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1、VOLUME I:SUMMARY REPORTMAY 2023PREPARED BYRyan HledikKate PetersReal ReliabilityThe Value of Virtual PowerPLEASE NOTEThis report was prepared by The Brattle Group for Google.It is intended to be read and used as a whole and not in parts.The report reflects the analyses and opinions of the authors an

2、d does not necessarily reflect those of The Brattle Groups clients or otherconsultants.We would like to thank Keven Brough and Rizwan Naveed of Google for the invaluable project management,insights,and data that they provided throughout the development of this report.We also are grateful for the mod

3、eling contributions of our Brattle colleague,Adam Bigelow.Copyright 2023 The Brattle Group,Inc.NoticeReal Reliability|2Volume I:Summary ReportI.SummaryII.An Introduction to VPPsIII.Modeling VPP PerformanceIV.The Value of VPPsV.Moving Forward with VPPsVolume II:Technical AppendixDescribes all modelin

4、g assumptions and data sourcesContentsSummaryReal Reliability|4Maintaining power system resource adequacy is a major investment.Over the past decade,the U.S.added over 100 GW of new capacity intended largely to maintain resource adequacy.This amounted to over$120 billion of capital investment,primar

5、ily in gas-fired generators and lithium-ion batteries.Virtual Power Plants(VPPs)are an emerging alternative to conventional resource adequacy options.A VPP is a portfolio of actively controlled distributed energy resources(DERs).Operation of the DERs is optimized to provide benefits to the power sys

6、tem,consumers,and the environment.Within a decade,analysts forecast an inflection point in the trajectory of DER ownership.VPPs already are beginning to be deployed across the U.S.and internationally.We explore the ability of VPPs to reliably reduce resource adequacy costs in the coming decade.We mo