1、 The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)is the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region.The Commission promotes cooperation among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable development challenges.ESCAP is

2、 one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations.The ESCAP secretariat supports inclusive,resilient and sustainable development in the region by generating action-oriented knowledge,and by providing technical assistance and capacity building services in support of national development obj

3、ectives,regional agreements and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Copyright United Nations 2024 All rights reserved Disclaimers:The designation employed and the presentation of the material in the Report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the par

4、t of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The United Nations bears no responsibility for the availability or functionality of URLs.Opinion,figures an

5、d estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations.Any errors are the responsibility of the authors.Mention of firm names and commercial products does not i

6、mply the endorsement of the United Nations.The report has been issued without formal editing Advancing Cross-Border Paperless of Mongolia:Reviewing Selected Documents and Exploring Pilot Projects United Nations Publications Trade and Investment Division ESCAP Bangkok,Thailand Copyright United Nation

7、s 2024 All rights reserved I Acknowledgement To support the implementation of the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific,the ESCAPs Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia(ENEA)and Trade,Investment and Innovation Division(TIID)jointly prep

8、ared this report.The consultants OTGONSAIKHAN Nyamdaa and TSENDSUREN Davaa from Mongolia collected data and drafted the report.Tengfei Wang,Economic Affairs Officer and Ma.Fideles S.Sadicon,Sustainable Development Officer,ESCAP,guided the study and reviewed and revised the report.Julian Latimer Clar

9、ke substantially contributed to the discussion of the report.Kayan Lee and Elliot Carpenter supported data collection and research analysis during their internship at ESCAP.Yoshihiko Fujita provides logistical support.Aleksei Bondarenko shared insights and contributed to report writing.Ganbold Baasa

10、njav,Head of the Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia and Yann Duval,Chief of the Trade Policy and Facilitation Section of ESCAP,provided overall guidance.Tengfei Wang finalised the Report.The preliminary study results were shared at the meeting titled“Cross-border paperless trade:lessons

11、 from China,Mongolia and Republic of Korea”held in a hybrid manner on 5 October 2023.Furthermore,the draft report was shared at the ad-hoc session of the Standing Committee of the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific held on 23-24 January 2024.I

12、nsightful expertise from the participants and constructive feedback are gratefully acknowledged.The study is supported by a project titled Enhancing Capacity of East and North-East Asian Countries for Regional Connectivity through Trade and Transport Facilitation.Generous support from the Government

13、 of the Republic of Korea is gratefully acknowledged.II Executive summary Mongolia has been advancing significantly in economic liberalisation,trade facilitation,and foreign investment since transitioning from a centrally planned to a market economy in 1990.In 2022,Mongolias trade turnover reached U

14、S$21.2 billion,signalling the nations growing role in global trade.The accession to the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific in July 2022 marks a critical step for Mongolias efforts in advancing cross-border paperless trade.In this connection,th

15、is study evaluates Mongolias current practices in cross-border paperless trade and discusses the possible pilot projects between Mongolia and its trading partners.The study shows that Mongolia has made substantial progress in developing the Customs Automated Information System(CAIS)and Customs Exter

16、nal Portal System(CEPS).The electronic exchange of export declarations and X-ray images with the Russian Federation is a model for successful cross-border information exchange,reducing fraud and expediting customs processes.Still,Mongolia primarily relies on traditional paper-based methods for excha

17、nging Certificates of Origin(COO)and sanitary and phytosanitary(SPS)Certificates,although digital options are becoming increasingly feasible.This report preliminarily proposes pilot projects to facilitate cross-border paperless trade.These include establishing the electronic sanitary and phytosanita

18、ry certificate exchange with China,developing the electronic certificate of origin exchange with China and the Republic of Korea,and arranging transit documentation exchange with China.III Table of Contents Acknowledgement.I Executive summary.II Abbreviations.IV CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION.1 1.1.Importan

19、ce of cross-border paperless trade for Mongolia.1 1.2.Research objective,data collection,and validation method.2 CHAPTER 2.EXISTING PRACTICES ON CROSS-BORDER PAPERLESS TRADE IN MONGOLIA.4 2.1.Customs procedures.4 2.2.Information,Communication Technology Development of Mongolian Customs.5 2.2.1.The e

20、lectronic exchange of customs declaration with the Russian Federation.8 2.2.2.The electronic exchange of manifest with the China Customs.9 2.2.3.The electronic exchange of Certificate of Origin.10 2.2.4.The Electronic Exchange of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Certificate.12 2.3.Lessons from cross-borde

