDSN Europe.France:Paris.https:/eu-dashbo

198、ards.sdgindex.orgthe European Green Deal(EGD),which is exemplary in many regards.Many EU member states demonstrate a high or moderate SDG commitment.The EGD embraces an EU-wide set of goals,timelines to 2050,and financing strategies across major dimensions of the SDGs:energy decarbonization,climate

199、resilience,circular economy(to cut pollution),sustainable agriculture(the“farm-to-fork”strategy),digital access,and innovation.EU-wide financial resources,notably the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility,were mobilized to support the EGD.The European Regional Development Fund,which provides the EU co

200、hesion funds,is also directed towards the EGD.The Horizon Europe program and EU Missions in Horizon Europe catalyze the EUs efforts to stimulate innovation and identify concrete solutions for the EGD.However,the EGD and EU policies at large lack a comprehensive alignment to the SDGs,politically agre

201、ed targets for many SDG indicators,and clarity on how to achieve the SDGs.The EU has also highlighted the strategic role of the private sector in achieving the SDGs,by implementing a new directive asking companies to publish sustainability reports and,in particular in the food sector,by promoting th

202、e“Code of Conduct on Responsible Food Business and Marketing Practices”,a tool for setting out the actions that agri-food companies can voluntarily commit to in order to tangibly improve and communicate their sustainability performance.SDSNs Europe SDR emphasizes the importance of living up to the a

203、mbitions of the EGD and the SDGs,both inside the EU as well as in the EUs foreign actions,despite the multiple crises faced.15 In July 2023,the EU is set to present its first Union-wide voluntary review at the United Nations.This presents a good opportunity for the EU to send a strong message to the

204、 international community,and to demonstrate its commitment to and leadership on the SDGs.China,as the worlds largest economy in purchasing-power-adjusted terms and its biggest coal producer,intends to implement the SDGs by integrating them into its medium and long-term national development strategie

205、s,such as its five-year plans.China has already presented two VNRs to the HLPF(2016 and 2021).The 15.ibid.1.The SDSN Framework12Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulus14th five-year plan referred to the 2030 Agenda mainly in the context of international cooperation.Recently

206、,China has reiterated its support for the SDGs,such as in greening its Belt and Road Initiative and launching the Global Development Initiative as a worldwide effort.A key measure for China will be the explicit integration of the SDGs domestic and international implementation into the 15th five-year

207、 plan(20262030).Some other G20 countries have shown weak commitments to the SDGs in recent years.Many of the poor performers,such as Brazil,recently elected new governments that have staked out a far more ambitious position vis-vis the SDGs.We urge all G20 governments to show the leadership required

208、 of them.Most of the low-income and lower-middle income countries,home to more than the half of humanity,face major challenges in achieving most of the SDGs by 2030.Many of them lack an adequately high SDG commitment,and almost all lack access to the necessary financial means to implement the SDGs.A

209、t the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda,all countries,poorer and richer alike,should use the half-way momentum to self-critically review and revise their national strategies,using the principles of the 2030 Agenda(transformative,integrated,inclusive,leaving no one behind)as a yardstick.Across the globe,we

210、 need to leave the comfort zones of political leaders and question the obstacles of outmoded ideologies,habits,and weak governance.We also need responsible business leadership leaving their comfort zone to establish SDG-compatible business models and appropriate business governance.1616.Leisinger,Kl

211、aus M.Integrity in Business and Society,CRTpublications,Minneapolis,United States,December 2021.Failures of global governance Achieving the SDGs will require a transformative global approach.Yet current methods and mechanisms for implementing the Agenda largely reflect pre-2015 world realities and a

212、re far from meeting the universality and transformative ambition of the SDGs.Four basic failures stand out:First,implementation is largely left to the national level and on a voluntary basis,without effective multilateral enforcement mechanisms in place.Second,developed countries are not being held

213、to account,neither for their adverse spillovers,nor for ensuring adequate flows of financing for sustainable development.Third,the rules governing trade and international finance are not geared towards the SDGs.For example,globalized trade rules for cleantech could accelerate the energy transition a

214、nd offer protections to workers,however such rules have not been negotiated or agreed upon.Unifying international business ecosystems could similarly improve industrial supply chains,particularly by leveraging artificial intelligence.And fourth,national governments typically lack vertical coordinati

