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1、Data NoteHEATHER L.SCHWARTZ,MELISSA KAY DILIBERTIState of the Superintendent 2024Selected Findings from the Spring 2024 American School District Panel SurveyFor more information on this publication,visit www.rand.org/t/RRA956-25.About RANDRAND is a research organization that develops solutions to pu

2、blic policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure,healthier and more prosperous.RAND is nonprofit,nonpartisan,and committed to the public interest.To learn more about RAND,visit www.rand.org.Research IntegrityOur mission to help improve policy and decisionmak

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6、 clients and sponsors.2024 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark.Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.All users of the publication are permitted to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format

7、and transform and build upon the material,including for any purpose(including commercial)without further permission or fees being required.iiiSummary of Key Findings In spring 2024,district budgets topped superintendents list of stressors in small districts(those that enroll fewer than 3,000 student

8、s),and the intrusion of political issues and opinions into schooling was the most common stressor among superintendents in large districts(those serving 10,000 or more students).The share of superintendents reporting the intrusion of political issues and opinions into schooling as a source of work s

9、tress declined by 28 percentage points between spring 2023 and spring 2024,from 88 percent to 60 percent.As in spring 2023,about six out of every ten superintendents reported in spring 2024 that the stresses of their job are worth it.Not only was district budgets a top stressor,but superintendentses

10、pecially those in small districtsidentified budget management as among their most time-consuming activities.Superintendents of large districts stated that their most time-consuming activities were external and internal communications,whereas those in small districts spent more time on budgets and on

11、 school facility maintenance and operations.1Overview of Our State of the Superintendent Report Series ThisisthelatestreportintheStateoftheSuperintendentreportseriesinwhichweexaminepublicschooldistrictsuperintendentssourcesofjob-relatedstress,jobsatisfaction,andtimeallocation.SincetheAmericanSchoolD

12、istrictPanel(ASDP)beganinfall2020,wehaveperiodicallysurveyedsuperintendentsabouttheirjob(SchwartzandDiliberti,2022a;SchwartzandDiliberti,2022b;SchwartzandDiliberti,2023).Inthepast,wehavefocusedonjob-relatedstressors,jobsatisfaction,andintentionstoremainintheprofession.Newforthisyearisaquestionaboutw

13、hichactivitiestakeupthelargestshareofsuperintendentstime.Thisadditionisintendedtostarttofilladatagapaboutthesuperintendencythatagroupofresearchersidentifiedin2023(Schwartzetal.,2023).Weaimforournow-annualsurveytoprovideareliable,recurringsnapshotabouttheU.S.publicschoolsuperintendency.Formoreinforma

14、tion,seetheAbouttheSpring2024AmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurveytextbox.Thefullsetofsurveyresultscanbeviewedanduser-friendlychartscanbecreatedinBento,afreedatavisualizationtool.TolearnmoreaboutBento,gotowww.getbento.info/.2About the Spring 2024 American School District Panel Survey We administered our

15、 most recent ASDP survey from March 6 through May 3,2024.The ASDP is a research partnership between RAND and the Center on Reinventing Public Education.The panel also collaborates with several other education organizations,including the Council of the Great City Schools and MGT.Since fall 2020,RAND

16、researchers have randomly selected public school districts to invite into the ASDP.We invited all ASDP member districts to complete our spring 2024 survey.Of the 1,318 public school districts that were members of the ASDP as of spring 2024,superintendents of 190 districts completed the survey items

17、that we analyze in this report(a 14.4 percent completion rate).We weighted our survey responses to make them representative of school districts across the country.In this report,we compare results from this spring 2024 survey with results from surveys administered in prior school years wherever poss

18、ible.We caution readers that the spring 2024 survey had a particularly low response rate.Our small sample size limits us from performing detailed subgroup analyses.Therefore,in this report,we focus solely on differences between superintendents in large districts(those serving 10,000 or more students

19、),medium districts(those serving 3,000 to 9,999 students),and small districts(those serving fewer than 3,000 students).In the text,we call out only differences that are statistically significant at the 5 percent level,unless otherwise noted.Additional details about our methods are included at the en