21、r paperless trade in Mongolia.13 CHAPTER 3.IDENTIFYING THE PILOT PROJECTS.15 IV Abbreviations FTA Free Trade Agreements APTA Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement APQS Animal Plant Quarantine System CPTA Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific CAIS Customs automated information system CEPS Custo

22、ms external portal system CERP Customs ERP CGMA Customs General Administration of Mongolia COO Certificate of Origin CUSS Customs Statistics System EPA Economic Partnership Agreement ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific GASI Government Agency Specialised Inspection SEW Singl

23、e Electronic Window RIBS Regional Improvement of Border Service MCGA The Customs General Administration of Mongolia MED Ministry of Economic Development MNCCI Mongolia National Chamber of Commerce and Industry MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1 CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Importance of cross-border p

24、aperless trade for Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked,natural-resource-rich nation bordering China and the Russian Federation.After transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in 1990,Mongolia has been progressing in the liberalisation of its economy,trade facilitation,and attr

25、acting foreign investment.In 2022,Mongolia traded with 160 countries from all over the world,and the total trade turnover reached US$21.2 billion,of which exports were US$12.5 billion and imports were US$8.7 billion.1 Mongolia ratified the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperles

26、s Trade in Asia and Pacific on 27 July 2022.Mongolias accession to this Framework Agreement is crucial to reducing trade costs by digitalising export and import documents,thus simplifying trade procedures.2 Studies have shown that if Mongolia becomes a member state of the framework agreement and ful

27、ly implements the agreement,it will be possible for Mongolia to reduce its current trade costs by up to 13 percent by coordinating its e-data with other member countries and exchanging information.3 Accession to the Framework Agreement is in line with the“Vision-2050”,the long-term development polic

28、y of Mongolia,includes joining the economic and trade integration in the region and facilitating trade.4 One of Mongolias prioritised policies is to conclude the Free Trade Agreement(FTA)with its main trading partner countries.Vision-2050 agreed that,In line with the foreign trade policy,to protect

29、and develop domestic industries,by increasing volume of value-added exporting products for establishing harmonised tariff purpose.To promote the new production of export-oriented products and focus more on establishing FTAs.1 National Statistical Office of Mongolia 2 Ministry of foreign affairs of M

30、ongolia https:/mfa.gov.mn/en/cross-border-paperless-trade-toolkit-launches-on-30-june 2022/#:text=Mongolia%20ratified%20the%20Framework%20Agreement,import%20documents%2C%20simplifying%20trade%20procedures,accessed October 25,2023 3 Mongolian national news agency https:/montsame.mn/en/read/295624 4 V

31、ision-2050 Long-Term Development Policy of Mongolia(State Great Hural,2020)2 Mongolia signed its first Free trade agreement with Japan,5 containing provisions dedicated to electronic commerce(Chapter 9).This Chapter(Article 9.8 Paperless Trade Administration)requires each Party to accept trade admin

32、istration documents submitted electronically as the legal equivalent of the paper version.Also,Mongolia formally acceded to the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA)on 29 September 2020.APTA represents the first regional trade agreement between Mongolia and developing countries.APTA encourages the adop

33、tion of standard operational procedures for certification and verification of the origin of goods 6,provided that certificates of origin can be exchanged electronically(Article 2 Application,Article 4:Issuance of Certificate of Origin).On 26 September 2023,the State Secretary of the Ministry of Econ

34、omy and Development of Mongolia and the Director General for FTA Policy of the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea officially signed the Terms of Reference,clarifying the direction of the negotiations.6 1.2.Research objective,data collection,and validation method This stud

35、y investigates the current implementation of cross-border paperless systems in Mongolia,assesses the lessons from these practices,and proposes new pilot projects.The aim is to explore the opportunities and challenges of further developing cross-border paperless trade.Data collection and validation a

36、re mainly conducted through desk research,as well as meetings and interviews with relevant officials and experts responsible for cross-border paperless trade from the Customs General Administration of Mongolia(CGMA),the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia(MOFA),the Mongolian National Chamber of

37、Commerce and Industry(MNCCI),and other Government and non-government organisations,academics 5 Agreement between Japan and Mongolia for an economic partnership,Date of Signature:10/02/2015,Date of Entry into Force:7/06/2016 https:/www.mofa.go.jp/files/000067716.pdf 6 Negotiations for Mongolia-Korea

