1、Global Youth Development Index Update Report 2023 Global Youth Development Index Update Report 2023Commonwealth SecretariatMarlborough HousePall MallLondon SW1Y 5HXUnited Kingdom Commonwealth Secretariat 2024All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval syst

2、em,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher.Published by the Commonwealth Secretariat.Views and opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author(s)and should in

3、 no way be attributed to the institutions to which they are affiliated or to the Commonwealth Secretariat.Wherever possible,the Commonwealth Secretariat uses paper sourced from sustainable forests or from sources that minimise a destructive impact on the environment.Copies of this publication may be

4、 obtained from:Publications SectionCommonwealth SecretariatMarlborough HousePall MallLondon SW1Y 5HXUnited KingdomTel:+44(0)20 7747 6534Email:publicationscommonwealth.intGlobal Youth Development Index Update Report 2023iv Global Youth Development Index and ReportAcknowledgmentsThis Global Youth Deve

5、lopment Index(YDI)Update Report 2023 has been made possible through a partnership between the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Institute of Economics and Peace(IEP).The Secretariat thanks the Social Policy Development section of the Office of the Secretary General,which co-ordinated the report.The r

6、eport was edited by Terri-Ann Gilbert-Roberts and produced under the leadership of Layne Robinson,with project support from Dona Kannangara,Tamara Babao-Sadgrove and Azimin Ibrahim.The index computation and analysis was conducted by IEP,led by David Hammond,Alex Vedovi and Kelly Gilmore,relying on g

7、lobally comparable and validated data from our partners,including the United Nations Population Division,the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics,the International Labour Organization,the World Health Organization and the World Bank.The design and

8、preparation of the interactive digital report was supported by Felix Chukwueke and Lehlohonolo Makoti,who also designed the data dashboard.ContentsAcknowledgments ivAcronyms viiForeword ixAbout this report x1.The Youth Development Index at a Glance 11.1 What is the Youth Development Index?21.2 How s

9、hould we interpret the YDI?21.3 What have we learned from the 2023 update?41.3.1 Summary of global progress 41.3.2 Summary of Commonwealth progress 51.4 What new data has become available?51.5 What are the implications for the Year of Youth and beyond?62.The Global Picture 72.1 Overview 82.2 Inequal

10、ity in youth development 123.The Commonwealth Picture 174.Global Results byDomain 234.1 Education 244.2 Employment and Opportunity 264.3 Equality and Inclusion 264.4 Health and Wellbeing 274.5 Peace and Security 284.6 Political and Civic Participation 30References 325.Annexes 33Methodology 34Imputat

11、ions 34The banding process 38Weighting indicators and domains 40Aggregation and calculation 412023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 42Contents vvi Global Youth Development Index and ReportList of TablesChapter 2PageTable 2.1Ten highest-ranking countries,202311Table 2.2Ten lowest-ranking countries

12、,2020 YDI11Chapter 3Table 3.1Commonwealth countries with the highest YDI scores,202320Table 3.2Commonwealth countries with the lowest YDI scores,202321Annex 1Table A1.1YDI 2023 indicators35Table A1.2Data availability for small-island Commonwealth countries37Table A1.3Data imputation methods applied

13、in the YDI38Table A1.4Banding limits for the YDI39Table A1.5Weights used in the YDI40Annex 22023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables42List of FiguresChapter 1PageFigure 1.1Top and lowest ranked Commonwealth countries by 2023 YDI score3Figure 1.2Global and Commonwealth average scores by domain,2010 a

14、nd20224Chapter 2Figure 2.1YDI world map,20239Figure 2.2Trend in youth development,global average,2010-20229Figure 2.3Country improvements and deteriorations in YDI score,2010-20229Figure 2.4Change in the global average YDI score and domain scores,2010-202210Figure 2.5Percentage change in global aver

15、age indicator scores,2010202211Figure 2.6Change in average regional YDI score,2010-202212Figure 2.7Largest improvements and deteriorations in YDI score by region,2010201813Figure 2.8Largest improvements and deteriorations in YDI score by country,2010202213Figure 2.9Average domain scores of countries

16、 grouped by level of overall youth development,202314Figure 2.10YDI indicators by discrepancy in average indicator score between the 10 countries with the highest and lowest YDI scores,202315Chapter 3Figure 3.1Number of Commonwealth countries at different YDI levels,202318Figure 3.2Change in YDI Sco

17、res in Commonwealth Regions,2010-202219Figure 3.3Change in Commonwealths average YDI score and domain scores,2010202221Chapter 4Figure 4.1Global trend in Education,2010202224Figure 4.2Change in Education by region,2010202225Figure 4.3Global trend in Employment and Opportunity,2010202226Figure 4.4Cha

18、nge in Employment and Opportunity by region,2010202227Figure 4.5Global trend in Equality and Inclusion,2010202228Figure 4.6Change in Equality and Inclusion by region,2010202229Figure 4.7Global trend in Health and Wellbeing,2010202229Figure 4.8Change in Health and Wellbeing by region,2010202230Figure