20、d of this report.3District Budgets Topped Small-District Superintendents List of Stressors,and the Intrusion of Political Issues and Opinions Was the Most Common Stressor Among Large-District Superintendents Whenwelastsurveyedsuperintendentsabouttheirstresslevelsinspring2023,100percentreportedthatth

21、eirjobswere“sometimes,”“often,”or“always”stressful(Hunter,Diliberti,andSchwartz,2023).Giventhecommonalityofstressinsuperintendentsjobs,weskippedthisquestioninspring2024andmovedimmediatelytoaskingaboutthesourcesofsuperintendentsstressthisschoolyear.Welisted14stressors(anda15th“other”option)andallowed

22、superintendentstoselectasmanyasapplied.Inspring2024,districtbudgetsnarrowlytoppedsuperintendentslistofstressors:71percentofsuperintendentssaidthatdistrictsbudgetswereasourceofstressintheirjobrightnow(seetheleftsideofFigure1).However,veryclosebehindwerestudentsmentalhealth,staffingshortages,educators

23、mentalhealth,andtheintrusionofpoliticalissuesandopinionsintoschooling.Six(ormore)oftensuperintendentsidentifiedtheseasjob-relatedstressors.Althoughsomestressorsweresimilarlyprevalentamongsuperintendentsoflargeandsmalldistricts,othersdiffered.AsshownontherightsideofFigure1,agreatershareofsuperintende

24、ntsinsmalldistrictsthaninlargedistrictsindicatedthatdistrictbudgetswereasourceofstress(77versus50percent,respectively).Conversely,superintendentsoflargedistrictsweremorelikelythanthoseinsmalldistrictstostatethatcommunityviolenceandschoolboardrelationsorpressurewereasourceofjob-relatedstress.Forexamp

25、le,53percentoflarge-districtsuperintendentsidentifiedschoolboardrelationsorpressureasasourceofstress,comparedwith20percentofsuperintendentsinsmalldistricts.Weobservedasimilarpatternfortheintrusionofpoliticalissuesandopinionsintoschooling,butthedifferencewasnotstatisticallysignificant.Meanwhile,simil

26、arsharesoflarge-andsmall-districtsuperintendentsreportedthatstudentsmentalhealth,qualityofacademicinstruction,communityrelations,andschoolsafetyweresourcesofstress.4Figure 1.Sources of Job-Related Stress as of Spring 2024(by Percentage of Superintendents and District Size)NOTE:This figure depicts re

27、sponse data from the following survey question:“Which of the following,if any,are sources of stress in your job right now?”(n=187).Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.The survey question also included an“other”option,which was selected by 4 percent of respondents.Small districts(n=9

28、5)are those with fewer than 3,000 students,and large districts(n=41)are those with 10,000 or more students.Medium districts(those serving 3,0009,999 students,n=50)are omitted for readability.In most cases,medium districts responses fall in between the large and small districts responses.We also omit

29、ted some data labels for readability purposes.Margins of error for the national totals range from 4 to 10 percentage points.Our results might not sum to 100 because of rounding.5Fewer Superintendents Identified Politics as a Source of Job-Related Stress in 2024 Than in 2023 Wealsoinvestigatedhowthes

30、ourcesofsuperintendentsstresschangedbetweenspring2023andspring2024,althoughwecautionreadersthatwedidnotaskabouttheexactsamelistofstressorsin2024aswedidin2023.AsshowninFigure2,weobserveda28percentage-pointdropintheshareofsuperintendentsreportingtheintrusionofpoliticalissuesandopinionsintoschoolingasa

31、sourceofworkstress,from88percentinspring2023downto60percentinspring2024.Theshareofsuperintendentsconcernedabouteducatorsmentalhealthalsodeclinedby13percentagepoints(from74percentinspring2023to61percentinspring2024),althoughthisdecreasewasinthemarginoferror.Meanwhile,theshareofsuperintendentsstressed