38、economic partnership agreement(EPA)set to commence.http:/med.gov.mn/post/132824 3 and practitioners.Also,official reports and information on cross-border paperless trade were searched on the Internet.4 CHAPTER 2.EXISTING PRACTICES ON CROSS-BORDER PAPERLESS TRADE IN MONGOLIA 2.1.Customs procedures Th

39、e Customs Law in Mongolia is the primary source of legislation of trade-related documents.The secondary source of legislation can be found in the regulations,which are approved by the Cabinet,ministries,and agencies.The rules generally contain requirements,such as documentary requirements,which may

40、need to be changed frequently due to a changing environment.By improving customs clearance processes and diversifying trade partners,Mongolia can enhance the efficiency and sustainability of its foreign trade activities.A declarant shall prove the accuracy of data in the Customs(Goods)declaration,pr

41、ovide Customs with the following documents:60.3.1.foreign trade contracts or commercial invoice;60.3.2.bill of lading;60.3.3.permission or licences required for goods subject to non-tariff restrictions;60.3.4.conclusions(expertise document)made by a Specialized Inspection Agency for goods so require

42、d specifically by law;60.3.5.documentary evidence of origin when required by a competent person in accordance with the International Treaties of Mongolia.The traders can submit the required documents accompanying customs declarations in either paper or electronic formats.Copies of original documents

43、 are acceptable during the initial presentation,unless the document requires attestation and physical endorsement.If there are any doubts about the validity of a particular copy document,the original can be requested.According to Article 27.7 of the Customs Law,a copy of electronic data or documents

44、 should be printed out and certified with the signature of a competent person.Generally,electronic copies are accepted without needing a paper copy and signature.However,in some instances,original copies may be requested.5 One of the main challenges for import and export clearances is obtaining the

45、necessary documents for customs clearances,including licenses,permissions,certificates,and others.Traders submit documents to each agency in electronic and paper formats,increasing the time and cost of international trade.Thus,the Mongolian Government merged the Customs and Border Quarantine Departm

46、ent of the Government Agency Specialised Inspection(GASI)in 2022 to facilitate trade.Still,some challenges have persisted in border formalities,which are conducted by the regulatory agencies at the border;special CGMA is a leading agency for these procedures.In addition,issues arise when dealing wit

47、h goods subject to import and export quarantine control,resulting in duplicated processes in practice.2.2.Information,Communication Technology Development of Mongolian Customs The CGMA is the leading regulatory agency for controlling cross-border trade movement.The import,export,and transit formalit

48、ies are conducted at the border and inland customs terminals using the Customs Automated System.The key development of paperless solutions is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.Paperless development of the CGMA 2020-2022:Smart Gate;E_signature system;Customs Laboratory Information Management System;Attach c

49、ustoms clearance supporting document electronically and Self declaration;WCO Data model 3.7v.2017-2019:E-notification and E-statement;Integrated merchandise registration system;Trade contract registration system(Tax Agency);License,permission and Certificate System(Ministry of Finance).2014-2016:E-P

50、ayment System;Paperless clearance module(Export)2010-2014:Web based on centralized data base;Risk management module;WCO Data model 2.0v.6 The CGMA introduced the ICT system in 1992,starting from the UNCTAD ASYCUDA system(1992 2001).Then,CGMA developed and used its GAMAS system.The current ICT system

51、 was developed by the Customs Modernization Project and was implemented between 2007-2010 with financial support from the Asian Development Bank.Under this project,the CGMA introduced a web-based Customs automated information system(CAIS)and Customs external portal system(CEPS).This system is based

52、on the WCO Data model 2.0 version and a centralised database,which is connected nationwide,as well as with their sub-modules(Customs clearance,Risk Management,Transport Registration,Passenger Targeting Module,HS database,Customs Valuation database,Offence database,etc.).Mongolia implemented the fram

53、ework of the Regional Improvement of Border Service project in 2017 with financial support from the Asian Development Bank.The project covered three pillars:border infrastructure development by selecting border crossing points,upgrading CAIS and CEPS,and establishing an Electronic Single Window(SEW)

54、System.Under this project,CGMA moved from the previous WCO Data model version 2 to version 3.7 and the Customs e-service system Gaali.mn was created.This system enables traders to declare their goods,attach commercial and transport documents,and receive an electronic clearance report by creating the

