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TABLE 6 Drivers of Public Expenditure on Agricultural Risk Management in an Expanded Set of 10 EU Countries (2014-2022)

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referenced above. Farms with higher margins (more efficient operations) exhibit lower uptake of insurance. While, more broadly, this may be due to perceived self-sufficiency, overconfidence in stability, or viewing premiums as an avoidable cost despite underlying risks such as weather volatility in high-value sectors, a deeper look into the farm profiles in the five countries analyzed provides important insights. In this case, the smallest farms in economic terms, specializing in wine, horticulture, and olives (for Italy and France), (Bulgaria, Latvia). This finding underscores the importance of tailoring insurance products and covering protection gaps that affect specialty crops. It also emphasizes the importance of removing obstacles that affect small farms' access to insurance, where high-margin small farms underinsure against shocks, while low-margin operations face affordability barriers. value chain, the tendency for stakeholders to implement ARM measures also increases. This correlation makes logical sense and aligns with previous observations: when the agricultural sector is prominent, it is more exposed to a wide range of risks and uncertainties. Producers facing heightened vulnerabilities, are therefore more inclined to invest in risk management approaches to safeguard their operations. This result igate the unpredictability inherent in food production and distribution. As such, an increase in the sec- tor's share within the chain naturally prompts higher ARM uptake, as stakeholders seek stability amidst changing market conditions, weather patterns, and other external challenges. Ultimately, the expansion of reinforcing the sector's resilience and adaptability for the future. uptake. This outcome is quite intuitive, as diversification itself acts as a form of risk mitigation for farmers cultural activities, farmers reduce their reliance on farm incomes and hence, are less eager to adopt ARM measures. In some cases, it might be possible that alternative (off-farm) incomes outside farming activi- ties might enable farmers to more confidently engage in ARM strategies. However, it seems unlikely that farmers engaged in off-farm activities are linked to significantly competitive forms of farming. To further test the robustness of our econometric analysis and the validity of our findings, we ex- panded our analysis beyond the five deep-dive countries. In this format, we included all 10 EU Member States that have utilized CAP funds during the 2014-2022 period to promote risk management tools, i.e.

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