32、aboutstudentsmentalhealthandstaffingshortagesheldsteadybetweenspring2023andspring2024.Theshareconcernedaboutbudgetsincreasedonlymarginally,withinthemarginoferror.Whatclearlyincreasedwastheshareofsuperintendentswhoidentifiedcommunityrelationsasasourceofworkstress,from17percentinspring2023to35percenti

33、nspring2024.6Figure 2.Sources of Job-Related Stress(by Percentage of Superintendents in 2023 Versus 2024)NOTE:This figure depicts response data from the following survey question:“Which of the following,if any,are sources of stress in your job right now?”(n=187 in spring 2024;n=148 in spring 2023).R

34、espondents were instructed to select all that apply.The figure includes only those factors on both the spring 2023 and spring 2024 surveys,although both surveys also included other factors.In spring 2023,the survey was designed to administer this question only to superintendents who indicated that t

35、heir job was“sometimes,”“often,”or“always”stressful.However,because 100 percent of surveyed superintendents reported some level of job-related stress,the full sample of surveyed superintendents received the survey item.Margins of error for both spring 2023 and spring 2024 estimates range from 7 to 1

36、0 percentage points.7Most Superintendents,Especially Those in Large Districts,Continued to Report Positive Feelings About Their Job Despitethefactthatsuperintendentstypicallyidentifiedseveralfactors(sixonaverage)assourcesofjob-relatedstressinspring2024(resultsnotshown),mostsuperintendentsseemtostill

37、havepositivefeelingsaboutthejob.Inspring2024,59percentofsuperintendentssomewhatorstronglyagreedthatthestressanddisappointmentsinvolvedinbeingasuperintendentareworthit,asshownontheleftsideofFigure3.Thispercentageisunchangedfromthepreviousschoolyear,whenitwascomparablewiththeshareofallworkingadultswho

38、feltthatthestressanddisappointmentsoftheirjobswereworthit(SchwartzandDiliberti,2023).Althoughthedifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificant,wealsoobservedapatternofheightenedjobsatisfactionamongsuperintendentsoflargedistricts.Inspring2024,roughlythree-quarters(74percent)ofsuperintendentsoflargedistric

39、tsfeltthatthestressanddisappointmentsofthejobwereworthit.Wehaveobservedthissamepatternofhigherjobsatisfactionamongsuperintendentsoflargedistrictsinprevioussurveysaswell(SchwartzandDiliberti,2022b).Aswehavehypothesizedinthepast,wesuspectthatthismightbebecausethesesuperintendentslikelyhavehigherpay,an

40、especiallystrongsenseofmission,orsupportfromalargerdistrictcentralofficewithmore-specializedroles.8Figure 3.Belief That the Stress and Disappointments of the Job Are Worth It(Percentage of Superintendents)NOTE:This figure depicts response data from the following survey question:“To what extent do yo

41、u agree or disagree with the following statement about your work at this district?The stress and disappointments involved in being a superintendent arent really worth it.”(n=184 in spring 2024;n=148 in spring 2023).The figure depicts the percentage of superintendents who selected“strongly disagree”o

42、r“somewhat disagree.”Small districts(n=95)are those with fewer than 3,000 students,medium districts(n=50)are those serving 3,0009,999 students,and large districts(n=38)are those serving 10,000 or more students.Communications Dominate Large Districts Superintendents Time,and Budget and Building Opera

43、tions and Maintenance Dominate in Small Districts Inspring2024,forthefirsttime,weaskedsuperintendentswhichthreeactivitiestookupthelargestshareoftheirtimeduringthe20232024schoolyear.Welistedthe11activitiesshowninFigure4(plusa12th“other”option)andaskedsuperintendentstoranktheirtopthreemosttime-consumi

44、ngactivities.Lookingfirstatallsuperintendents,budgetplanningormanagingfinancestoppedthelistofactivitiesthattookupthelargestshareoftimein20232024.Fifty-sevenpercentofsuperintendentsidentifiedbudgetmanagementasamongtheirtopthreemosttime-consumingactivities,including15percentwhorankeditfirst.Afterbudge