19、 4.9Global trend in Peace and Security,2010202230Figure 4.10Change in Peace and Security by region,2010202231Figure 4.11Global trend in Political and Civic Participation,2010202231Figure 4.12Change in Political and Civic Participation by region,2010202232Annex 1Figure A1.1Composition of indicators i

20、nto domains and the final YDI scores41Acronyms viiAcronymsCYP Commonwealth Youth Programme EU European UnionGPI Gender Parity IndexGWP Gallup World PollIHME GBD Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease StudyHIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusIEP Institute of Economics and Pe

21、aceILO International Labour OrganizationITU International Telecommunication UnionKNN k-nearest neighbours MENA Middle East and North Africa NEET not in education,employment or training OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPPP purchasing power paritySDG Sustainable Development G

22、oalUNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDSUNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNESCO United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationYDI Youth Development IndexYLL years of life lostviii Global Youth Development Index and ReportForeword ixForew

23、ordThe Commonwealth Charter is unequivocal:the future success of the Commonwealth rests with our 1.5 billion young people.For more than 50 years,the Commonwealth Youth Programme has worked to empower young people,provide them with the tools they need to reach their full potential and engage with the

24、m to be the change-makers of today as well as the leaders of tomorrow.During the Commonwealth Year of Youth,which continues until the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Samoa in October 2024,we have witnessed astounding contributions from young people.I have had the privilege of interacting

25、 with extraordinary young leaders,including the winners of the Commonwealth Youth Awards and the Commonwealth Innovation Awards.They represent a wider group of their peers-activists,advocates,entrepreneurs,researchers and other professionals,all committed to being architects of change.We have also i

26、ntegrated youth leaders into our meetings with Commonwealth leaders and government ministers,not only to put them at the centre of decision-making but to foster greater inclusion in politics and governance.In July 2023,at the Commonwealth Youth Work Conference,we brought professional youth workers,a

27、llied professionals and policy-makers together to share best practices,build their competencies and chart new strategic directions for more empowering investments in their success.And through our partnerships with technology leaders,including Intel and Simplilearn,we are equipping tens of thousands

28、of young people across the Commonwealth with the skills and confidence in AI and other digital technologies that can enable them to not only thrive in the future economy but shape it.These initiatives are a testament to our mandate to deliver more for young people across the Commonwealth.We are ther

29、efore committed to monitoring,in a systematic way,the progress we are collectively making.In collaboration with our partners,the Commonwealth Secretariat will continue to provide our countries with data to help measure that progress and elucidate where interventions may be necessary.This Global Yout

30、h Development Index(YDI)Update Report 2023 provides a snapshot of the context in which young people are living.The report examines the extent to which young people are learning,earning and living healthy,engaged and peaceful lives.It also shows whether they are living in societies that value their v

31、iews,include their perspectives and recognise their contributions.The scores,highlighted across the six domains of the index,reveal a trend of steady advancement in the conditions for positive youth development over the last 12 years.The progress we have made together is encouraging:the task now is

32、to accelerate our collective action to achieve more significant impact.For the first time,this data is also available in an interactive digital format,allowing you to interrogate the data for your regions and countries.The YDI methodology is also available for organisations and governments wishing t

33、o undertake additional regional and national assessments.I encourage you to use these insights in your planning and development efforts,as we are doing.Together,we can co-create a more peaceful and sustainable future for our young people.The Rt Hon Patricia Scotland KCSecretary General of the Common

34、wealthApril 2024x Global Youth Development Index and ReportAbout this reportThe Commonwealth is an association of 56 independent countries comprising large and small,developed and developing,landlocked and island economies.As the main intergovernmental body of the association,the Commonwealth Secret

35、ariat works with member governments to deliver on priorities agreed by Commonwealth Heads of Government and promotes international consensus building.It provides technical assistance and advisory services to members,helping governments achieve sustainable,inclusive and equitable development.The Secr

36、etariats work programme encompasses initiatives in democracy,rule of law,human rights,governance,and social and economic development.The Youth Development Index 2023 provides an interim update on the state of youth development up to 2022,reflecting the most up-to-date comparable data available.This

37、means the report cannot account fully for changes since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.The impact of the pandemic is still emerging and needs to be further assessed at national and regional levels before it can be assessed comparatively across the globe.However,this 2023 update report,published

38、during the Commonwealth Year of Youth and for the 50th anniversary of the Commonwealth Youth Programme,will support policy-makers,governments and the public to reflect on progress made over more than a decade and to develop new strategies for strengthening the enabling environment for youth empowerm

39、ent.The results in each of the domain areas provide insights into where to invest in co-creating with young people innovative and sustainable solutions for a common future.The 2023 report updates the data for indicators previously selected and validated by a YDI Technical Group of Experts comprising

40、 representatives from governments,development organisations,youth networks,and research and academic institutions.The methodology,outlined in Annex 1,remains unchanged since the 2020 report,which means this update is comparable with previous iterations of the index.01The Youth Development Index at a