215、on with subnational governments for SDG implementation.Both the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Climate Agreement established mechanisms to encourage and monitor their implementation by nation-states.However,experience so far with VNRs and Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),respectively,demonstrate

216、 that these mechanisms despite some progress have not delivered the effort necessary to achieve global goals.Even the progress on consistent national reporting on SDG indicators is inadequate.There are no assessments or recommendations by the respective secretariats or decision-making bodies on the

217、adequacy or further enhancement of national implementation,let alone measures of enforcement.This is especially important for those SDGs where national(non-)compliance has significant externalities for the global community and avoiding threats to the planetary boundaries.There are lessons to be lear

218、ned from international agreements in other fields like trade,human rights,or international peace and security;these can be translated and refined to support sustainable development.Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkFailures of the global financial architecture13Sustainable Development

219、 Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusFailures of the global financial architectureThe“global financial architecture”(GFA)refers to the complex system of public and private finance that channels the worlds saving to the worlds investment.The GFA includes multilateral institutions(for example,IMF

220、 and World Bank),national and local budgets,public borrowing and debts,and private equity and debt financing.Financial institutions that intermediate savings and investment play a key role,including national and multilateral development banks(publicly owned banks that borrow from capital markets to

221、on-lend funds to public and private entities),sovereign wealth funds,private-sector banks,insurance funds,pension funds,asset management funds,venture capital,credit rating agencies,and others.The global financial architecture falls short in the following six ways:1.Deep,chronic,and crippling under-

222、investment in virtually all low-income countries(LICs)and lower-middle-income countries(LMICs).In 2022,Investment per person in the LICs averaged a meagre US$175 per person,compared with US$11,535 per person in the HICs.(Table1.1).In fact,investment as a share of GDP was lower in the LICs(20.9%)than

223、 in all other income categories.The poor are consequently languishing in poverty.2.Most LICs and LMICs(and many small-island developing states SIDS,including those that are UMICs)lack the credit ratings to borrow on acceptable terms(Table 1.2)3.LICs,LMICs,and SIDS are highly vulnerable to self-fulfi

224、lling liquidity crises and balance of payments crises,making it nearly impossible for these countries to implement a long-term sustainable investment strategy.4.HICs are able to mobilize vast financial resources very quickly,as seen during the 2008 financial crisis,the pandemic,and the war in Ukrain

225、e.Yet they are not prepared to mobilize such resources for global sustainable development,despite the urgency and previous promises regarding development assistance and climate financing.5.Private capital markets continue to direct large flows of private saving to unsustainable technologies and prac

226、tices,delaying decarbonization of the worlds energy system and underpinning destruction of the worlds ecosystems.6.International cooperation is trapped by bureaucratic institutional frameworks that reduce the speed,efficacy,and efficiency of funding to meet the SDGs,and that fail to provide the fram

227、ework for large-scale SDG financing.It is widely recognized that the world needs to overhaul the GFA.Such an overhaul should address the failures above and aim to achieve six objectives:1.Greatly increase funding to national and subnational governments and private businesses in the emerging economie

228、s,especially the LICs and LMICs,to carry out the needed investments.2.Revise the credit rating system and debt sustainability metrics to facilitate long-term sustainable development.3.Revise liquidity structures for LICs,LMICs,and SIDS,especially regarding sovereign debts,to forestall self-fulfillin

229、g banking and balance-of-payments crises.4.Create ambitious and internationally-agreed upon criteria for sustainable finance that are mandatory for all public financial institutions in HICs,MICs,and LICs alike.5.Align private business investment flows in all countries with the SDGs,through improved

230、national planning,regulation,reporting,and oversight.6.Reform current institutional frameworks and develop new,innovative mechanisms to improve the quality and speed of deployment of international cooperation,and monitor progress in an open and timely manner.1.The SDSN Framework14Sustainable Develop

231、ment Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusSDSNs strategy to achieve the SDGsOverhauling global governance mechanisms and the global financial architecture is fundamental to unlocking needed investments for sustainable development and ending non-sustainable practices.The GFA includes not only str

232、ictly financial mechanisms,but also public policies regarding budgets and regulation.Moreover,public policies must be pursued at all levels:globally through treaties such as the UNFCCC;regionally,such as through the European Union,the African Union,and Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN);n

