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1、Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksA comparative overviewYouthEuropean Education and Culture Executive AgencyErasmus+Enriching lives,opening minds.Text completed in June 2024.Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the

2、 European Union,2024 European Education and Culture Executive Agency,2024The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents(OJ L 330,14.12.2011,p.39).Unless otherwise noted,the reuse of this doc

3、ument is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International(CC BY 4.0)licence(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by t

4、he European Union,permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders.Cover image:Deagreez,PrintISBN 978-92-9488-521-0doi:10.2797/389560EC-05-23-183-EN-CPDFISBN 978-92-9488-522-7doi:10.2797/038401EC-05-23-183-EN-NThis document is published by the European Education and Culture

5、 Executive Agency (EACEA,Platforms,Studies and Analysis).Please cite this publication as:European Commission/EACEA/Youth Wiki,2024.Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checks.A comparative overview.Youth Wiki report.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union.European Educa

6、tion and Culture Executive AgencyPlatforms,Studies and AnalysisBoulevard Simon Bolivar 34(Unit A6)1049 BrusselsBELGIUME-mail:EACEA-YOUTH-WIKI-NATIONAL-CORRESPONDENTSec.europa.euWebsite:national-policies.eacea.ec.europa.eu/youthwikiYouth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksA compara

7、tive overview2ContentsList of figures 3List of country codes 3Foreword 4Introduction 51.Youth mainstreaming and youth impact assessment 71.1.EU policy instruments 81.2.National policy instruments 102.Youth checks 142.1.National experiences 14Flemish Community of Belgium 14Germany 15France 17Austria

8、182.2.A comparative overview 20Scope 20Methodology 20Procedures 20Results 22Conclusions 23Annex Overview of the features of youth checks 25References 27Contents3Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksFigure 1.Degree of youth mainstreaming during the evolution of EU youth policy

9、5Figure 2.Consideration of youth issues in the formulation of policies,2023 11Figure 3.Countries where youth issues are considered,by type of legislation,2023 11Figure 4.Countries where youth issues are considered,by stage of policymaking,2023 12Figure 5.Countries where youth issues are considered,b

10、y institution initiating the procedure,2023 12Figure 6.Countries where youth issues are considered,by procedure,2023 13Figure 7.Belgium:JoKER 15Figure 8.Germany:the youth check 16Figure 9.France:the youth impact clause 18Figure 10.Austria:the youth check 19List of country codesBE deBelgium German-sp

11、eaking CommunityCYCyprusHRCroatiaFIFinlandIEIrelandISIcelandLILiechtensteinLTLithuaniaLULuxembourgLVLatviaMTMaltaNONorwayRSSerbiaSESwedenSISloveniaTRTrkiyeList of figures4ForewordThe Youth Check:An Instrument for Youth Mainstreaming Young people represent the future of our society.They come from div

12、erse backgrounds,possess varied experience and hold unique viewpoints.They offer a distinct generational perspective that I firmly believe should be integrated into EU policymaking and contribute to shaping it now and in the future.Mainstreaming a youth perspective and ensuring that their interests

13、are reflected across policies,particularly those that impact their lives-requires listening to their views,needs and aspirations and embedding them to our policy design.This approach will make our policies more inclusive so that they benefit our society as a whole.The 2022 European Year of Youth und

14、erscored the importance of young Europeans in shaping Europes future.It provided young people with opportunities to enhance their participation in democratic life through over 13,000 activities in Europe and beyond.Building on the successes of the European Year of Youth,the European Commission annou

15、nced earlier this year 60 actions to address young peoples concerns.A key action was the introduction of a youth check at the EU level.This initiative ensures that the impact of our policies on young people is systematically considered during policy design.By leveraging the full potential of the Bet

16、ter Regulation framework and engaging in consultations with stakeholders,the youth check places young people at the centre of our policymaking.This paper provides an overview of youth mainstreaming practices in European countries,focusing specifically on the functioning of youth checks in four EU Me

17、mber States.The youth check increases the visibility and prominence to young peoples concerns and needs across various policy fields in these countries.I am confident that this report will be valuable to decision-makers across Europe in advancing their commitment to youth-relevant policies and in ex

18、panding our evidence base on youth mainstreaming practices.This is key to ensuring the gradual uptake of these practices at all levels of decision-making,contributing to make the legacy of the European Year of Youth last for young Europeans.Iliana IvanovaEuropean Commissioner for Innovation,Research

19、,Culture,Education and Youth5Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksIntroductionYouth mainstreaming involves the integration of a youth perspective into the preparation,design,implementation,monitoring and evaluation of all policies and programmes that concern and affect young p

20、eople.Youth mainstreaming also aims to shape institutional and policymaking processes that provide space and opportunities for young people to have a say in the decisions that affect them.At the European Union level,youth mainstreaming has its roots in the 2001 White Paper on a new impetus for Europ

21、ean youth(European Commission,2001),which laid the foundations for European governance in the youth field.More than two decades later,mainstreaming youth and youth participation are foundational principles of the 20192027 EU Youth Strategy,which supported by instruments such as the EU youth dialogue

22、 and EU youth programmes(Erasmus+youth in action and the EU Solidarity Corps)highlights that only by mainstreaming youth as a priority amongst different policy areas it can be ensured that the specific needs or effects for young people in envisaged policies or programs are taken into account.To lead

23、 by example,at EU level a cross-sectoral approach should be further pursued as a fundamental basis.Furthermore,youth mainstreaming can only be effective when it also guarantees a say for young people in all possible policy areas that affect them(Council of the European Union,2018).Figure 1.Degree of

24、 youth mainstreaming during the evolution of EU youth policyDegree of mainstreamingEvolution of EU youth policy2001White paper New impetus for European youth 1.Education andtraining 2.Employment andsocial inclusion 3.Health and antidiscrimination20191.Employment,integration and social advancement2.E

25、ducation,training and mobility3.Reconciliation of family life and working life 1.Employment and entrepreneurship2.Social inclusion3.Participation4.Education and training5.Health and wellbeing6.Voluntary activities7.Youth and the world8.Creativity and culture1.Connecting EU with youth2.Equality of al

26、l genders3.Inclusive societies4.Information and constructive dialogue5.Mental health and well-being6.Moving rural youth forward7.Quality employment for all8.Quality learning9.Space and participation for all10.Sustainable green Europe11.Youth organisations and Europeanprogrammes 20092005European Yout

27、h Pact2010-2018 EU Youth Strategy2019-2027 EU Youth StrategyAgainst this background,the 2022 European Year of Youth set youth participation as a central priority of EU action in the field of youth and gave voice to the demand by young people that a youth perspective be integrated into relevant EU po

28、licies.A Eurobarometer survey on young peoples opinions on democracy conducted in that year revealed that they expect decision-makers to listen more to young peoples needs(European Commission,2022b).Furthermore,youth participation was the topic most often addressed in activities organised during the

29、 European Year of Youth a clear sign of the interest on the part of many young Europeans in having their opinions included in policymaking.In consideration of young peoples wish for youth-responsive policies,youth mainstreaming factoring the youth dimension into all relevant policy areas has emerged

30、 as a priority for EU youth policy cooperation.6IntroductionBuilding on the achievements of the Year of Youth,the European Commission has established a set of 60 actions aiming to take forward its commitment to fostering young peoples participation and engagement(European Commission,2024).To this en

31、d,it has set up several measures(e.g.the exchange of good practices,peer-learning activities and evidence gathering)to facilitate youth mainstreaming across policy fields that are relevant to young people.One of the actions concerns the production of an analytical overview of national experiences wi

32、th youth mainstreaming.This is the context in which this paper has been produced.It analyses youth mainstreaming practices in 33 European countries,with a focus on youth regulatory impact assessment(RIA)instruments in four EU Member States:Belgium(the Flemish Community),Germany,France and Austria.In

33、 the absence of a common term used to designate such instruments,the paper refers to them as youth checks,as this term is employed in two of the four Member States analysed(Germany and Austria).This comparative analysis of the features and processes of the youth checks is a first attempt at delineat

34、ing the workings of these instruments,highlighting their differences and similarities and contributing to the exchange of best practices among countries.The paper consists of five sections.The first section of the paper introduces the concepts of youth mainstreaming and youth impact assessment(YIA)a

35、s a form of RIA in the youth field.The paper then proceeds to describe the instruments of YIA at the EU level,with a particular focus on the Commissions better regulation agenda.This is followed by an overview of the YIA practices across European countries.The third section is dedicated to an in-dep