55、ir profile.The CAIS and CEPS are the main daily working systems for all front-line customs officers conducting customs control on cross-border passenger,goods,and transport movements,including customs clearance process,registering cargo manifest,and other overall tasks.In addition,the relevant staff

56、 of the headquarters are able to monitor the customs clearance system and their duties.Currently,CGMA uses the following programmes:CAIS:Customs automated information system;CERP:Customs ERP(Plan,Performance report,Human resource etc.);CEPS:Customs External Portal System(Customs Broker,Freight Forwa

57、rder,Carrier,etc.);GAALI.MN:Customs E-Service(Self-declaration system,E-Payment,E-notification,etc.);E-Payment:E-Payment system(Customs tax and other duties);APQS:Animal Plant Quarantine System(Import and Export License);and CUSS:Customs Statistics System.7 CAIS has continuously been updated since 2

58、017.Under the 3rd pillar of the RIBS project,a feasibility study on the Single Window system was conducted in 2019,and until today,the Single Window system has not been established.7 Since 1993,the Government of Mongolia has signed Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in Customs Matters agreements with

59、 16 governments(agreements with 15 countries and a memorandum with one country).Within the framework of the issues covered by these cooperation documents,it is possible to receive requests from foreign customs authorities and provide information(figure 2).7 The initial plan for establishing SEW was

60、in 2022.8 Figure 2.Information exchange process of CGMA 2.2.1.The electronic exchange of customs declaration with the Russian Federation Cooperation between the customs authorities of Mongolia and the Russian Federation has been marked by several significant developments including 1)Both parties imp

61、lemented the real-time electronic exchange of Export declarations;2)The official exchange of X-ray images of trucks at the AltanbulagKhiagt border crossing point commenced;and 3)Annual working group meetings were held for mirror statistical analysis between the two parties.The Government of Mongolia

62、 and the Russian Federation signed an agreement on“Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in Customs Matters”in 1993.Article 1,and other articles,empower the exchange of information between the contracting parties.This agreement is fundamental for the bilateral cooperation on customs matters between the

63、two administrations.Since then,both parties have continuously expanded bilateral cooperation on customs matters.For instance,regional border customs cooperation,cooperation on preventing and combating cross-border illegal movement,accepting a joint customs control of certain goods,exchanging export

64、declarations in e-format,conducting mirror statistical analysis,and technical assistance on capacity building development.CROSS-BORDER,INTERNATIONALExchange declaration data and X-ray photo with the Russian Customs(IBM MQ);Exchange manifest data with the China Customs(IBM MQ).GOVERNMENT AGENCY(G2G)e

65、-license and e-permission with the Ministry of Health;Vehicle clearance information with the Ministry of Roads and Transportation;Passengers cargo information with the Communications Information Technology agency;Foreign Trade Statistical data with the General Statistics Department;andCustoms cleara

66、nce information with the General Taxation Authority.OTHERS(G2B,B2G)Cargo weight information with Customs Terminal ownerCustoms tax and other duties information with the financial institutions.Expertise Act with the Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce.9 The introduction of real-time electronic exc

67、hange of export customs declarations and mirror statistical analysis has effectively minimized commercial fraud associated with Russian imports.Both Customs administrations have mutually benefited from these initiatives since 2016.In 2016,the parties exchanged views on implementing a pilot project t

68、o exchange bilateral export customs declarations in electronic form(during the pilot project,902 export declarations were exchanged between 2012 and 2015).Figure 3 shows that,between 2016 and 2023,CGMA received 181,672 export declarations from the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation.Fi

69、gure 3.The number of exchanged electronic export declaration 2.2.2.The electronic exchange of manifest with the China Customs Mongolia and China agreed the protocol on“Implementing Joint Customs control”in 2006.A range of bilateral working group meetings were conducted at both high and operational l

70、evels of the Customs administrations of Parties.During the 9th meeting,the list of the border crossing points for the electronic manifest data exchange was reaffirmed,and the Parties agreed to start the official experimental exchange of electronic manifest data between the Zamyn-Uud and Erlian borde

71、r crossing points from 1 December 2018,and between other border crossing points for bordering between Mongolia and China at the beginning of 2019.16,534 24,815 20,552 19,203 20,061 30,355 26,008 24,114 -5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,00020162017201820192020202120222023 10 The Parties ag

72、reed during the 9th meeting that they would abolish the paper-based manifest and use the paperless manifest at the listed border crossing points from 1 April 2019.However,due to Chinas privacy law,the value of goods,currency units,exporters,and importers are not included in the electronic manifest s