233、ationally,through national plans and budgets;and locally,at the provincial and city level,including through city networks.The GFA also requires alignment of the private sector with the SDGs,brought about through regulation,incentives(such as tax incentives or carbon pricing),and management practices

234、.The SDG policy agenda is complex.The SDGs call for lasting,long-term,directed change.For governments to combine the objectives of economic development,social inclusion,transparency,energy decarbonization,climate adaptation,water resources and sanitation,biodiversity conservation,digital access,gend

235、er equality,circular economy,over-harvesting,universal Table 1.1 Global Population,Investment,and GDP by World Bank Income Category(%of World Total)PopulationInvestmentGDPLIC8.0%0.4%0.5%LMIC43.2%11.9%10.7%UMIC32.7%37.4%28.5%HIC16.1%50.3%60.3%Source:IMF World Economic Outlook,October 2022Number of UN

236、 Member StatesCountries with a Moodys ratingCountries with an investment-grade ratingCountries with an investment-grade rating,%Population with an investment-grade rating,%LIC28900.0%0.0%LMIC543635.6%52.8%UMIC52401019.2%70.2%HIC59524576.3%98.3%WORLD1931375830.1%60.5%Source:Moodys and World Bank(2023

237、)Table 1.2 Credit Ratings by Income Category Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkSDSNs strategy to achieve the SDGs15Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulushealth access and coverage,and universal(pre-primary,primary,and secondary)high-quality public education,

238、is daunting.These challenges are far more complex than the typical aims of government.They are long-term,technology-based,and capital intensive,replete with technological and political uncertainties,inherently a blend of public and private actions,and in need of coordinated investments and planning

239、with neighboring countries.SDSN puts a great emphasis on long-term national planning,to coordinate public investments,regulations,and incentive structures over a time horizon of 20-30 years.Our special emphasis is on pathway analysis to help governments and business design long-term investment plans

240、.For that reason,the SDSN first pioneered the concept of“Deep Decarbonization Pathways”in the lead-up to the Paris Agreement,to show governments how they could plan their energy investments during the time period 2015-2050.The SDSNs initiative contributed to the concept of Long-term Low-Emission Dev

241、elopment Strategies(LEDS)built into the Paris Agreement(Article4.19).All countries are to prepare and submit long-term LEDS for submission to the UNFCCC.SDSN also launched the Global Climate Hub to continue this work.17 SDSN is also leading global efforts,in cooperation with the Food and Land Use(FO

242、LU)Coalition and other partners,to define long-term sustainable food and land-use pathways via the Food,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,and Energy(FABLE)Consortium.18 SDSN has joined the Group on Earth Observations(GEO)19 as a Participating Organization,supporting the efforts of this voluntary int

243、ergovernmental community to focus national,international,and private sector investments in Earth observations on urgent SDG needs.17.SDSN Global Climate Hub.Website.Accessed May 16,2023.https:/unsdsn.globalclimatehub.org.18.Mosnier,A.,Schmidt-Traub,G.,Obersteiner,M.et al.How can diverse national foo

244、d and land-use priorities be reconciled with global sustainability targets?Lessons from the FABLE initiative.Sustain Sci 18,335345(2023).https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01227-7 19.Earth Observations.Available at:https:/earthobservations.org Long-term investment plans are essential for national suc

245、cess in meeting the SDGs.SDSN has recommended six inter-related long-term transformations:201.Universal quality education and innovation-based economy2.Universal health access and coverage3.Zero-carbon energy systems4.Sustainable ecosystems,sustainable agriculture,and climate resilience5.Sustainable

246、 cities6.Transformation to universal digital access and servicesEach of these challenges will require large-scale public and private investments to mid-century,technological transformation,and a sound financing strategy.None can be solved by the private sector alone;indeed,governments will have to t

247、ake the lead to design policy and financial frameworks within which business can profitably invest and innovate.The Sustainable Development Report 2023 identifies five levers to be deployed to bring about the necessary transformations:governance,economy and finance,individual and collective action,s

248、cience and technology,and capacity building.The development of financing strategies could be supported by using the methodology of integrated national financing frameworks,whichare already being developed in more than 80 countries globally.Planning for the long term,however,illuminates the global fi