45、tmanagement,superintendentsidentifiedcommunicatingwithschool-levelstaff,managingschoolfacilityoperations,andcommunicatingwithschoolboardmembersasthemosttime-consumingtasks.Attheotherendofthespectrum,only3percentofsuperintendentsidentifiedfundraising(e.g.,raisingpublicfunds,grantwriting,donormanageme

46、nt)asamongtheirmosttime-consumingactivities.9Lookingbeyondthenationaltotals,weobservedadivisionbetweenwhichactivitiescommandthemosttimeforsuperintendentsoflargeversussmalldistricts.Small-districtsuperintendentsreportedspendingthelargestsharesoftheirtimeonbudgetandonschoolfacilityoperations.Theywerea

47、lsomorelikelythanlarge-districtsuperintendentstoindicatethatgatheringorconsumingdataabouttheirschoolswasamongtheirmosttime-consumingactivities.Bycontrast,superintendentsoflargedistrictsreportedspendingthelargestsharesoftheirtimeonexternalandinternalcommunications,includingwithschoolboardmembers,pare

48、nts,andcentralofficestaff,inthatorder.Forexample,64percentofsuperintendentsoflargedistrictsreportedthatcommunicatingwithschoolboardmembersrankedamongtheirtopthreemosttime-consumingactivities,comparedwith28percentofsmall-districtsuperintendents.Thedifferencesaresolargeastosuggestthattheveryjobofthesu

49、perintendentand,therefore,likelytheskillsneededmosttosucceedinthejobissubstantiallydifferentinlarge(urban)versussmall(mostlyrural)districts.Inparticular,thesizeofthedifferencesinsuperintendentsidentificationoftime-consumingactivitiessuggeststheneedfordifferentiationintrainingsuperintendents.Forexamp

50、le,superintendentsofsmall(mostlyrural)districtsmayneedamore“jackofalltrades”trainingthatincludesschoolfacilitymaintenanceandfinance.10Figure 4.Top Three Activities That Took Up the Largest Share of Time in 20232024(by Percentage of Superintendents and District Size)NOTE:This figure depicts response

51、data from the following survey question:“Rank the three activities(with a 1,2,3)that took up the largest share of your time thus far over the course of this school year.”(n=180).The survey question also included an“other”option,which was selected by 7 percent of respondents.The figure displays the p

52、ercentage who ranked each activity as 1,2,or 3.Small districts(n=93)are those with fewer than 3,000 students,and large districts(n=36)are those with 10,000 or more students.Medium districts(those serving 3,0009,999 students,n=50)are omitted for readability.In most cases,medium districts responses fa

53、ll in between the large and small districts responses.We also omitted some data labels for readability purposes.Our results might not sum to 100 because of rounding.11Methodology Ourmethodologyforanalyzingsurveydataremainsrelativelyconsistentacrosssurveywaves;therefore,thedescriptionofourmethodshere

54、istextthatweupdatedfromapreviouspublication(SchwartzandDiliberti,2023).Data Sources Startinginfall2020andinseveralwavessince,RANDresearchersrandomlysampleddistrictstoinvitethemtoenrollintheASDP.Allenrolleddistrictswereinvitedtocompletethespring2024ASDPsurvey.ThissurveytheninthintheASDPserieswasfield

55、edfromMarch6,2024,throughMay3,2024.Ofthe1,318publicschooldistrictsthatenrolledinthepanelbetweenfall2020andspring2024,190districtscompletedsurveys(a14.4percentsurveycompletionrate).Surveyresponseswerethenweightedtoberepresentativeofthenationalpopulationofpublicschooldistricts,notthenationalpopulation

56、ofpublicschoolstudentsnorthenationalpopulationofdistrictsuperintendents.Formoreinformationaboutthesamplingandweightingproceduresforthespring2024ASDPsurvey,seeGrantetal.,2024.Wesupplementedthespring2024ASDPsurveydata(theprimarydatasourceusedinthisreport)withdatafromonesurveyitemadministeredonthesprin

