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2025年管理办法出台后中国分布式光伏系统的运营模式

商业模式

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所属报告：

国际能源署：2025中国的分布式能源融合发展：国际经验启示报告（69页）.pdf

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第1章.中国分布式能源的现状为了缓解配电网的压力，中国正在转向更以消费为导向的分布式光伏模式。新的《分布式光伏发电开发建设管理办法》自2025年5月起生效，明确优先考虑增加自发自用和本地使用分布式发电。工商业项目不能再以固定价格向电网出售全部发电量，而是必须完全自用或仅出售剩余部分。对于6兆瓦以上的装机容量，剩余电力只能通过已建立连续运行的现货市场出售。中国部分地区拥有丰富的可再生能源，但苦于面临电网容量约束，因此在实施这项新政策时迈的步子更大。例如，内蒙古和吉林对6兆瓦以下项目的自用门槛要求分别为90%和80%。虽然这一政策可能会缓解电网阻塞并推动储能投资，但也给开发商带来了经济上的不确定性，以至于在政策实施之前争相并网。注：在“全购全销"模式下，电网企业保证以固定价格收购所有产量，这在中国也被称为“全额收购"。在“自发自用，余电上网"模式下，分布式光伏的发电量自用，余电按省级主管部门确定的比例上网。中国没有净计量电价机制，这意味着在计算报偿时不会从盈余部分中扣除自发自用部分。对于超大规模的项目，在已实现连续运行的地区，余电可以通过现货市场出售。在"仅自发自用"模式下，所有分布式光伏产量都在当地自发自用中国配电网总长约800万公里，其中30%是在过去十年中新增的。配电网的投资和运营主要由国有电网企业负责，其中两大电网企业是国家电网有限公司和中国南方电网。从历史上看，中国的电网投资一直落后于发电容量的快速扩张，尤其统的灵活性有限，以及发电和电网基础设施发展之间协调不力，这些都是造成可再生能源弃电问题长期存在的主要原因。近年来，特别是自2020年“双碳"目标宣

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