1、Academic Editors:Ratna BabuChinnam and Sara MasoudReceived:3 March 2025Revised:17 March 2025Accepted:21 March 2025Published:24 March 2025Citation:Islam,M.T.;Sepanloo,K.;Woo,S.;Woo,S.H.;Son,Y.-J.A Reviewof the Industry 4.0 to 5.0 Transition:Exploring the Intersection,Challenges,and Opportunities of T
2、echnology andHumanMachine Collaboration.Machines 2025,13,267.https:/doi.org/10.3390/machines13040267Copyright:2025 by the authors.Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution(CC BY)license(https:/cr
3、eativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).ReviewA Review of the Industry 4.0 to 5.0 Transition:Exploring theIntersection,Challenges,and Opportunities of Technologyand HumanMachine CollaborationMd Tariqul Islam,Kamelia Sepanloo,Seonho Woo,Seung Ho Wooand Young-Jun Son*Edwardson School of Industrial Enginee
4、ring,Purdue University,West Lafayette,IN 47904,USA;islam70purdue.edu(M.T.I.);ksepanlopurdue.edu(K.S.);woo75purdue.edu(S.W.);woo44purdue.edu(S.H.W.)*Correspondence:yjsonpurdue.eduThese authors contributed equally to this work.Abstract:The Industrial Revolution(IR)involves a centuries-long process of
5、economic andsocietal transformation driven by industrial and technological innovation.From agrarian,craft-based societies to modern systems powered by Artificial Intelligence(AI),each IR hasbrought significant societal advancements yet raised concerns about future implications.Aswe transition from t
6、he Fourth Industrial Revolution(IR4.0)to the emergent Fifth IndustrialRevolution(IR5.0),similar questions arise regarding human employment,technologicalcontrol,and adaptation.During all these shifts,a recurring theme emerges as we fear theunknown and bring a concern that machines may replace humans
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