57、g2023ASDPsurvey.Onehundredfiftydistrictsparticipatedinthesuperintendentportionofthatsurvey,forasurveycompletionrateof13.6percent.Formoredetailsonthespring2023ASDPsurveyadministrationandresults,seeSchwartzandDiliberti,2023.Analysis Weexamineddifferencesinsuperintendentsresponsestothespring2024surveyb

58、ytheirdistrictcontext.Weobtaineddataondistrictdemographicsbylinkingsurveydatafilestothe20212022CommonCoreofDataissuedbytheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,2022).Inthisreport,wefocusondifferencesbydistrictenrollmentsize.Wecategorizedistrictsthatenrollfewerthan

59、3,000studentsassmallanddistrictswithmorethan10,000aslarge;wecategorizetheremainingdistrictsasmedium.Forallspring2024surveyestimates,weconductedsignificancetestingtoassesswhethersubgroupswerestatisticallydifferentatthep0.05level.Inthisreport,wecallattentiontoonlythosedifferencesamongsuperintendentsub

60、groupsthatarestatisticallysignificantatthe5percentlevel,unlessotherwisenoted.Wedidnotconductformalsignificancetestingofdifferencesacrosssurveywaves(e.g.,comparingdistrictsresponsesonsurveyitemsinspring2024versusspring2023)becauseofalackoflongitudinalsurveyweightsthatproperlyaccountforthepartialoverl

61、apinrespondentsandchangesin12representativenessofsurveyrespondentsacrossyears.Thirty-eightsuperintendentscompletedboththefall2023andthespring2024surveys.Estimatesforeachsurveywereseparatelyproducedusingcross-sectionalsurveyweightsdesignedspecificallytoprovidenationallyrepresentativeestimatesatthetim

62、ewhenthesurveywasadministered.Therefore,comparisonsacrosstimepointsshouldbemadewithcautionassomedifferencesthatappeartobechangesovertimemayactuallybesurveyerror.Aswenotepreviously,oursurveysamplesizesarerelativelysmall,and,therefore,eachpointestimatehasarelativelylargemarginoferror.Becauseoftheexplo

63、ratorynatureofthisstudy,wedidnotapplymultiplehypothesistestcorrections.13References Grant,David,ClaudeMessanSetodji,GeraldP.Hunter,MelissaKayDiliberti,andHeatherL.Schwartz,TechnicalDocumentationfortheNinthAmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurvey,RANDCorporation,RR-A956-24,2024.AsofAugust1,2024:https:/www.r

64、and.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA956-24.htmlHunter,GeraldP.,MelissaKayDiliberti,andHeatherL.Schwartz,AmericanSchoolDistrictPanelInteractiveSurveyResultsTool:Spring2023SurveyResults,RANDCorporation,DV-A956-7,2023.AsofMay29,2024:https:/www.rand.org/pubs/visualizations/DVA956-7.htmlNationalCenterforEdu

65、cationStatistics,“202122CommonCoreofData(CCD)UniverseFiles,”datafile,NCES2023-152,December2022.AsofAugust19,2024:https:/nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2023152Schwartz,HeatherL.,andMelissaKayDiliberti,FluxintheEducatorLaborMarket:AcuteStaffShortagesandProjectedSuperintendentDepartures:Selec

66、tedFindingsfromtheFourthAmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurvey,RANDCorporation,RR-A956-9,2022a.AsofMay31,2024:https:/www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA956-9.htmlSchwartz,HeatherL.,andMelissaKayDiliberti,StateoftheSuperintendentHighJobSatisfactionandaProjectedNormalTurnoverRate:SelectedFindingsfromthe

67、FifthAmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurvey,RANDCorporation,RR-A956-12,2022b.AsofMay31,2024:https:/www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA956-12.htmlSchwartz,HeatherL.,andMelissaKayDiliberti,PoliticsIstheTopReasonSuperintendentsAreStressed:SelectedFindingsfromtheSpring2023AmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurvey

68、,RANDCorporation,RR-A956-17,2023.AsofMay29,2024:https:/www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA956-17.htmlSchwartz,Nathaniel,HanseulKang,SusannaLoeb,JasonGrissom,BrendanBartanen,JenniferCheatham,OliviaChi,MorgaenDonaldson,RenataFreitasLemos,GreerMellon,SusanMoffitt,AizatNurshatayeva,JayantiOwens,Ediea