249、nancial architectures Achilles heel.While the high-income countries(HICs)and upper-middle income countries(UMICs)can and should,in principle,finance these transformations via a combination of budget outlays,public-sector borrowing,and private financing(equity and debt),this is surely not true of the

250、 low-Income countries(LICs)and the lower middle-income countries 20.Sachs,J.D.,Schmidt-Traub,G.,Mazzucato,M.et al.Six Transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.Nat Sustain 2,805814(2019).https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9 1.The SDSN Framework16Sustainable Development Report

251、2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulus(LMICs).Careful research by the SDSN and the International Monetary Fund has revealed the very large financing gap facing nations in the poorer half of the world.21According to IMF estimates in 2019,the financing gap facing 57 low-income developing countries(LICs an

252、d LMICs that are eligible for IMF concessional financing)to cover very basic investments in health,education,power,roads,and water and sanitation was in the order of US$300 billion to US$500 billion per year.22 Even the most basic economic needs are currently out of reach for roughly half the world.

253、And these IMF estimates do not yet begin to include the full costs of energy decarbonization,climate adaptation,losses and damages from climate-related disasters,digital access,or urban infrastructure.Adding in these extra needs,the global SDG financing gap is perhaps US$1 trillion per year,or rough

254、ly 1%of gross world product(GWP)at market prices.As a rough rule of thumb based on work by SDSN and the IMF,the LICs need roughly 20%of their GDP in increased SDG investment outlays while the LMICs need roughly 10%,though precise amounts vary by country.To make sure that existing financial resources

255、 and the required additional resources are used for sustainable investments,international finance institutions must fully incorporate achieving the SDGs and safeguarding the planetary boundaries into their core mandates,and monitor these regarding all countries,poorer and richer alike.Global infrast

256、ructure programs like Chinas Belt and Road,the EUs Global Gateway,or the United States Build Back Better World initiatives must be much better aligned with the SDGs and coordinated with each other.21.Gaspar,Vitor et al.2019.Fiscal Policy and Development:Human,Social,and Physical Investment for the S

257、DGs.IMF Staff Discussion Note.https:/www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2019/01/18/Fiscal-Policy-and-Development-Human-Socialand-Physical-Investments-for-the-SDGs-4644422.ibid.The urgent need for an SDG Stimulus23.Guterres,A.The Secretary-General:Address to the General Assembl

258、y.New York,20 September 2022.https:/www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2022-09-20/secretary-generals-address-the-general-assembly24.The High-Level Informal Working Group is co-convened by Ms.Amina Mohammed,Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and Professor Jeffrey Sachs,University Profes

259、sor,Columbia University.Members:Dr.Amar Bhattacharya,Brookings;Mr.Navid Hanif,UN DESA;Dr.Homi Kharas,Brookings;Dr.Mahmoud Mohieldin,United Nations;Mr.Remy Rioux,AFD;Dr.Rajiv Shah,Rockefeller;Mr.Achim Steiner,UNDP.25.United Nations Secretary-General.2023.SDG Stimulus To Deliver Agenda 2030.https:/www

260、.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SDG-Stimulus-to-Deliver-Agenda-2030.pdf 26.High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism(HLAB),2022.A Breakthrough for People and Planet:Effective and Inclusive Global Governance for Today and the Future,https:/www.highleveladvisoryb

261、oard.org/breakthroughIn his opening address to the UN General Assembly on September 20,2022,UN Secretary-General Antnio Guterres called on the G20 to launch an“SDG Stimulus”to offset the deteriorating market conditions faced by developing countries and to accelerate progress towards the SDGs and the

262、 Paris Climate Agreement.23 SDSN provided the Secretariat of a High-Level Informal Working Group for the SDG Stimulus(HLIWG),24 that made the case for an SDG Stimulus of an additional US$500 billion per year by 2025 of SDG finance.The SDG Stimulus plan recommended by the High-Level Working Group and

263、 introduced by SG Guterres last February25 has five main components:1.Increased funding from the Multilateral Development Banks(MDBs)and Public Development Banks(PDBs)to developing countries,linked to investments in the SDGs,a need echoed in the 2023 report of the High-Level Advisory Board on Effect

264、ive Multilateralism262.Enhancement of the Debt Service Suspension Initiative(DSSI)and debt relief for countries facing debt distress3.Expansion of liquidity by the International Monetary Fund(IMF)and major central banks4.Empowerment and expansion of the specialized global funds5.Expansion of private

