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1、Future Capabilities of Combustion Engines and Liquid FuelsLITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY:NOVEMBER 2022 Fuels InstituteDisclaimer:The opinions and views expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the individuals on the Fuels Institute Board of Directors and the Fuels Institute Board of

2、Advisors or any contributing organization to the Fuels Institute.The Fuels Institute makes no warranty,express or implied,nor does it assume any legal liability or responsibility for the use of the report or any product or process described in these materials.FUELS INSTITUTE|LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMAR

3、Y:FUTURE CAPABILITIES OF COMBUSTION ENGINES AND LIQUID FUELS11.0 INTRODUCTION.022.0 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND HYBRIDS.032.1 ICE Design,Performance,Efficiency and Emissions Improvements.032.1.1 Light Duty Vehicle Gasoline Engines.032.1.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Compression Ignition Engines.07

4、2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV)Drivetrain Systems.102.3 ICE Emission Control Systems and Aftertreatment Improvements.132.4 ICE Configured for Dual Fuels and Blends.142.5 ICE Optimized for High-Octane Fuels.153.0 ENGINE AND FUELS VIEWED AS A HOLISTIC SYSTEM.174.0 LIQUID FUELS PRODUCTION.214.1 Carbon

5、 Capture.214.2 Fuel Substitution.234.2.1 Electrification.234.2.2 Hydrogen as Fuel.244.3 Feedstock Substitution.24Contents4.3.1 Low-Carbon Crude Oil.244.3.2 Biomass.254.3.3 Hydrogen.265.0 ALTERNATIVE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUELS.275.1 Natural Gas.275.2 Biofuels.275.2.1 Conventional/First Generati

6、on Biofuels.275.2.2 Advanced/Second Generation Biofuels.285.2.3 Bioblendstocks.316.0 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ZERO-EMISSION PATHWAYS.347.0 CONCLUSION.36SOURCES.375.3 E-Fuels.31FUELS INSTITUTE|LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY:FUTURE CAPABILITIES OF COMBUSTION ENGINES AND LIQUID FUELS2IntroductionAs the gl