36、th description of the features and processes of the youth checks.The procedures in place in each of the four Member States are covered in detail,with reference to the national contexts and institutional settings.Particular attention is paid to the actors involved in the youth checks,the institutions

37、 concerned,the processes of their implementation and the policy areas to which they apply.The fourth section presents a comparative overview of the four types of youth check.The analysis covers various elements.The scope of application of the youth checks is discussed,along with the dimensions of yo

38、ung peoples lives that are concerned.The different methodologies of the youth checks are compared in order to identify the sources of evidence used and the criteria used to assess the impact of policies on young people.The procedures followed in the four cases are explored from various perspectives,

39、such as the administrative bodies involved,the stage of application in policymaking and the inclusion of young people.The analysis concludes with an assessment of the results of the youth checks in terms of the consequences for draft legislation.The conclusions sum up the main findings of the compar

40、ative analysis.Similarities and differences in the workings of the youth checks in the four countries are highlighted.The section also identifies further aspects of YIA and youth checks to be addressed in future research.The analysis is based on first-hand qualitative information collected by the na

41、tional correspondents of the Youth Wiki network in March 2023,and through interviews with representatives of national public administrations,along with secondary information derived from desk research.In total,26 EU Member States(1)and seven non-EU countries(Bosnia and Herzegovina,Iceland,Montenegro

42、,North Macedonia,Norway,Serbia and Trkiye)participated in the data collection.(1)Portugal did not take part in the data collection.7Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checks1.Youth mainstreaming and youth impact assessmentThe Council conclusions adopted in November 2023 on youth m

43、ainstreaming in policymaking processes in the European Union(Council of the European Union,2023)define it as an approach that incorporates the perspective and needs of young people in the processes of policy formulation,monitoring and evaluation,as well as in decision-making processes.Mainstreaming

44、ensures that the challenges and concerns inherent to young people are not addressed in isolation but are integrated cross-cuttingly into broader policy frameworks.Youth mainstreaming is based on the recognition that the lives of young people are impacted by measures designed in the context of manifo

45、ld policy areas.In practical terms,it can be implemented through the establishment of procedures(e.g.interministerial committees,coordination groups across ministries,youth focal points)ensuring that youth priorities are not confined to youth-specific policies,but rather integrated into a multisecto

46、ral approach across all policy areas.Youth mainstreaming can be upheld by several factors.One is the existence of a national youth strategy(or a national youth law)(OECD,2018).By establishing general objectives for youth policy that cut across various fields,the strategy is liable to create synergie

47、s among different branches of government and foster the incorporation of a youth dimension into their policy planning.Evidence-based policymaking that makes use of data broken down by age is another factor that can stimulate youth mainstreaming(2).Observing the potentially different implications tha

48、t a planned policy might have for different age groups not only makes policymaking permeable to youth interests and preferences but can also extend a youth perspective beyond the boundaries of youth policy.Assessing the impact of policies on young people in various policy fields,to address potential

49、 challenges and avoid negative effects,also contributes to youth mainstreaming.To this end,such assessment ought to go beyond the traditional area of youth policies and be integrated into a general process of RIA applying to all policy areas.(2)This and the following point are inspired by the digita

50、l fishbowl discussion on how governments can integrate a young peoples perspective into decision-making,organised by the Kompetenzzentrum Jugend-Check on 5 December 2023.RIA consists of a systematic appraisal of how proposed legislation will affect certain categories of stakeholders,economic sectors

51、 and the environment(European Court of Auditors,2010;Radaelli,2009;Adelle and Weilan,2012).RIA provides evidence on the expected and unexpected benefits and costs of legislative approaches and a critical assessment of policy options(OECD,2020).By providing information on the potential trade-offs of

52、legislative proposals,RIA supports the effectiveness,efficiency and coherence of policies.RIA can also indicate the absence of a need to regulate or the failure to regulate where there is a need to do so(ibid.).RIA can be conducted to ascertain various types of impacts particularly economic and fina

53、ncial,but also environmental and social.The latter fields typically include aspects of gender equality,poverty,socioeconomic equality and age equality(Deighton-Smith et al.,2016;OECD,2022).Cutting across all these dimensions,young people represent a segment of the population that bears significant c

54、onsequences resulting from policies.Young people are at an important point in life in which their access to education and training,meaningful employment,housing and other rights have a considerable influence on their future trajectories(OECD,2020).In this context,governance tools such as impact asse

55、ssments can help integrate the concerns and needs of young people into policymaking and intergenerational dialogue in a systematic way(ibid.).Against this background,a survey of 28 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries reports that about a third including several Euro

56、pean countries(3)use general RIAs and provide specific information on the expected impact of draft legislation on young people(OECD,2020).In the context of youth policy,RIA can help recognise potential differentiated impacts of policies on young people(ibid.).RIA in the field of youth or youth impac

57、t assessment(YIA)implies the consideration of the intended and unintended consequences that draft policies might have for young people.This kind of impact assessment stipulates the inclusion of a youth perspective in the ex ante evaluation of the consequences of a new piece of legislation(Kompetenzz

58、entrum Jugend-Check,2022).(3)Austria,Estonia,France,Germany,Hungary,Latvia,Luxembourg,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal and Sweden.81.Youth mainstreaming and youth impact assessment1.1.EU policy instrumentsAt the EU level,the Commission uses a comprehensive set of regulatory and policy tools,such as R

59、IA,evaluations,stakeholder consultations,and cooperation and dialogue instruments.The first reference to regulatory assessment of impacts in the field of youth can be found in the Council resolution of 8 February 1999 on youth participation(Council of the European Union,1999).According to the Counci

60、ls indications,the Commission is invited to focus on young peoples interests as a guiding principle for action to be applied to all relevant policy areas and,where appropriate,to assess the potential effects of measures to be launched at the Community level on the living conditions of young people,a

61、nd to show ways and means of taking the interests of young people into account.Officially defined as a policy instrument in 2000,the open method of coordination(4)followed up on the commitments set out in that resolution by including youth policy among its policy fields of application,with the speci

62、fic priority of increasing youth participation in decision-making.The Commission proposed strengthening a consultation structure for young people at European level in which civil-society organisations representing youth would participate(European Commission,2001;Banjac,2014).Going a step further,in

63、2005,the Council adopted a resolution that invited both the Commission and the Member States to develop and implement the structured dialogue with young people and their organisations,researchers in the youth field and policymakers(Council of the European Union,2005).The resolution stated that young

64、 people and their organisations should be consulted on and closely involved in the development,implementation and follow-up of policy actions affecting them.Notably,it also mentioned the importance of including a youth dimension in other relevant EU policies.However,it was the 20192027 EU Youth Stra

65、tegy that formally invited the Commission and the Member States to put in place mechanisms to involve young people in the development of policies affecting their lives(Council of the European Union,2018).Recognising that decisions in various policy fields have a long-term impact on young Europeans,a

66、nd that they are poorly represented in decision-making structures,the strategy calls for European and national authorities to implement processes that include young(4)The open method of coordination in the EU is a type of soft law.It is a form of intergovernmental policymaking that does not result i

67、n binding EU legislative measures and does not require Member States to introduce new or amend their current laws.Further information is available at https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/open-method-of-coordination.html.citizens and the organisations that represent their interests in t

68、he development,implementation and evaluation of policies.The strategy concomitantly reinvigorated the structured dialogue renamed the EU youth dialogue by including more decision-makers and young people,especially those with fewer opportunities and those whose voices are less often heard,in decision

69、-making processes(ibid.).With the goal of ensuring the effectiveness,efficiency,foresight,transparency and participatory nature of policies,the better regulation communication(European Commission,2015)reinforced the instrument of impact assessment for its legislative initiatives.In general,impact as

70、sessments are conducted on Commission initiatives that have a significant impact on the economy,society and the environment.Initiatives include legislative proposals,non-legislative initiatives(e.g.financial programmes,recommendations for the negotiations of international agreements)and implementing

71、 and delegated acts.The results of the impact assessment process are collected in an impact assessment report,which must identify the groups in the population that will be affected and the results of public consultations with citizens and stakeholders,and include an assessment of the environmental,s

72、ocial and economic impacts of the initiative.An independent body,the Regulatory Scrutiny Board,assesses the quality of the impact assessment.Impact assessment reports are public documents,and they are sent to the European Parliament and the Council for consideration as they decide whether to adopt t

73、he proposed initiatives.In the context of the better regulation policy,guidelines and a toolbox have been established.Chapter 3 of the toolbox is dedicated to identifying impacts in evaluations,fitness checks and impact assessments(5).In this context,several tools have a dimension that relates direc

