2020年确保美国保持生物制药竞争力研究报告- 信息技术与创新基金会（英文版）（93页）.pdf

1、 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2) spurring domestic innovation; 3) spurring increased domestic production; and 4) combatting foreign mercantilism. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY however, they dipped from a high of 5,694 in 2005 to 4,688 in 2015, the latest year for which this data is available. (See figure 19.) Fi

2、gure 19: Number of triadic biotechnology and pharmaceuticals patent applications by priority date86 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 United StatesChinaIndiaGermanyUnited Kingdom 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 United StatesEuropean Union (28 countries)JapanRest of World INFOR

3、MATION TECHNOLOGY between 1975 and 1979, Europe led the United States, with 149 drugs to 66.88 When considering new drugs as a share of GDP, the United States also leads, but not by as much, followed by Japan and Europe (See table 6.) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 United StatesEuropean Union

4、(28 countries)Japan INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY effective technology transfer and commercialization mechanisms; robust IP protections; a pricing system that allows innovators to earn sufficient revenues to reinvest in innovation; tax incentives to encourage investment; and an effective drug approval syst

5、em. A signature strength of Americas biopharmaceutical innovation system has been complementarity between public and private-sector investment in life-sciences R $23.6 billion contributed by “other” sources, including universities themselves and other nonprofit research institutions; and $4.8 billio

6、n contributed by industry.117 Bayh-Dole enables universities to retain the IP rights stemming from federally funded, university-conducted basic life-sciences research, which universities then often license to businesses (with 67 percent of these university licenses going to start-ups and small busin