1、www.theicct.org communicationstheicct.orgtheicct.org WORKING PAPERFEBRUARY 2026Roadmap to zero:Vehicle technology pathways for IndonesiaDale Hall,Jeanly Syahputri,Josh Miller,Aditya Mahalana,Tenny Kristiana,Francisco PosadaINTRODUCTIONIndonesia has set a goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2060(Repu
2、blic of Indonesia,2021).Achieving this goalalong with the countrys energy security objective to reduce its reliance on oilwill require shifting from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs)to new powertrains that have greater efficiency and use renewable power.A previous ICCT study in
3、 the Roadmap to Zero series outlined scenarios for the transition of Indonesias on-road vehicle fleet to zero-emission vehicles(ZEVs),estimating the emissions and fuel-savings benefits of such a transition relative to a reference scenario in which there is no policy support for ZEVs(Miller et al.,20
4、25).The study found that to reach the 2060 goal,all new vehicle1 sales would have to be fully zero emission by 2040(the Best Practice scenario)or,if accompanied by a scrappage policy,by 2045(the Net Zero scenario).However,achieving these ambitious timelines requires understanding the relative advant
5、ages of different vehicle technologies as well as their readiness for deployment.Several alternative powertrain designs exist to reduce emissions,including various hybrid vehicles that use liquid fuels more efficiently,plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs)that allow zero-emission operation for sho
6、rt periods,as well as battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles(FCEVs)that produce no tailpipe emissions.Figure 1 provides a simplified schematic overview of these options.1 In this paper,we define passenger cars as four-wheeled passenger vehicles with a gross vehicle w
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