74、tly to young people:tool#31 on education and training,culture and youth;tool#30 dealing with employment,working conditions,income distribution,social protection and inclusion;tool#29 concerning fundamental rights,including the promotion of equality;and tool#20 on strategic foresight for impact asses

75、sments and evaluations.These tools are complemented by tool#51 under Chapter 7,which is dedicated to stakeholder consultation.First and foremost,tool#31 recognises that the impact of policies on young people can often be(5)https:/commission.europa.eu/document/download/9c8d2189-8abd-4f29-84e9-abc843c

76、c68e0_en?filename=BR%20toolbox%20-%20Jul%202023%20-%20FINAL.pdf 9Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksgreater than on other age cohorts and recommends assessing the consequences that new policy initiatives especially in the fields of employment,education and social inclusion m

77、ight have for youth.The tool includes a set of questions(6)to be answered in order to compile a thorough analysis,according to evidence drawn from various sources including the EU youth report(7),the EU Dashboard of Youth Indicators(8)and the Youth Wiki(9).Furthermore,tool#30 covers several dimensio

78、ns of social impact:employment,working conditions,income distribution,social protection and inclusion.The tool recognises that the impacts of legislative initiatives in those fields vary for different subgroups of the population.Level of education and training,risk of exclusion and age are among the

79、 characteristics that can lead to different consequences stemming from the initiatives that are promoted.In this regard,it is important to consider that young people often suffer from unemployment and are exposed to the risk of social exclusion and poverty to a greater extent than the general popula

80、tion(European Commission,2021a).Therefore,the tool is essential in duly assessing the impact of measures in the fields of employment and social inclusion,and in ensuring equality among age groups and the protection of the most vulnerable.The tool further recommends that,when significant negative eff

81、ects are identified,ways to mitigate them be proposed,for example by including exceptions for the most disproportionally affected stakeholders.With reference to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union(10),tool#29 establishes the steps for assessing the potential impact of policy opti

82、ons on the principles of equality and non-discrimination on the grounds of sex,ethnic origin,religion or belief,disability,sexual orientation and notably for the purpose of YIA age.On this basis,policy initiatives that are liable to have an impact on young people have to undergo a thorough and evide

83、nce-based assessment to detect the potential risks and,if negative consequences are identified,propose mitigating measures.(6)The questions are as follows.1.How to reach out to young people in consultations and decision-making?2.Is there an impact on social inclusion and integration of youth?Are the

84、 needs of young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and of young persons with disabilities duly considered?3.Is there an impact on learning opportunities in respect to youth?4.Is there an impact on labour market,continuity of transition between education and professional performance in respect to

85、youth?(7)The EU youth reports,published every 3 years,describe relevant policy measures taken in support of young people and provide an analytical overview of the situation of young people at the EU level and in Member States.(8)The EU Dashboard of Youth Indicators consists of some 41 indicators acr

86、oss various sectors that provide a broad picture of the situation of young people.(9)The Youth Wiki is an online encyclopaedia in the area of national youth policies in Europe.It provides a comprehensive database of national structures,policies and initiatives supporting young people.(10)Charter of

87、Fundamental Rights of the European Union,OJ C 326,26.10.2012,p.391.Additionally,tool#20 concerns strategic foresight in impact assessments and in the evaluation of policy initiatives.The tool envisages the proofing of policies against megatrends described as long-term global driving forces that are

88、observable in the present and are likely to continue to have a significant influence for a few decades and future scenarios.Among the megatrends identified,two are particularly relevant for the purpose of YIA.The first concerns demographic imbalances that,in Europe,are due to an increasingly ageing

89、population.This trend is liable to affect the sustainability of public financing and the related availability of public services(e.g.healthcare,pensions,education)for generations to come.The second megatrend that has an impact on young people is the diversification and digitalisation of education an

90、d learning.Societal and technological changes are transforming the way young people access and experience learning.A shift is occurring from classes,classrooms and curricula towards exploring,customisation and coaching,and this will gain momentum over the coming decades(European Education and Cultur

91、e Executive Agency,Eurydice,2019).New digital technologies are reshaping the way young people learn,and demand the development of innovative approaches to teaching and learning(ibid.).Based on these considerations,the tool prescribes that new policy initiatives acknowledge the connected changes in t

92、he lives of young people and undergo an assessment of their potential consequences for the new realities younger generations will experience.The tools described above are complemented by tool#51,which introduces a stakeholder dimension into the process of impact assessment.The tool concerns the cons

93、ultation of stakeholders and citizens on the Commissions legislative proposals.Through a call for evidence a document that describes an initiative and,where relevant,includes a 12-week public-consultation questionnaire the contents,objectives and expected effects of a proposal are presented to the p

94、ublic in order to collect feedback.The instrument also applies to impact assessments:the description of the problem,issues relating to subsidiarity,the policy objectives,the options and the likely impacts of each option are illustrated in detail.Over the years,the effective integration of young peop

95、les views and interests into decision-making has gained momentum as a highly relevant topic in the field of youth policy.At the Conference on the Future of Europe,all voting components expressed the need to give young people more leverage in the processes of policymaking(Council of the European Unio

96、n,2022b).In the Annex to its communication Conference on the Future of Europe Putting vision into concrete action,the Commission states its intention to propose a coherent and meaningful approach to ensure youth involvement in policy-making,through their 101.Youth mainstreaming and youth impact asse

97、ssmentsystematic participation in citizens panels,in the smaller deliberative co-creation processes,as well as by a specific attention to the impact of envisaged policies on the young generation(European Commission,2022a).The proposal states that one third of the members of citizens panels should be

98、 young people,and envisages the possibility of organising panels composed solely of young members(ibid.).Support for this proposal was expressed by the European Economic and Social Committee(EESC)in its opinion on the EU youth test(EESC,2022),by the Parliament in its resolution on the legacy of the

99、2022 European Year of Youth(European Parliament,2022),by the European Committee of the Regions in its opinion on the future of youth policy in the EU(European Committee of the Regions,2022)and by youth organisations such as the European Youth Forum.In July 2023,the EESC started a pilot project on th

100、e implementation of a YIA instrument(the EU youth test)in its opinion-making process.EESC sections and other bodies are invited to select pilot opinions that will be checked for their relevance to youth.Young people are directly involved in the consultation process.The most recent step taken at the

101、EU level is represented by the Commissions plan to conduct a youth check on its policy initiatives.As described in the communication on the European Year of Youth(European Commission,2024),the first step of the youth check is an assessment of the relevance of initiatives for young people.If the poli

102、cy initiatives bear significant relevance,the Commission considers whether to organise dedicated youth consultations(e.g.targeted surveys,debates with young people and youth stakeholders).The Commission then performs an impact assessment on the initiatives,where relevant.This process is based on the

103、 better regulation tools described above.The last step is an appraisal conducted by the Regulatory Scrutiny Board.From the overview of the methods and instruments of the Commissions approach to the assessment of youth impacts,several advantageous features can be identified for the purpose of incorpo

104、rating young peoples demands and needs into policymaking.Firstly far from being confined to the youth policy field it integrates the analysis of the consequences of legislation on young people into a wide regulatory framework that allows for the comprehensive consideration of their needs across vari

105、ous policy fields.Secondly,it is based on a diffuse participatory dimension that includes youth stakeholders in the assessment of policies effects on the younger population.Furthermore,it integrates that assessment into a long-term perspective that ensures forward-looking consideration of the intere

106、sts of generations to come.1.2.National policy instrumentsAt the national level,all countries participating in this data collection report the existence of formal or informal,systematic or ad hoc procedures for taking young peoples concerns into consideration in the preparation of legislative initia

107、tives.However,they differ in several respects.The first difference concerns the scope of policy fields in which youth implications can be assessed.In about half of the countries analysed(18),youth issues can be taken into consideration in the drafting of legislation limited to the youth policy field

108、.In the other half(17),the assessment can cover legislation in any policy field that has repercussions on young people(Figure 2).11Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksFigure 2.Consideration of youth issues in the formulation of policies,2023Youth issues can be considered in t

109、he formulation of policies:MTBE deLULIlimited to the youth policy fieldin different policy fieldsSource:Youth Wiki.As discussed in Section 1,assessing the consequences of legislation for young people across different policy fields supports youth mainstreaming.To discern how this happens,the analysis

110、 focuses on the 17 countries that fall into the second category.Among them,Belgium(the Flemish Community),Germany,France and Austria have introduced formal instruments for impact assessment in the field of youth,either specifically or as part of a general process.As their features are illustrated in