265、 philanthropy,with focus on ultra-high net worth individualsPart 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkRegional cooperation and sustainable development17Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusThe urgent objective of the SDG Stimulus is to address in practical terms an

266、d at scale the chronic shortfall of international SDG financing facing the LICs and LMICs,and to ramp up financing flows by at least US$500 billion by 2025.The most important component of the stimulus plan is a massive expansion of loans by the multilateral development banks,backed by new rounds of

267、paid-in capital by HIC members.Working together with the IMF and the MDBs,the emerging countries also need to strengthen their debt management and creditworthiness by integrating their borrowing policies with tax policies,export policies,and liquidity management,all to prevent future liquidity crise

268、s.The G20 Bali Leaders Declaration noted another important point,which is the need to expand and enhance innovative financing mechanisms,including blended finance,as well as improving transparency and mutual accountability.It is also vital to share fairly and globally the burden of financing for hum

269、an-induced adaptation and losses and damages(L&D)among responsible countries,and to respond to the needs of vulnerable countries and small island developing states(SIDS).2727.Sachs et al.2021.The Decade of Action and Small Island Developing States:Measuring and addressing SIDS vulnerabilities to acc

270、elerate SDG progress.https:/irp.cdn- global governance for the SDGs The SDGs are not yet properly incorporated into global governance.Systems coherence,and ultimate success in meeting the SDGs,leads us to the following recommendations:1.All United Nations agencies should put the SDGs at the centerpi

271、ece of their strategies,programs,and reporting.2.The World Bank and the other MDBs should put the SDGs at the center of their financing strategies,performance reviews,and reporting.3.The IMF should build its national reviews(ArticleIV),debt sustainability framework(DSF),and country programming aroun

272、d the public policies and financing needed for national success in achieving the SDGs.4.The G20 should organize its financial cooperation,reporting,and metrics around the reform of the GFA,as needed to achieve the SDGs.5.All UN Member States should present VNRs at least once every three years.It is

273、especially urgent that the five countries that have not yet presented VNRs should do so no later than 2024.6.United Nations agencies,multilateral organizations,and Member States need to increase investment in,and coordination of,national and international data and statistical systems and scientific

274、capacity to assess SDG progress and support sustainable development decision making and investment,including disaggregated data by region,social stratification,and other criteria as helpful.Regional cooperation and sustainable developmentOne of the consistent findings of the SDSN is that SDG success

275、 requires strong cooperation at the regional level.Neighboring countries share ecosystems(rivers,forests,fishing zones,wetlands)and must cooperate to protect them.Strong regional partnerships are needed to achieve regional objectives.The great seas,such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea,are

276、 under severe threat from chemical and plastics pollution,and must be protected by all countries whose rivers feed these seas.Moreover,regional cooperation is needed to promote technological and social innovations.For example,the Mediterranean region is a hot spot for climate change,threatened also

277、by urbanization,economic pressures,and geo-political crises.Nonetheless,it is recognized as the birthplace of the“Mediterranean diet,”with an 1.The SDSN Framework18Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulusagri-food sector with the potential to meet the increased demand for he

278、althy,sustainable foods in the future.Transport,zero-carbon power,and digital(fiberoptic)backbones depend on regional-scale grids.For all of these reasons and more,neighboring countries must cooperate deeply to build infrastructure and share data and knowledge,and to implement sustainable developmen

279、t policies.Regional international policies and agreements should be based on available scientificknowledge.SDSN calls for,and is actively supporting,the devel-opment of similar regional-based sustainability plans with associated financing.SDSN is closely following and supporting the EUs endeavors to

280、 achieve the SDGs,inter alia by the EUs European Green Deal.The EU Green Deal has great potential to bring about transformation both within the EU and beyond,including the larger European and Mediterranean region,and even Africa.SDSN is working with the ASEAN Secretariat and member states to help de

281、velop the ASEAN Green Deal,introduced in 2022 under the ASEAN Presidency of Cambodia.SDSN is supporting the African Development Bank to develop a strategic plan to accelerate Africas sustainable development,with the aim of the African Union achieving high-in-come status and sustainable development b