69、lPinker,RachelWhite,andSethZimmerman,StudyingtheSuperintendency:ACallforResearch,AnnenbergInstitute,August2023.14About This Report Inspring2024,wesurveyedsuperintendentsof190AmericanSchoolDistrictPanel(ASDP)memberdistrictsabouttheirsourcesofstress,jobsatisfaction,andtimeuse.Thisseriesisintendedtopro

70、videbriefanalysesofeducatorsurveyresultsofimmediateinteresttopolicymakers,practitioners,andresearchers.Ifyouwouldliketoknowmoreaboutthedataset,seeTechnicalDocumentationfortheNinthAmericanSchoolDistrictPanelSurvey(Grantetal.,2024)formoreinformationonsurveyrecruitment,administration,andsampleweighting

71、.TheAmericanEducatorPanels(AEP)arenationallyrepresentativesamplesofteachers,schoolleaders,anddistrictleadersacrossthecountry.ThepanelsareaproudmemberoftheAmericanAssociationforPublicOpinionResearchsTransparencyInitiative.IfyouareinterestedinusingAEPdataforyourownsurveysoranalysisorinreadingotherpubl

72、icationsrelatedtotheAEP,pleaseemailaeprand.orgorvisitwww.rand.org/aep.ThroughtheAEPDataPortalavailablefromthatsite,researcherscandownloadsurveydatafilestoperformtheirownanalyses.TheASDPisaresearchpartnershipbetweenRANDandtheCenteronReinventingPublicEducation.Thepanelalsocollaborateswithseveralothere

73、ducationorganizationsincludingtheCounciloftheGreatCitySchoolsandMGTtohelpensureweproduceactionableresults.Formoreinformation,visittheASDPwebsiteatwww.americanschooldistrictpanel.org.RAND Education and Labor ThisstudywasundertakenbyRANDEducationandLabor,adivisionofRANDthatconductsresearchonearlychild

74、hoodthroughpostsecondaryeducationprograms,workforcedevelopment,andprogramsandpoliciesaffectingworkers,entrepreneurship,andfinancialliteracyanddecisionmaking.ThisworkwassupportedinwholebytheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationINV-056780.UnderthegrantconditionsoftheFoundation,aCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Inte

75、rnationalLicensehasalreadybeenassignedtotheAuthorAcceptedManuscriptversionthatmightarisefromthissubmission.ThefindingsandconclusionspresentedarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectpositionsorpoliciesoftheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.Formoreinformationandresearchontheseandotherrelatedtopics,vis

76、itgatesfoundation.org.MoreinformationaboutRANDcanbefoundatwww.rand.org.QuestionsaboutthisDataNoteshouldbedirectedtohschwartzrand.org,andquestionsaboutRANDEducationandLaborshouldbedirectedtoeducationandlaborrand.org.15Acknowledgments Weareextremelygratefultotheeducatorswhoagreedtoparticipateinthepane

77、ls.Theirtimeandwillingnesstosharetheirexperienceswereinvaluableforthiseffortandforhelpingusunderstandhowtobettersupporttheirhardworkinschools.WethankBrianKimandDanielIbarrolaforhelpingmanagethesurvey;CaseyHunterforservingasthedatamanagerforthissurvey;andTimColvin,RobertoGuevara,andJulieNewellforprog

78、rammingthesurvey.ThankstoClaudeMessanSetodjiformanagingthesamplingandweightingfortheseanalyses.WegreatlyappreciatetheadministrativesupportprovidedbyTinaPetrossianandErinLevendorfandASDPmanagementprovidedbySamanthaDiNicola.WealsothankJillCannon,AndySmith,andSyDoanforhelpfulfeedbackthatgreatlyimprovedthisDataNote.WealsothankChrisAnthonyforhereditorialexpertiseandMonetteVelascoforoverseeingthepublicationprocessforthisDataNote.