111、 detail in the following sections,they are not discussed in this overview.The analysis looks at four dimensions of policymaking:the type of legislation proposed,the stage in the legislative process,the actor initiating it and the procedures that are applied.The categories listed under each dimension

112、 are not mutually exclusive:countries can belong to more than one.Differences exist in the type of legislation for which youth issues can be considered.In most countries,youth concerns can be taken into consideration in the drafting of legislation introduced by the government(Figure 3).Legislation o

113、riginating from the parliament comes next,while in six countries(Finland,Iceland,Latvia,Lithuania,Serbia and Slovenia)legislation initiated by citizens can also be checked against youth impact.In Croatia,Ireland,Malta and Norway,only legislation drafted by the government can be evaluated in consider

114、ation of youth interests.In Trkiye,this can happen solely for legislation introduced by the parliament.Figure 3.Countries where youth issues are considered,by type of legislation,20230246810120246810121296CY,FI,HR,IE,IS,LT,LV,MT,NO,RS,SE,SICY,FI,IS,LT,LV,RS,SE,SI,TRFI,IS,LT,LV,RS,SILegislation initi

115、ated by the governmentLegislation initiated by the parliamentLegislation initiated by the citizensSource:Youth Wiki.121.Youth mainstreaming and youth impact assessmentThe stage of policymaking during which the consequences of legislation for young people can be addressed differs among countries.Figu

116、re 4 shows that the stage of ex ante assessment of lawmaking is the most common one.This is the phase when the main objectives of new legislation are set and its impact is assessed.In Iceland and Ireland,this is the only stage during which impact assessment can take place.The stages of drafting and

117、that of consultations with the public and stakeholders are also ones in which youth issues can often be considered.In a smaller number of countries,the implications of legislation for young people can be included in the debate within the cabinet and the parliament.Figure 4.Countries where youth issu

118、es are considered,by stage of policymaking,202302468101202468101211101055CY,FI,HR,IE,IS,LT,LV,NO,RS,SE,SICY,FI,HR,LT,LV,MT,NO,RS,SE,SICY,FI,HR,LT,LV,MT,NO,RS,SE,SIFI,LT,LV,MT,NOCY,FI,LT,LV,TREx ante assessment of proposed legislationDra?ing of legislationConsultations on dra?legislation with stakeho

119、ldersDebate of dra?legislation by the cabinetDebate of dra?legislation by the parliamentNB:Categories are listed based on the sequence of the legislative procedure.Source:Youth Wiki.The initiator of the impact assessment process is most often the ministry in charge of the legislation that is propose

120、d(Figure 5).In some cases,the ministry responsible for youth policy cooperates with the line ministry in evaluating the consequences of legislation for young people.Since,in general,legislation is proposed by parliaments less frequently than by governments,parliaments are more seldom initiators of t

121、he procedures for considering youth issues in drafting legislation.In the case of Trkiye,the evaluation of the consequences of legislation for young people can only be initiated by the parliament.Figure 5.Countries where youth issues are considered,by institution initiating the procedure,20230246810

122、12024681012112CY,FI,HR,IE,IS,LT,MT,NO,RS,SE,SIA ministryThe parliamentCY,TRNB:Data for Latvia are not available.Source:Youth Wiki.There are various procedures through which the impact on young people can be considered in the drafting of new policies(Figure 6).Consultations with young people or youth

123、 stakeholders(e.g.youth councils and students unions)in the field of youth are the most frequent approaches.All countries participating in the analysis provide for these procedures.The use of reports,studies and results from surveys is also a means of gauging the implications of legislation for youn

124、g people and supporting evidence-based policymaking.13Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksFigure 6.Countries where youth issues are considered,by procedure,20230246810120246810121212117CY,FI,HR,IE,IS,LT,LV,MT,NO,RS,SE,SICY,FI,HR,IE,IS,LT,MT,NO,RS,SE,SI,TRFI,HR,IE,IS,LT,MT,NO,

125、RS,SE,SI,TRFI,HR,IE,IS,LT,NO,RSConsultations with representatives of young peopleConsultations with youth stakeholdersReference to studies and reportsSurveysSource:Youth Wiki.As indicated at the beginning of this section,one region and three Member States the Flemish Community of Belgium,Germany,Fra

126、nce and Austria have formal instruments for impact assessment in the field of youth,here referred to as youth checks.Youth checks address the impact of policy proposals on young people in an almost systematic way,by applying formal evaluation methods and ad hoc evaluation procedures that complement

127、the general process of RIA.Policymakers are required to systematically establish whether a new piece of legislation bears consequences for young people and,if so,to initiate a formal process of impact assessment.The methodology consists of predefined detailed questions regarding the expected impact

128、of a piece of legislation on young people that are answered on the basis of quantitative and qualitative evidence.Some Member States(the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Ireland)are holding debates on the possibility to introduce a youth check,while others(Italy,Malta and the Netherlands)are

129、 developing concrete plans.In the German-speaking Community of Belgium,the implementation of a youth check is part of the youth 2025+project.Existing youth check models in other European countries are being assessed in order to identify good practices.Broad consultations among all stakeholders are p

130、lanned,with the objective of launching a pilot phase.Ireland has been conducting extensive consultations on the introduction of a youth check.The debate,mainly driven by youth organisations,has involved institutional actors such as the Joint Committee on European Union Affairs of the Oireachtas(the

131、Irish parliament)and the Children and Young Peoples Policy Consortium,chaired by the Department of Children,Equality,Disability,Integration and Youth.Implementing a youth check in Ireland is one of the recommendations of the young voices EU youth dialogue processes in Ireland.As a first step in impl

132、ementing a complete youth check,in 2021 Italy established a committee that oversees the impact of public policy,on young people.The committee is composed of various stakeholders,including the Ministry of Youth,the National Youth Council,the Italian Youth Agency and the National Institute of Statisti

133、cs.The committee provides data and analysis in support of effective government coordination and implementation of youth policies.The first set of guidelines was published in 2022.As of early 2024,a draft law envisages the introduction of a generational impact assessment mechanism,which will evaluate

134、 ex ante the possible impact of new legislation on young people,using the abovementioned guidelines as a reference framework.The latest revision of Maltas national youth policy towards 2030 envisages the introduction of a system of youth proofing to ensure that while enacting legislation and formula

135、ting national policies and strategic plans and initiatives,the interests of young people are recognised and taken into account.In the Netherlands,a generation test is currently being developed.Advocated for by youth organisations and endorsed by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations,the

136、 generation test will be a new instrument aiming to make visible what the long-term and generational effects of laws and regulations,government policy and investments are on age groups,now and in the future.142.Youth checks2.Youth checksFollowing the above overview of YIA in general,this section is

137、dedicated to the national applications of the youth checks.The analysis is based on information collected by the Youth Wiki network of national correspondents,desk research and interviews with representatives of national government administrations involved in conducting the youth checks.The aim is t

138、o provide a general description of the national instrument and to identify,where possible,essential comparable elements.2.1.National experiencesFlemish Community of BelgiumThe Kind-en-jongereneffectrapport(JoKER)Child and Youth Impact Report of the Flemish Community of Belgium was the first youth ch

139、eck introduced in Europe.Following the establishment of the previous Child Impact Report in 1997,in 2008 its scope was extended to include young people up to 25 years of age.JoKER is applied to the ex ante assessment of legislation in order to gauge the consequences that it would have for children a

140、nd young people.The process is initiated by the ministry responsible for the proposed legislation.JoKER is applied only for legislation that originates from the government and is subject to parliamentary approval(government regulations that are directly implemented do not undergo the JoKER process a

141、s they fall under the full competence of the government).When legislation is liable to have an effect on young people(whether or not they are specified as a particular target group),the application of JoKER is mandatory.In all other cases,it is up to each ministry to evaluate whether JoKER should be

142、 applied or not.If it is not applied,the Department of Culture,Youth and Media can question the ministry regarding the reasons for the decision,and can request that JoKER be applied.In the case of a refusal,the matter is referred to the Minister for Youth,who can exert political pressure during the

143、process of government approval.The final decision on whether JoKER must be included is conditional upon the advice of the Council of State.Therefore,a governmental draft law for which there has been no JoKER when the Council of State demands one cannot be sent to the Flemish parliament until the imp

144、act assessment is conducted.The JoKER report is composed of three parts:a description of the intended effects of the draft legislation on the situation of young people;a description of the situation of young people in the absence of the proposed legislation;and alternatives to the legislative propos

145、al in the form of mitigating measures if critical effects are identified.All dimensions pertaining to the life of children and young people are considered,descending from the principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child,which is the ethical and legal framework for the Flemish youth and