282、y 2063,the 100th anniversary of the Organization of African Unity.SDSN is working with the Amazon Basin nations,through the Scientific Panel of the Amazon,to develop a regional strategy for the conserva-tion and sustainable development of the Amazon.In that capacity,the SDSN is also supporting new p

283、artnerships between the rainforest countries of the Amazon Basin,the Congo Basin,and Southeast Asia for a global financing mechanism to protect all three tropical rainforest regions.Protection and sustainable management of rainforest ecosystems through related standardization will support their impa

284、ct assessment on a global basis.The sub-national level Provincial,metropolitan,and city governments are typically at the front line in achieving the SDGs.Nearly 60percent of the world population now lives in urban areas,and that proportion is likely to rise to at least 70percent,and probably higher,

285、by mid-century.Moreover,cities constitute at least 85percent of total world output and energy use.What happens in cities will determine the future of the world,and the success or failure in sustainable development.Local governments have the front-line responsibility for implementing universal health

286、 systems,places in school for all children,safe water and sanitation,public transport services,adequate housing,and physical safety in the local environment(from crime,toxic wastes,and natural hazards).This is why mayors and city councils around the world have rallied to the SDGs,even if their local

287、 leadership is sometimes under-appreciated and under-noted because national governments tend to hold the limelight at the United Nations,with the MDBs,and in the media.Cities face one other chronic problem.While they are largely responsible for service delivery,it is national governments that,by and

288、 large,collect revenue to fund public investments and social services.Cities are therefore caught between front-line responsibility and back-of-the-line access to the necessary public financing.SDSN recognizes this gap in the practical means of implementation of city governments,and is currently wor

289、king with the major urban think tanks and global urban networks(including the C40 and ICLEI)to address the challenge of sub-national financing of the SDGs.This initiative will be launched in Paris in during the June Summit for a New Global Financial Pact.Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN Frame

290、workThe continuing efforts of the SDSN19Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusGlobal peace as the prerequisite for sustainable development 28.Xinhua.2022.Xi meets German Chancellor Olaf Scholz.https:/ SDG16 recognizes the vital role of peaceful and inclusive societies,and

291、SDG17 underscores the need for global outreach and cooperation to achieve the Goals.Peace and global cooperation must not become mere slogans.They are ever more vital to human survival in an age when both nuclear weapons and environmental devastation threaten the very survival of humanity.We recall

292、in this context the powerful truth spoken by United States President John F.Kennedy more than 60 years ago,when he declared,“The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.”Peace and global cooperation mea

293、n nothing less and nothing more than choosing the end of human poverty over the end of human life.We take note of the dire warning of the Bulletin of Atomic Sci-entists,which recently moved the hands of its Doomsday Clock to just 90 seconds from midnight,the closest to Armageddon in the Clocks 76-ye

294、ar history;“largely(though not exclusively)because of the mounting dangers of the war in Ukraine.”We commend global leaders who“oppose the use of or the threat to use nuclear weapons”28 and urge all sides to follow this call.Had the negotiations underway in March 2022 between Russia and Ukraine been

295、 successfully concluded,count-less lives would have been saved and the devastation of Ukraines cities would have been spared.The world would have escaped the current tumult of soaring food and energy prices and other financial dislocations.We would not be even closer to nuclear Armageddon.Internatio

296、nal relations scholars have powerfully described the“tragedy”of great power conflict.They warn that the jostling for power or hegemonic domination ends in tragic wars.We cannot afford such a tragedy in our world today.The world is indeed very different now,as we live under the threat of nuclear war,

297、and even nuclear anni-hilation.We need not only technological know-how,but also diplomatic know-how,to respect global diversity and to settle international disputes peacefully.The continuing efforts of the SDSN29.Mission 4.7.Available from:https:/www.mission4point7.org 30.UNESCO,Futures of Education

298、,International Commission.Available from:https:/en.unesco.org/futuresofeducation/international-commissionThe SDSN was created in 2012,soon after the Rio+20 Summit which mobilized the worlds universities,think tanks,and national laboratories on behalf of the SDGs.SDSNs mission was fourfold:scholarly

299、research,educa-tional innovation,and partnerships,convening power,and outreach to the public.We are proud of our efforts since 2012 in these four areas.The SDSN is now a global network of more than 1,900 member organizations,mainly universities,organized in 53 national and regional chapters.The SDSN