73、ystem.Thus,the electronic manifest data is not helpful for current advanced information exchange processes.Currently,the bilateral cooperation mechanism of Mongolia and China Customs expanded through regional Custom house cooperation,developing regional contact points at the border crossings,conduct

74、ing mirror statistical analysis at regular intervals,exchanging information for preventing and combatting cross-border illegal movement of passengers and goods,risk management,AEO programmes,and technical assistance of customs officials.2.2.3.The electronic exchange of Certificate of Origin The Mong

75、olian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry(MNCCI)is the authorised entity to issue certificates of origin.Mongolia applies preferential and non-preferential rules of origin depending on the tariff regime.According to Article 31 of the Law on Customs Tariffs and Customs Taxes,three documents pro

76、ve the origin of goods:(i)A declaration of origin of goods or a price invoice or transport document containing information on the origin of goods from the manufacturer,seller,or exporter;(ii)A declaration confirming the origin certified by the competent authority of the country;or(iii)A certificate

77、of origin issued by a competent authority of the exporting country as per a particular form.Proof of origin is not required in some instances,such as for temporary imports,goods in transit,personal belongings,commercial goods with a customs value not exceeding US$1,500,and goods that do not require

78、proof per a bilateral or multilateral treaty.Mongolias non-preferential rules of origin are listed in its 2008“Law on Customs Tariffs and Customs Taxes”,which provides the basic framework for rules of origin in Chapter 7:Article 2631.11 Preferential rules of origin are used to determine whether the

79、good qualifies for the preferential tariff offered under the agreement.The rules are a set of criteria that the good needs to comply with to be considered originating in the territory of the trade agreement.Types of preferential Certificate of Origin(COO)in Mongolia:-Certificates of Origin FORM A.Ac

80、cording to the Generalized System of Preferences(GSP),Mongolia enjoys trade and tariff preferential rates from countries such as Australia,Canada,Japan,New Zealand,Norway,United States,Turkey,Liechtenstein,and the European Union(EU)countries on export goods.These concessions are given based on FORM

81、A.Since 1 January 2020,Mongolia has successfully implemented the EU REX8 system because the REX system replaces proof of origin FORM A with a statement of origin(SOO)made by Mongolian Exporters(fully exporter-based certification).-Certificates of Origin FORM E.According to the Economic partnership a

82、greement between Mongolia&Japan(EPA),which became effective on 7 June 2016,MNCCI started to grant a Certificate of Origin FORM E.The issuance of this Certificate is regulated by the third Article-3.15,3.16 of this agreement Rules of origin,“Regulation on determining the origin of export products der

83、ived from Mongolia and on issuing the certificate of origin”.-Certificates of Origin FORM APTA.According to Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA),9 which was implemented in Mongolia on 1 January 2021,MNCCI started to grant a Certificate of origin.The rules regulate the issuance of this Certificate:Oper

84、ational procedures for the certification and verification of the origin of goods under the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement(Article 4),Annex-II to APTA.Although the EPA and APTA allow exchanging the above-mentioned preferential certificates of origin electronically and manually(paper-based),currently,th

85、e Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry(MNCCI)issues them in paper-based form.8 The Registered Exporter system(the REX system)is a system of certification of origin of goods based on a principle of self-certification.The origin of goods is declared by economic operators themselves by m

86、eans of so-called statements on origin.To be entitled to make out a statement on origin,an economic operator has to be registered in a database by his competent authorities.The economic operator becomes a registered exporter.9 Participating States of APTA:Bangladesh,China,India,Lao PDR,Mongolia,RoK,

87、Sri Lanka 12 In cases of inconsistencies,Mongolian exporters need to contact MNCCI to confirm the Certificates of Origins authenticity,entailing additional costs and delays that defeat the benefits of preferential treatment.2.2.4.The Electronic Exchange of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Certificate Mong

88、olias livestock sector,specifically the meat industry,holds tremendous potential for export.The total number of livestock stands at approximately 70 million at the end of 2022.10 Exports to China offer a strong opportunity for diversifying the economy and improving the livelihood of Mongolian herder

89、s.The General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,and Quarantine of China merged with the General Customs Administration of China in 2018.Currently,China Customs acts as the core authority in charge of animal,plant,food,and safety control of export,import,and transit procedures at the b