146、 childrens rights policy and its instruments(11).JoKER is included in its entirety in the impact assessment section of the explanatory memorandum,which is the document that clarifies why the new regulation is needed.Ministries mainly employ secondary sources of qualitative and quantitative informati

147、on when conducting JoKER,such as statistical data,experts reports and reviews of the relevant literature,but can also use the results of consultations with young people and youth stakeholders.In drafting the JoKER report,ministries receive,within a maximum of 12 days(4 if the situation is urgent),ad

148、vice from the Department of Culture,Youth and Media,which is tasked with supporting the implementation of JoKER.The Department of Culture,Youth and Media structures its advice around five aspects directed at assessing the main elements of the JoKER report:the factors requiring legislative interventi

149、on;the identification of young people as a target group,along with subgroups in the youth population(e.g.young children,students,young adults,young people with a foreign background);the assessment of the impact that new legislation would have;the implementation,monitoring and evaluation of the propo

150、sed law;and the potential participation of youth stakeholders in the preparation of the report.There is no obligation for the ministry to involve other actors(e.g.representatives of young people or stakeholders in the field of youth)in the impact assessment,although official regulations consider thi

151、s possibility.(11)https:/www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/crc.pdf.15Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksThe report is submitted to the department together with the draft legislation and the explanatory memorandum,before the governments initial approval.If new provisions are

152、added or amendments are made to the legislation during the governments debate,the advice from the department can be requested for a second time.If so requested by the competent ministry,the report can also provide for an evaluation of the effects of the legislation 5 years after its promulgation.Fig

153、ure 7.Belgium:JoKERCompetent ministryJoker is submittedDra?decree sent to Dept.of YouthYoung people are a targetJoKER is not submittedYoung people are not a targetJoKER is not submitted(*)Dept.of Youth questions the decisionAdvice from Dept.of YouthJoKER is not submittedIf deemed necessary,JoKER has

154、 to be submittedJoKER is submittedMinister of YouthCouncil of State(*)The Minister for Youth can also request a JoKER when young people are not a target group.GermanyThe introduction of the youth check in Germany dates back to 2017.The rationale behind this decision was the consideration that youth

155、interests were not taken into account in the formulation of policy as much as those of other age groups.Unlike the other countries where a youth check exists,the responsibility for the youth check in Germany lies outside the realm of government administration,with the Competence Centre Youth-Check(C

156、omYC).The ComYC is a project initiated and run by the German Research Institute for Public Administration.The ComYC receives long-term funding from the German Ministry of Youth,and is part of the federal governments youth strategy.The youth check is conducted in all policy fields during the ex ante

157、examination and draft stage of legislation initiated by a ministry.Different procedures are used depending on the initiator of the legislation.When tabled by the Ministry of Youth,draft bills are submitted systematically to the ComYC.When bills are drafted by other ministries,the Ministry of Youth m

158、ay receive them during the interdepartmental coordination process.If this is the case,the Ministry of Youth forwards them to the ComYC.Other draft bills are identified by the ComYC itself by browsing the websites of the various ministries.Draft legislation first undergoes a preliminary assessment,to

159、 establish whether young people(aged 12 to 27)or specific subgroups in the youth population are affected.If this is the case,a main assessment is subsequently conducted,using various methodological approaches,to offer a comprehensive and differentiated appraisal of the effects of the 162.Youth check

160、sproposed legislation.Information is drawn from various sources,such as studies,secondary data and official statistics.The ComYC can also generate its own data,especially when data are not otherwise available.The ComYC strives to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the draft legislation and of its

161、expected impact on young people.During the youth check,several areas of young peoples lives are taken into consideration according to a pre-established assessment chart:family,leisure,education and work,environment and health,politics and society,and the digital world.These are then assessed using 1

162、1 impact dimensions(12).The youth check consists of factual descriptions of the intended and unintended effects of the proposed legislation on young peoples lives.The youth check is submitted to the Ministry of Youth,which then forwards it to the competent ministry.There is no obligation for the leg

163、islator to amend draft legislation on the basis of the youth check,nor to provide for measures to mitigate the potential negative effect of policy measures on young people.Nevertheless,the youth check helps to raise the awareness of policymakers and public administration with regard to youth as a st

164、age of life in its own right.The youth(12)Participation opportunities;education conditions and opportunities;health effects;individual rights;financial effects;media access and use;mobility;protection against discrimination/stigmatisation;protection against violence;self-determination/independence;s

165、ocial relationships.check is also published on the ComYCs website(13).The participation of young people is not envisaged in the process of the youth check.However,young people are involved as experts on their own lives in two different events that the ComYC organises.The first event sees the partici

166、pation of around 70 young people from all over Germany,who are invited to discuss the work of the ComYC.The discussions include feedback on the assessment chart in order to evaluate its comprehensiveness and relevance.The other event is dedicated to the assessment of a specific piece of future legis

167、lation before the official drafting stage.A central requirement to be able to hold these events is that the ComYC has access to some of the key elements of the proposed legislation,such as a cornerstone paper.In this context,young participants express their perspective on the potential effects of th

168、e legislation and help identify possible effects that can be integrated into the youth check.The ComYC examines the bills again after they have been dealt with by the cabinet,i.e.when they have been adopted by the federal government.If there are changes to the draft bill that are relevant to young p

169、eople,an updated youth check is issued on the government bill.In addition,a short version of the youth check that contains the most relevant effects on young people is sent to the members of the Bundestag(the federal parliament).(13)http:/www.jugend-check.de/english.Figure 8.Germany:the youth checkA

170、nnual assessment by young peopleNo effects on young people.End of processSecond check a?er Cabinets debate in case of amendmentsEffects on young people.Main assessmentMinistry for YouthCompetent MinistryPreliminary youth checkComYCMinistry of YouthOther Ministries17Youth mainstreaming,youth impact a

171、ssessment and youth checksFranceThe French youth impact clause was established in 2016 within the framework of the 20122017 national youth strategy(the youth priority plan).The youth impact clause is part of the general impact assessment that is conducted on a mandatory basis on any new piece of leg

172、islation initiated by the government.The authority responsible for the youth impact clause is the General Secretariat of the Government,attached to the Office of the Prime Minister.This is the body that monitors the application of the impact clause by identifying the ministries involved,appointing a

173、 coordinator or providing general guidelines.Ministries are responsible for implementing the youth impact clause for the regulations they draft.In the process,ministries can receive technical support from the General Directorate for Youth,Non-formal Education and Volunteering of the Ministry of Nati

174、onal Education and Youth.Ministries are therefore responsible for the process,which applies systematically to the regulations drafted by the government.Parliamentary bills can also include a youth impact clause,subject to the will of the member of parliament initiating the draft.The youth impact cla

175、use is applied in all policy fields during the ex ante legislative examination and drafting stage.It revolves around three main objectives:ensuring equality among all young people(aged 1625);upholding intergenerational justice;and avoiding discrimination in relation to access to services and rights.

176、The information underpinning the youth impact clause is collected in specific administrative forms,which were established by a memorandum in 2018.These forms spell out the questions that must be answered in order to assess the expected impact of legislation on young people.Questions cover aspects li

177、ke the existence of specific age groups targeted by the legislation,the expected consequences for young people in the short and long terms and the inclusion of measures specifically targeting young people.The quantitative and qualitative information used to answer these questions usually comes from

178、internal consultations with government services and from research reports,among other sources.There are no predetermined indicators used to measure the significance of the impact.Besides the representatives of the ministries and departments involved in the drafting of legislation and potentially the

179、 ministry of National Education and Youth,if consulted no other actors contribute to the application of the youth impact clause.Representatives of young people are thus not officially consulted,according to the General Directorate for Youth,Non-formal Education and Volunteering.However,informal cons

180、ultations can take place at the discretion of the ministry in question.At the end of the process,amendments to the draft legislation can be formulated including as a result of the impact assessment in order to mitigate any potential negative effects on young people.Although there is no ex post evalu

181、ation of the implementation of specific legislation,as is the case in Austria,each year the Advisory Council on Youth Policies assesses the implementation of the impact clause,based on a report by the General Directorate for Youth,Non-formal Education and Volunteering.The results of the assessment c

182、an ask for improvements in the way the youth impact clause is applied,for example by enhancing the publicity of its findings,by repeating the assessment at the end of the drafting process,by suggesting also applying the youth impact clause in relation to legislation initiated by members of parliamen

183、t or by carrying it out once the parliamentary amendments have been voted on.182.Youth checksFigure 9.France:the youth impact clauseAnnual assessment by COJGeneral Secretariat of GovernmentMinistryAdvice from the Education and Youth MinistryPossible amendmentsImpact clauseAustriaThe RIA(children and