300、 convenes global university leadership on behalf of shared activities to support sustainable development.In 2022,hundreds of university presidents brainstormed and shared best practices in aligning their institutions with the SDGs.SDSN membership continues to grow rapidly,and new national and region

301、al chapters are regularly launched.We aim to ensure that institutions of higher learning and public policy research centres in all 193 UN Member States are actively part of the SDSN.The SDSNs flagship educational initiative,the SDG Academy,directly reaches hundreds of thousands of learners each year

302、,with an expanding provision of free,world-class educational offer-ings.In 2023,the SDSN is working with universities around the world to launch further low-cost masters degrees in sustainable development,in an effort to dramatically increase the number of students reached each year.SDSN is working

303、closely with the UNESCO SDG4 High-Level Steering Committee on these two major issues,via Mission4.7 through an SDG Academy Partnership with theOpen Education Resources Recommendation team at UNESCO.29 The International Commission on the Futures of Education recognizes that open education resources a

304、re essential for supporting students,educators,and young professionals on their education for sustainable develop-ment(ESD)journeys.30The UNESCO Recommendation on open education resources was endorsed by all Member States in November 2019.In September 2022,at the 1.The SDSN Framework20Sustainable De

305、velopment Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusTransforming Education Summit in New York,the United Nations Secretary-General announceda number of global initiatives.One of them is theInternational Financing Facility for Education.31 Another is theGateways to Public Digital Learning project32 to

306、 ensure equitable access to and resources for digital learning.The SDG Academy33 is also building partnerships around professional training to upskill employees and make them future-ready for implementing the SDGs and Paris Agreement.Ideally,at every stage of life,individuals should understand how t

307、hey coexist in harmony with people and the planet.We may not wish to harm people,or our common home,but all of us must“go back to school”and learn how to create positive linkages to people and nature in everyday activities,at home and at work.SDSN will endeavor to supportprofessional training and li

308、felong learning across all sectors.Another key dimension of the SDSNs work is supporting governments,at all levels,to understand the implications of policy choices and to make evidence-based and forward-looking decisions.SDSN engages in a wide range of intergovernmental processes,including the G20,G

309、7,UNFCCC,CBD meetings,and World Health Assembly.These fora are critical to encourage international collaboration,promote peace,and implement the recommendations contained within this document,in particular on SDG finance.SDSN remains at the disposal of all stakeholders to analyze pathways and scenar

310、ios,and to leverage knowledge to make sound decisions.All UN Member States and United Nations agencies can count on the continued efforts and energies of the SDSN around the world to support all governments,businesses,and civil society to embrace and align with the SDGs on sustainable development.31

311、.Guterres,A.Secretary-Generals remarks to the Press on the International Finance Facility for Education as delivered,17 September 2022.https:/www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2022-09-17/secretary-generals-remarks-the-press-the-international-finance-facility-for-education-delivered 32.Unit

312、ed Nations,Gateways to Public Digital Learning,19 September 2022.https:/www.un.org/en/transforming-education-summit/gateways-public-digital-learning 33.SDG Academy.Available from:https:/sdgacademy.org Sustainable development to 2030 and 2050 The tasks of sustainable development ensuring material hum

313、an well-being and security,social inclusion and justice,environmental sustainability,and global cooperation to secure peace and sustainable development are not just tasks to 2030.They are the preeminent tasks of the coming generations,enshrined in several documents including the 2030 Agenda(2015)and

314、 UNESCOs Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations(1997).They are the work of the 21st century.We conclude by underscoring the vital,life-affirming importance of four key international agreements:the Sustainable Development Goals,the Paris Climate Agre

315、ement,the Kunming-Montreal Framework for Biodiversity,and the High Seas Treaty.These are signal achievements of humanity,to have come together across all nations to adopt a common set of challenges.As we have emphasized in this statement,our major challenge today is matching these soaring ambitions

316、with the means to achieve them,most importantly,the financial resources and regulatory conditions for the investments needed to achieve these goals.At the mid-point of the SDG agenda,we are far off target.Yet we have gained ground.Almost all governments have committed to adopting SDG-based action pl

