1、RELEASE DATEAPRIL 2023COPYRIGHT 2023 GSMA ASSOCIATIONAUTHORNAME SURNAMENon-terrestrialnetworks-opportunitiesand challengesJune 2025White PaperCopyright 2025 GSMA2/44This is a Whitepaper of the GSMASecurity Classification:Non-confidentialAccess to and distribution of this document is restricted to th

2、e persons permitted by the security classification.This document is subject to copyright protection.This document is to be used only for the purposes for which it has been supplied and information contained in it must not be disclosed or in any other way made available,in whole or in part,to persons

3、 other than those permitted under the security classification without the prior written approval of the Association.Copyright NoticeCopyright 2025 GSM AssociationDisclaimerThe GSM Association(“Association”)makes no representation,warranty or undertaking(express or implied)with respect to and does no

4、t accept any responsibility for and hereby disclaims liability for the accuracy or completeness or timeliness of the information contained in this document.The information contained in this document may be subject to change without prior notice.The views and opinions expressed in this whitepaper are

5、 those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the GSMA or its subsidiaries.Antitrust NoticeThe information contain herein is in full compliance with the GSM Associations antitrust compliance policy.3/443/443/44Contents1 Executive Summary 52 Introduction 8 2.

6、1 Overview 8 2.2 Scope and target audience 8 2.3 Acknowledgments 10 2.4 Definitions 11 2.5 Abbreviations 123 Non-terrestrial Networks 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Technical implementation options 14 3.3 TN-NTN interworking 15 3.4 D2D deployments 17 3.4.1 3GPP Compliant D2D Deployments 17 3.4.2 Proprie