184、 youth dimension),or youth check,was introduced in 2013,in the context of a general reform of the countrys Federal Budget Law.The underlying intention was to raise awareness of the concerns and needs of young people and broaden the scope of political decisions to include their perspective.This,in th

185、e long term,was intended to enable a more child-and youth-friendly society in Austria.The youth check is a mandatory YIA mechanism that is part of the more general process of RIA.Initiated by the ministry responsible for the draft legislation or by the relevant budgeting authority,the youth check ap

186、plies to all laws drafted by the government,regardless of their policy field.The Federal Performance Management Office,with a mandate relating to internal quality control,monitors the application of the youth check by ministries.An ad hoc handbook describes the materiality tests that ministries need

187、 to perform as part of the check,which are based on the legislative framework found in Austrian constitutional law and in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.For each draft law,ministries must answer a number of questions with the aid of a specific IT tool.Firstly,they are asked to decide w

188、hether the target legislation will have an impact on young people.If the answer to this initial question is yes,ministries will proceed with a youth check;otherwise,no such check will take place.When a youth check needs to be performed,the aspects that are taken into consideration refer to three gen

189、eral dimensions:protecting and promoting health,and the development and fulfilment of children(aged 018)and young adults(aged 1830);caring for children and young adults and providing them with support;and securing the future of children and young adults in the medium term.The presence of significant

190、 effects on the aforementioned dimensions of young peoples lives is measured by means of several indicators.The first two dimensions are checked against the number of young people who are potentially affected by a new legislation,establishing the threshold at 1 000 individuals.Conversely,the impact

191、on the third dimension the safeguarding of young peoples future is gauged by examining the level of resources invested,fixed at EUR 1 billion over a period of 10 years.The same dimension also considers whether any other significant effects are expected to last for more than 25 years(e.g.those relati

192、ng to strategies or policies about taxation,energy or the environment).The level of significance determines the need for a simplified or a more detailed impact assessment.When the latter option applies,the assessment is conducted on the basis of quantitative and qualitative data.Sources may vary,but

193、 they generally include evaluations of existing data and statistics,survey results and research reports.The youth check delivers objective and reasoned opinions on the impact of legislation on young people,which are then taken into consideration in the drafting of legislative projects.In particular,

194、when the youth check signals any counterproductive effects on young people,mitigating measures will be established.For quality assurance purposes,the Directorate General for Family and Youth needs to check that the information included in the impact 19Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and

195、youth checksassessment is complete.Ministries do not have an obligation to implement all recommendations,but they must justify their choices.The process does not officially provide for the involvement of young peoples representatives.The youth check also envisages a systematic ex post evaluation:wit

196、hin 5 years of entering into force,legislation must be evaluated against the recommendations delivered during the impact assessment,in order to appraise the actual effects and,where applicable,identify aspects to be improved.Every year,the Federal Ministry of Arts,Culture,Public Service and Sports p

197、resents a report on RIA including the youth check to the parliament.This document contains the evaluation results of the individual departments,along with an overall assessment of the success of the process.Figure 10.Austria:the youth checkN.of young people affectedLevel of resources investedReasone

198、d opinionMitigation measuresDuration of impactMinistry/Budgetary authorityDecision on the application of the youth checkSimplified/Detailed assessmentEx-post evaluation202.Youth checks2.2.A comparative overviewThe comparison of these four experiences allows us to identify common general patterns,alo

199、ng with some differences.The following analysis looks at such patterns from four perspectives:scope,methodology,procedures and use of the results.ScopeRealm of applicationIn all the countries where they are established,youth checks are applied to draft legislation issued by the government.However,di

200、fferences exist.In the Flemish Community of Belgium,JoKER only applies to legislation that originates from the government and that is subject to parliamentary approval,while governmental acts that are directly implemented do not undergo the check.On the other hand,in France,parliamentary bills can a

201、lso include a youth impact clause,subject to the will of the member of parliament initiating the draft.In terms of the content of legislation,youth checks can be applied to any given policy field.They therefore contribute to streamlining youth interests across all spheres of policymaking.This approa

202、ch has the potential to include youth perspectives in areas that do not traditionally belong to the youth policy field.Youth-related dimensionsThe identification of the impact of legislation on young people takes into consideration a vast number of aspects relating to young peoples lives.In the Flem

203、ish Community of Belgium,all dimensions pertaining to the lives of young people are considered.In the other countries analysed,the dimensions against which the effects of legislation are usually checked revolve around five main areas:health,care and well-being,autonomy,equity and non-discrimination.

204、The German youth check covers a wider scope of youth-related dimensions using an assessment chart that consists of six areas of life and 11 impact dimensions.The areas of life include family,leisure,education and work,the environment and health,politics and society,and the digital world.MethodologyE

205、vidence basedIn all countries under consideration,the assessment of the consequences of legislation for young people is based on the collection of evidence,in the form of both qualitative and quantitative information.Ministries in France rely mostly on in-house work and consultations between governm

206、ent services.The youth checks in the Flemish Community of Belgium,Germany and Austria are generally based on secondary sources such as scientific studies and official statistics.In Germany,whenever data are not directly available,for instance when novel aspects are regulated,evidence can be collecte

207、d on an ad hoc basis(e.g.through surveys and stakeholder consultations),in consideration of the time available for producing the youth check results.Criteria and indicatorsIn Germany and Austria,youth checks are carried out on the basis of predefined criteria and indicators.In Germany,an assessment

208、chart is used to assess where and how young peoples lives may be affected by new legislation.A detailed list of impact dimensions helps to determine and describe the effects.Conversely,the youth check in Austria involves three specific indicators(the number of young people affected,the budget alloca

209、ted and the expected duration of the effects of legislation)that are used to measure the significance of the consequences for young people.On the other hand,the Flemish JoKER and the French youth impact clause are not conducted using specific criteria.In France,the absence of a pre-established set o

210、f indicators was deemed a limitation by the Advisory Council on Youth Policies in its 2017 general evaluation of the youth impact clause(Advisory Council on Youth Policies,2017).ProceduresApplication of a youth checkWhile in France all laws initiated by the government and all government regulations

211、are automatically subject to the impact clause,in the other countries the youth checks require the institution responsible(the ministries in charge of the draft legislation or,in the case of Germany,the ComYC)to establish whether the legislative initiative bears consequences for young people.This is

212、 the first step in deciding upon the necessity of running a detailed youth check.If one is required,the effects of legislation are then evaluated by default,ensuring consistency in the consideration of youth needs across policy fields.Moreover,in the Flemish Community of Belgium,the decision of the

213、competent ministry not to apply JoKER can be questioned by the Department of Culture,Youth and Media,the Minister for Youth and the Council of State.Stage of application in the policymaking processIn all countries,youth checks are conducted during the preliminary assessment of future legislation(i.e

214、.21Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksthe ex ante stage)and during the successive drafting stage.The role of the youth check is therefore to provide information on the likely impact of the new legislation on young people,and to attract the attention of the legislator to yout

215、h interests,alert them to potential negative outcomes for the specific social group and request or suggest the formulation of mitigating measures at an early stage of the policymaking process.Involvement of various administration servicesThe ministry that initiates the legislation is generally respo

216、nsible for youth checks,except in Germany,where the youth check is conducted by the ComYC,a body that is outside the state administrative sphere but mandated to oversee the process.In addition,in three countries,several other services and departments may be involved.In the Flemish Community of Belgi

217、um,in the case of JoKER,the Department of Culture,Youth and Media is consulted in order to receive advice and support.This department is also mandated with the task of ensuring that JoKER is conducted whenever necessary,and can question the relevant ministry in the event that a JoKER report is not p

218、roduced.The Ministry of Youth can exert pressure on the competent ministry,while the Council of State can ultimately decide not to allow a law to reach the parliament if they believe that a JoKER was necessary but has not been drafted.In France,the Ministry of National Education and Youth can be inc

219、luded in the preparation of the youth impact clause with a consultative function.In Austria,the Federal Performance Management Office is in charge of monitoring the application of the youth check.Moreover,the Directorate General for Family and Youth provides ministries with feedback on their impleme

220、ntation of the check.Inclusion of young peopleIn all countries,young people are not systematically involved in the workings of youth checks.However,in the Flemish Community of Belgium,the Youth Council can be informally involved in the drafting stage of the JoKER.In Germany,although young people are

221、 not consulted in the everyday workings of the youth check,they are included in its periodic assessment.Their participation aims to identify aspects that can be improved,for example in relation to the evidence and criteria employed in the analysis of policies.Furthermore,in some cases,young people c