317、ans;technologies have advanced that can support the goals(such as green energy,green transactions,green jobs,Earth observations,and artificial intelligence);and there is growing regional cooperation to achieve the goals on the ground,through shared investments,knowledge,and policies.Achieving the SD

318、Gs requires more than“normal politics”.Governments are only now learning how to design integrated strategies that address economic,social,and environmental objectives in tandem.Governments are only now mapping out pathways to mid-century to meet crucial energy,healthcare,and education objectives,amo

319、ng others.Governments are only now establishing R&D funds to promote breakthroughs in key technologies that will expand their power and Part 1.How to Achieve the SDGs:The SDSN FrameworkSustainable development to 2030 and 2050 21Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulusreduce

320、their costs.Governments are only now building the digital platforms and data networks that integrated strategies will depend on.And governments are only now,many years late,turning their attention to the chronic and deep shortcomings of the GFA.Sustainable human development is a multi-dimensional pr

321、ocess.The balance between the ecological,economic,social,and cultural spheres,together with political,ethical,and cultural aspects,must be nurtured.Open sharing of data and knowledge across these dimensions is essential to building trust and cooperation.People of good will must choose and act cohere

322、ntly in their private and in their professional lives to further the common good.For these reasons,we end our message with two urgent and timely calls for action:First,that UN Member States,at the 2023 SDG Summit and the 2024 Summit of the Future,recommit boldly,strongly,and proactively to the SDGs,

323、accelerate progress to 2030,and adopt even more ambitious SDG targets and objectives to mid-century,also incorporating recent international agreements on oceans and biodiversity.As the aims of the 2030 Agenda are ever-evolving,and linked to many processes,we call on academia,civil society,and busine

324、ss to develop proposals on how this agenda can be enhanced and enforced in the decade(s)to come.Second,UN Member States,starting with the G20 meeting this September in India,should adopt an SDG Stimulus to accelerate progress towards the SDGs by 2030 and enhance global governance for enforcing the i

325、mplementation of the SDGs by all countries.1.The SDSN FrameworkThe SDG Index and Dashboards223Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG StimulusThe SDG Index and Dashboards track the annual progress of all 193 UN Member States towards the SDGs(Box 2.1).At the midpoint of the 2030 Agen

326、da,however,the SDGs are far off track.Despite the world improv-ing on average half a point per year on the SDG Index between 2015 and 2019(which was already too slow)progress has stalled since the outbreak of the pandemic and the onset of other overlapping crises.And while most high-income countries

327、(HICs)were able to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of these multiple crises through automatic stabilizers,emergency expenditures,and recovery plans,there has been limited progress on environmental and biodiversity goals,including SDG 12(Responsible Consumption and Production),SDG 13(Climate Actio

328、n),SDG 14(Life Below Water)and SDG 15(Life on Land),including in countries that are largely responsible for the climate and biodiversity crises.The disruptions caused by these multiple crises also aggravated fiscal-space issues in low-income and lower-middle-income countries(LICs and LMICs),leading

329、to a reversal in progress on several related goals and indicators.The SDG Index and DashboardsPart 22.1 SDG Status at the midpoint of the 2030 Agenda Based on the pace of progress since 2015,none of the goals is on track to be achieved globally by 2030.Figure2.1 provides a summary of the population-

330、weighted world average performance by goal.Those related to hunger,sustainable diets,and health outcomes are particularly off-track,as are the goals concerning terrestrial and marine biodiversity,urban pollution,housing,strong institutions,and peaceful societies.Although on average the world has mad

331、e some progress in strengthening access to key infrastructure,covered notably under SDG6(Clean Water and Sanitation),SDG7(Affordable and Clean Energy)and SDG9(Industry,Innovation and Infrastructure),this varies extensively across countries,and the world average remains too slow to achieve these SDGs

332、 globally by 2030.The education dashboard focuses on access to pre-primary and primary education,as well as on lower-secondary Box 2.1The SDG Index and DashboardsThe SDG Index is an assessment of each countrys overall performance on the 17 SDGs,giving equal weight to each Goal.The score signifies a

333、countrys position between the worst possible outcome(score of 0)and the target(score of 100).The dashboard and trend arrows help identify priorities for further actions and indicate whether countries are on track or off track to achieve the goals and targets by 2030,based on latest trend data.The 2023 SDG Index edition includes 97 global indicators.Two-thirds of the data come from official statist