90、order.According to the current legislation on international trade-related procedures,overall,SPS and TBT,as well as conformity assessment processes,are exchanged between the two countries in paper format.Regarding Mongolian exports of meat and other goods to China,traders need to declare into the Ch

91、ina Single Window System in advance(electronically).The CGMA must be informed of the exporting companys name with their exporting goods type and quantity by email and fax.The required export certificates include:1.Veterinary and hygiene certificate for horse meat to be exported to China;2.Veterinary

92、 certificate for beef to be exported to China;3.Veterinary certificate for mutton and goat meat to be exported to China;4.Veterinary certificate for heat-processed beef,horse,mutton and goat meat products to be export to China;5 Bran health certificate for export to China;6.Slaughtering sheep and go

93、at health certificate for export to China;10 https:/www.mofa.gov.mn/home 13 7.Breeding horse health certificate for export to China;8.Slaughtering horse health certificate for export to China;and 9.Dairy milk product quarantine certificate for export to China.In terms of export process in Mongolia,t

94、he Law of Mongolia on Quarantine Inspection During the Entry of Animals,Plants,Raw Materials,and Products Derived from them and Government Resolution No.173 of 2003 is a foundation for monitoring and verification activities within the framework of international conventions and agreements.Certificati

95、on documents,such as hygiene certificates and“notification of import of animals,plants,and products derived from them,”are provided to businesses and individuals involved in foreign trade.The exporting companies need to submit their official request online to the Caps.gaali.mn website and include th

96、e following documents:1.A request to Customs to export plants and raw materials obtained from plants,it is necessary to specify their type,amount,border post of entry,type of vehicle,route,container,packaging,processed country,and labelling of the items;2.Agreements,contracts for the purchase or sal

97、e of plants and plant-originated commodities,and other documents of a similar nature must be translated into Mongolian by a qualified translator unless they are already in Russian or English;3.A copy of the identity card and state registration certificate;4.A copy of the certification attests to imp

98、lementing suitable procedures and the control management system(ISO,HACCP,etc.);and 5.A copy of the unique permission authorising the import and export of strategic food items,such as wheat,flour,and grain seeds.2.3.Lessons from cross-border paperless trade in Mongolia According to the Readiness Ass

99、essment for Cross-Border Paperless Trade:Mongolia,11 there is still a big gap in introducing a paperless environment.However,Mongolias foreign trade structure faces limitations,particularly concerning the diversity of exported goods and 11 https:/www.unescap.org/resources/readiness-assessment-cross-

100、border-paperless-trade-mongolia 14 destination countries,with China being a significant focus.There is a clear opportunity to transition from paper-based export formalities to paperless solutions.In this regard,the Customs General Administration of Mongolia(CGMA)holds a pivotal role in border contro

101、l and can facilitate improved collaboration among international trade stakeholders involved in export,import,and transit procedures.Furthermore,previous experience of the introduction of Joint manifest with China and Exchange export declaration with Russia,offer valuable insights for future endeavou

102、rs.15 CHAPTER 3:IDENTIFYING THE PILOT PROJECTS.This study proposes the following pilot projects for Mongolia with other countries based on the agreed criteria to further explore opportunities and challenges to materialise cross-border paperless trade within the Framework Agreement.Namely,alignment w

103、ith organisational strategic goals,potential impact,scalability,stakeholder buy-in,technological readiness,legal and regulatory environment,feasibility,and sustainability:1.Electronic sanitary and phytosanitary certificate exchange with China;2.Electronic Certificate of Origin exchange with China an

104、d the Republic of Korea;and 3.Electronic exchange of Transit Documentation with China The potential impact of the further pilot project on electronic sanitary and phytosanitary certificate exchange with China should be reducing the time and cost of customs clearance and regulatory controls by Govern

105、ment institutions.Mongolia and China Customs have signed numerous agreements,protocols,and MOUs related to import and export procedures.In line with introducing cross-border paperless trade,it needs to be updated to promote electronic information exchange procedures.China,Mongolia,and the Republic o

106、f Korea are members of the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA),therefore,it may be useful to develop an electronic certificate of origin under the APTA.As a landlocked country,Mongolias international trade,especially with third-party imports,heavily depends on transit through China,including from sea

107、ports.The advance receipt of transit declaration would significantly reduce the time and cost associated with the movement of goods across borders.Early access to these documents through paperless solution would enable their use within Mongolias Risk Management System,decreasing instances of fraud,reducing the paperwork burden on traders at the border,and expediting the clearance of goods.