222、an be invited to give their perspective on the potential effects of a specific piece of planned legislation with relevance for young people.In France,the consultation of young people can be organised by the competent ministry.Government adoptionDraft legislation can undergo substantial modifications

223、 during the stages of government adoption and parliamentary debate as a consequence of the revisions and amendments that are introduced in the text.In this regard,the Flemish Community of Belgium and Germany provide for specific procedures.JoKER requires a second advice from the Department of Cultur

224、e,Youth and Media if new provisions are added or amendments are made to the legislation during the governments debate.Similarly,in Germany,the ComYC examines the bills again after they have been dealt with by the cabinet,i.e.when they have been adopted by the federal government.If,compared to the dr

225、aft bill,there are changes relevant to young people,an updated youth check is issued in relation to a new version of the government bill.While a second round of assessment does not currently take place in France,the Advisory Council on Youth Policies has issued an opinion in favour of it.The recomme

226、nded measure would entail an evaluation after the draft legislation has been discussed by the government in order to decide whether the youth impact clause should be applied again.Periodic evaluationThe youth checks undergo periodic evaluations in order to improve the tools over time through the con

227、sideration of aspects linked to their scope,methodology and processes.In the Flemish Community of Belgium,evaluations can be conducted by independent bodies as well as by the Department for Youth,although not on a structural basis.As described above,in Germany the youth check is assessed regularly b

228、y young people at events organised by the ComYC.In France,the Advisory Council on Youth Policies assesses the implementation of the impact clause on an annual basis.The results of the evaluation describe the improvements sought in the application of the youth impact clause.In Austria,every year,the

229、Federal Ministry of Arts,Culture,Public Service and Sports presents a report on the RIA including the youth check to the parliament.This document contains the evaluation results of the individual departments,along with an overall assessment of the success of the process.Ex post assessment of the act

230、ual impact of legislation on young peopleIn the Flemish Community of Belgium,Germany and France,the youth check procedure terminates with the conclusion of the ex ante and drafting stages of policymaking and the identification of the potential effects that legislative initiatives might have on young

231、 people.The situation in Austria is different.There,the youth check requires that an assessment of the 222.Youth checksimpact of legislation on young people be conducted systematically within 5 years of its implementation.This is required in order to assess the effective consequences of legislation

232、for the situation of young people,monitor implementation and identify any shortcomings that may be remedied through new legislative initiatives.ResultsYouth check conclusionsAfter youth checks are conducted,the information on the expected consequences of legislation for young people is compiled into

233、 reports,which are made public.These reports are often included in the general documentation accompanying the draft legislation(14).In this manner,the consideration of the potential consequences for young people is integrated into the overall impact assessment,and can thus gain prominence in the wor

234、k of the legislator.(14)There is no obligation in Germany to include the youth check in the general documentation.The Ministry of Youth attaches the youth check to its own statement to the cabinet.Basis for the identification of mitigating measuresIn all countries,one essential aim of the youth chec

235、ks is to highlight any potential negative effects of draft legislation on young people.This is instrumental for the formulation of mitigating measures on the part of the legislator.This approach allows alternative or complementary measures that better take into account the needs of young people to b

236、e identified at an early stage,and potentially allows risks to the youth population to be pre-empted.In the Flemish Community of Belgium,proposals for mitigating measures are part of the JoKER report,although this does not entail an obligation for the government to reflect them in the draft legislat

237、ion.23Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksConclusionsThe overview of the functioning of the youth checks and the comparative analysis of their features allows several similarities and differences to be identified among the four cases.Starting with the similar aspects,youth ch

238、ecks in all countries apply to legislation initiated by the government and can be conducted in any policy field.A second common aspect is the application of the youth checks during the ex ante stage of policymaking,and in the following stage of drafting.In principle,this allows the formulation of me

239、asures to mitigate any potentially negative consequences of the legislation for young people.Furthermore,the analysis of the impact is based on evidence in all four cases.Quantitative and qualitative information is collected using various methods(e.g.a review of secondary sources,gathering of inform

240、ation from other ministries,ad hoc data collection when possible)that support the analysis.Public reports summarising the conclusions of the youth checks are drafted and submitted to government scrutiny in all four cases.Moreover,while the specific procedures vary from country to country,all four yo

241、uth checks undergo periodic evaluations of their scope,methodology and process.One last common feature is to be underlined:in all four countries,the participation of young people is not required.While,in some cases,the ministry can organise informal consultations,young peoples representatives are no

242、t systematically involved.In addition to the similarities described above,several differences can be noted.Germany is the only case in which the youth check is conducted by a body outside the government administration.In the other three cases,it is the ministry responsible for the policy in question

243、 that manages the process.Furthermore,only in Austria does the youth check require that an assessment of the impact of legislation on young people be conducted systematically within 5 years of its implementation,in order to assess the effective consequences of the legislation for the situation of yo

244、ung people.The extent to which youth checks are applied systematically also represents a main difference.While in France the youth check is automatically conducted on any new piece of legislation,in the other countries what is systematic is the obligation for the ministry responsible to consider whe

245、ther a youth check is needed.Last but not least,the use of criteria and indicators for the assessment of the impact of a piece of legislation on young people is common only to Germany and Austria.Policies that do not directly target young people,or that are not part of the conventional youth policy

246、field,can still have a significant impact on young peoples lives.The assessment of the effects of policy initiatives on young people can potentially enhance trust among younger generations,enabling young people to be seen as relevant and significant during the policymaking process.It also supports s

247、ound policymaking by ensuring that intended and unintended consequences of legislation are anticipated and that mitigating measures are provided for in the event of adverse effects.In this context,there are several considerations regarding the value of YIA and of the youth checks.Policies can benefi

248、t from the inclusion of YIA processes in two main respects.Firstly,the comprehensiveness of policies can be fostered by considering aspects relating to young people as an important constituent of society.Addressing potential challenges before application can make policies more effective in their imp

249、act and implementation.Secondly,support from stakeholders can increase.Including a youth perspective can enhance the potential of legislation to represent the interests of a significant part of society,to make adjustments that avoid negative effects and to reinforce the representativity and legitima

250、cy of policy measures.YIA and the youth checks can also have the advantage of enhancing the visibility of youth issues across policy fields.By providing for the consideration of youth aspects in the policymaking process,impact assessment mechanisms can make various services in the government adminis

251、tration aware of the situation of young people and how draft legislation may affect them.Youth policy thus becomes more prominent in the policymaking process and streamlined across different policy fields.In parallel,youth policy can be enriched in its scope and content by deeper knowledge of the ef

252、fects of regulations on aspects of young peoples lives that could be otherwise overlooked.Information received by assessing the impact of legislation from other policy fields can inform measures in the context of youth policymaking.Moreover,awareness of youth issues can be fostered among policymaker

253、s and the general public.When the results of the impact assessment are made public,the salience of the situation of young people can gain increased attention in the public policy discourse.24ConclusionsNonetheless,YIA mechanisms and the youth checks bring indirect advantages in the context of youth

254、participation.First,they increase transparency and accountability.They shed light on the policies that are being drafted,whether they include a youth perspective and how policymakers intend to take young peoples interests into consideration.This has been highlighted as an important aspect for youth

255、organisations,as they need to be aware of the policy developments that affect young people.Moreover,YIA instruments,and particularly youth checks,can be considered mechanisms for capacity building and civic education.They reveal the dynamics of policymaking,the main actors involved and the instituti

256、onal processes,and so reinforce young peoples knowledge of political decision-making.In addition,the recognition of young people as a key political constituency,the interests and needs of which are different from those of others,is essential in raising awareness of youth issues and making the policy

257、making process more responsive to youth demands.This,in turn,can contribute to fostering young citizens interest in political activity.This paper represents a first attempt at mapping YIA across European countries and at comparing the youth checks of the four countries where they exist.Further resea

258、rch is needed to shed light on additional aspects.A detailed analysis of other forms of YIA across European countries would be a relevant step in developing a complete overview of how it takes place in practice.Moreover,collecting data on concrete examples of pieces of legislation that have been ass

259、essed would illustrate the actual implementation of the instruments of YIA and the youth checks.This could go hand in hand with an investigation of the realm of application of youth checks.While this paper has mentioned them in general terms,a more in-depth analysis would offer a comprehensive overv

260、iew of the policies that are actually assessed.In addition,the administrative costs of introducing and running a youth check represent an additional topic for future research.The debate on the opportunity of YIA and the youth checks has spread to several other countries in Europe,which are assessing

261、 the possibility of and the procedures for introducing similar instruments.Mutual learning among countries appears crucial for the effective implementation of youth checks where they are not yet in place.The comparison of the different procedures and the identification of relevant features can inspi

262、re the development of further systems of YIA in policymaking and,ultimately,foster the awareness of young Europeans of political debates and their interest in political participation.25Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksAnnex Overview of the features of youth checksBelgium(F

263、lemish Community)GermanyFranceAustriaIntroduced in(year)2008201720162013Age group considered02512271625030SCOPEPolicy fieldsAllFields in youth policyAllDimensions of young peoples lives consideredAllAreas of life:family,leisure,education and work,environment and health,politics and society,digital w

264、orldNon-discrimination in access to services and social rights;employment and autonomy;ensuring equality among young people and upholding intergenerational justiceProtection,promotion of health,development and self-realisation of children and young adults;caring for and maintenance of children and y

265、oung people;securing the future of children and young adultsType of legislation on which youth checks are conductedLegislation initiated by the government and requiring approval by the parliamentLegislation initiated by the governmentLegislation initiated by the governmentLegislation initiated by th

266、e governmentMETHODOLOGYEvidence basedLiterature review,existing data and statistics,research reportsLiterature review.If data are not available:surveys,focus groups,interviews with expertsThe information provided in the answers of each ministry usually comes from research reportsEvaluations of exist

267、ing data and statistics,survey results,research reportsPredefined indicators and criteriaNone11 impact dimensions(15)NoneNumber of young people impacted by the legislation,level of resources and duration of impactType of information collectedQuantitative and qualitativePROCEDUREApplication of the yo

268、uth checksDecision by the competent ministryDecision by the ComYCSystematicDecision by the competent ministryInstitution responsibleThe ministry that initiates a draft billThe ComYCThe ministry that initiates a draft billMinistries and the budgeting managing body responsible for initiating the legis

269、lation(15)Participation opportunities;education conditions and opportunities;health effects;individual rights;financial effects;media access and use;mobility;protection against discrimination/stigmatisation;protection against violence;self-determination/independence;social relationships.26Annex Over

270、view of the features of youth checksBelgium(Flemish Community)GermanyFranceAustriaInstitution responsible is part of the government administrationYesNoYesYesInitiatorThe ministry that initiates a draft billThe ComYCGeneral Secretariat of the Government,under the Office of the Prime MinisterThe minis

271、try that initiates a draft billStage in the lawmaking processEx-ante assessment and drafting of legislationActors involvedMinistries and potentially other actors(representatives of young people,stakeholders,experts)if consulted by the relevant ministryExperts and researchers within the ComYCMinistri

272、es initiating the legislationAll bodies entrusted with the preparation of the enactment of federal laws:the members of the federal government(ministries)or the budget-managing bodyConsultation of young peoplePossible(Youth Council)Limited to events where young people provide feedback on ComYCs work

273、or a specific piece of planned legislationPossible but informallyNo Ex post monitoring mechanisms on the implementation of legislationNoNo No(but each year the Advisory Council on Youth Policies assesses the implementation of the youth check and proposes improvements)Systematic(regulatory and other

274、projects must be evaluated internally no later than 5 years after they enter into force)RESULTSResults of the youth checksDescription of the objectives,the target group and sub-target groups of children and young people and of the intended effects of the draft legislation on their situation in the a

275、bsence of the proposed legislation;alternatives to the legislative proposalNeutral and objective description of the intended effects and unintended effects of proposed legislation on young peoples livesDescription of impact on young peopleObjectives,measures and effects of lawsResults are publicYesM

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321、,Studies and AnalysisBoulevard Simon Bolivar 34(Unit A6)1049 Brussels BELGIUM(https:/national-policies.eacea.ec.europa.eu/youthwiki)Managing editorPeter BirchAuthorsGiulia Paolini(coordinator)and Samuele LupiGraphicsPatrice BrelCoverPublications Office of the European UnionProduction coordinatorGisl

322、e De Lel31Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksYOUTH NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS NETWORKAUSTRIABundesnetzwerk sterreichische JugendinfosNational Network of Austrian Youth Information CentresLilienbrunngasse 18/2/41AT-1020 WienBELGIUMFdration Wallonie BruxellesService de la Jeuness

323、eBd Lopold II,44(bureau 2A.012)BE-1080 BruxellesYouth Research Platform Universiteit GentVakgroep Sociaal Werk en Sociale PedagogiekJeugdonderzoeksplatform H.Dunantlaan 2BE-9000 GentJugendbro der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft V.o.G.Brauereihof 2BE-4700 EupenBOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAMinistry of Civil A

324、ffairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Education DepartmentMobility and Youth Unit Trg BiH 3 BA-71 000 SarajevoBULGARIAMinisterstvo Na Mladezhta I Sporta75 Vasil Levski BLVDBG-1040 SofiaCROATIACentral State Office for Demography and YouthTrg Nevenke Topalui 1 HR-10 000 ZagrebCYPRUSYouth Board of Cyprus 10

325、4 Athalassas AvenueCY-2024 NicosiaCZECHIAesk rada dt a mldeeCzech Council of Children and YouthSenovn nm 977/24CZ-110 00 PrahaDENMARKDanish Agency for Science and Higher Education Haraldsgade 53DK-2100 Copenhagen.ESTONIAEducation and Youth BoardHaridus-ja NoorteametLtsa 4EE-11415 TallinnFINLANDNuori

326、sotutkimusseura ry ungdomsforskningssallskapet rf Finnish Youth Research Network Kumpulantie 3 A FI-00520 HelsinkiFRANCEMinistre de lducation nationale et de la Jeunesse Direction de la Jeunesse,Education Populaire et Vie Associative(DJEPVA)95,avenue de FranceFR-75650 Paris Cedex 13GERMANYIJAB Inter

327、national Youth Service of the Federal Republic of GermanyGodesberger Allee 142-148DE-53175 BonnGREECEUniversity of West Attica(UNIWA)Egaleo Campus,Agiou SpyridonosOffice:Kl.114GR-122 43 Egaleo,AttikiHUNGARYTempus Kozalapitvany/Tempus Public FoundationKethly Anna Square 1HU-1438 Budapest 70,Pf 508Min

328、istry of Human CapacitiesDepartment of Children and Youth AffairsStrategic and Coordination DepartmentResearch DepartmentTzr utca 33-35HU-1134 BudapestICELANDRanns-The Icelandic Centre for ResearchDivision of Education,Culture and YouthBorgartn 30IS-105 ReykjavkIRELANDStrategic Initiatives ManagerLa

329、rgasKings Inns HouseParnell StreetIE-Dublin 1D01 A3Y832Youth mainstreaming,youth impact assessment and youth checksITALYDipartimento di Studi Politici e Sociali-Universit di SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo Secondo 132IT-84084 Fisciano(Salerno)LATVIAThe Ministry of Education and science of Republic of Latv

330、iaDepartment of Policy Initiatives and DevelopmentYouth AffairsMkusalas iela 41LV-1004 RgaLITHUANIALithuanian Centre for Social SciencesA.Gotauto g.9 LT-01108 VilniusLUXEMBOURGAssociation AneforeAssisted by the University of Luxembourg research unitEduPle WalferdangeRoute de DiekirchBtiment 03-Etage

331、 01LU-7220 LuxembourgMALTAAgenzija ZghazaghSt Joseph High Road SVR 1012 STA VeneraMONTENEGROMinistry of Education,Science,Culture and Sports Directorate General for Tertiary EducationVaka Djurovica bb.ME-81000 PodgoricaNETHERLANDSVisiting address:Churchilllaan 11,3527 GV UtrechtPostal address:Nederl

332、ands JeugdinstituutPostbus 192213501 DE UtrechtNORTH MACEDONIANational Agency for European Educational Programmes and Mobility(NAEEPM)bul.Kuzman Josifovski-Pitu n.17,P.O.796MK-1000 SkopjeNORWAYBarne-Ungdoms og Familie-Direktoratet OrganisasjonsleddNorwegian National AgencyDirectorate for Children,Yo

333、uth and Family Affairs(Bufdir)Address:Fredrik Selmers vei 3,0663 OsloPostal address:Postboks 2233,3103 TnsbergPOLANDFundacja Rozwoju Systemu EdukacjiFoundation for the Development of the Education System(FRSE)National Agency for the Erasmus+Programmeal.Jerozolimskie 142APL-02-305 WarszawaPORTUGALPortuguese Institute of Sport and Youth Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca,55 PT-1250-190 LisbonROMANIAAsociatia Ce