41、 Glance2 Global Youth Development Index and ReportChapter 1The Youth Development Index at a Glance1.1 What is the Youth Development Index?The Youth Development Index(YDI)is a resource for researchers,policy-makers and civil society,including young people,to track progress on the Sustainable Developm

42、ent Goals(SDGs)associated with youth development.This is a process that enhances the status of young people,empowering them to build on their competences and capabilities for life and enabling them to contribute to and benefit from a politically stable,economically viable and legally supportive envi

43、ronment,ensuring their full participation as active citizens in their countries.The 2023 YDI measures progress in 183 countries,including 50 of the 56 Commonwealth countries.It covers six domains of youth development:Education,Employment and Opportunity,Equality and Inclusion,Health and Wellbeing,Pe

44、ace and Security,and Political and Civic Participation.Changes in 27 indicators across the six domains are tracked over a 12-year period from 2010 to 2022.As is customary with global development indices,references to the 2023 YDI score reflect data up to the previous year.Where indicators are used t

45、hat refer specifically to the situation of the youth population,the definition of youth is of persons 1529 years old,though data is sometimes available only for those 1524 years old.The methodology and indicators used to compile the 2023 YDI are the same as those used in the 2020 report,making this

46、the first update that can be directly compared with a previous report.Annex 1 presents full details of the indicators comprising the methodology,and Annex 2 lists the country rankings and scores against the index and its indicators(annex 2).1.2 How should we interpret the YDI?The YDI score is a numb

47、er between 0 and 1,with 1 representing the highest possible level of youth development attainable across all indicators.A score of 0,therefore,reflects little to no youth development.Chapter 2,which outlines the overall and domain scores countries have achieved,makes reference to four levels of yout

48、h development:very high,high,medium and low.A countrys level of youth development is dependent on its position relative to other countries on a spectrum of relatively good to relatively poor.This relative approach acknowledges that a score of 1 is idealistic and practically impossible,and a score of

49、 0 is also practically impossible.As a global comparison tool,the YDI uses national-level data,which can sometimes mask variations in youth development at sub-national levels.It compares scores between countries and regions but does not provide insights into variations or inequalities in youth devel

50、opment within a country.It also does not measure every aspect of youth development focusing instead on a core set of indicators that expert literature has shown heavily influences development outcomes for young people.There is a strong relationship between the YDI and most of the SDGs meaning that c

51、ountries that perform well on youth development also tend to have made greater progress towards the SDGs.In summary,the YDI allows us to take a temperature check on progress towards youth development in the world.Increasing or declining scores signal the need for further investigation and dialogue o

52、n the situation of young people and for prompt action to scale up good practice or undertake reforms.It is not a definitive diagnosis or situation analysis of each countrys policies or programmes.However,it is an indication of collective progress or decline towards ensuring that young people are not

53、 left behind in the pursuit of the SDGs.Figure 1.1 Top and lowest ranked Commonwealth countries by 2023 YDI score2023 YDI scoreFigure 1.1Top and lowest ranked Commonwealth countries by 2023 YDI score0.8680.8320.8190.8100.8100.6320.6280.6160.6140.585SingaporeMaltaCyprusNew ZealandBruneiTanzaniaMalawi

54、NigeriaLesothoMozambique00.20.40.60.814 Global Youth Development Index and Report 1.3 What have we learned from the 2023 update?1.3.1 Summary of global progressProgress on youth development continues to be slow.Overall,over the past 12 years(20102022),the global average YDI score has improved by 2.8

55、 per cent.There has been moderate but steady improvement every year.Unexpectedly,the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic did not interrupt this trend,with the global score rising by 0.54 per cent between 2019 and 2021,slightly higher than the average two-year rate of improvement over the decade.The impac

56、t of the COVID-19 pandemic is only beginning to be revealed,however,and the trends need to be studied in subsequent years to see if further changes become apparent.A long-view analysis is prominent in this update report,covering multiple years,as this is helpful in understanding broad trends,giving

57、a better picture of progress than shorter timeframes,which unusual changes in a single year may influence.However,where possible,insights are shared on the changes since the last 2020 YDI report,which included data up to 2018.In summary,the following are the highlights from the 2023 results across 1

58、83 countries.Singapore had the highest level of youth development in the 2023 YDI,followed by Denmark,Portugal,Iceland and Slovenia.Afghanistan had the lowest level,followed by Central African Republic,Niger,Chad and Somalia.Of the 183 countries included in the 2023 YDI,166,or 90.7 per cent,recorded

59、 improvements over the 12-year period.The five countries recording the greatest improvements from 2010 to 2022 were Haiti,Cte dIvoire,Myanmar,Indonesia and Burkina Faso.Niger,South Sudan,Syria,Yemen and Angola recorded the largest deteriorations.On average,the top five most improved countries saw th

60、eir scores rise by 13.0 per cent,while the five largest fallers saw an average deterioration of 4.0 per cent.All six YDI domains Education,Employment and Opportunity,Equality and Inclusion,Health and Wellbeing,Peace and Security,and Political and Civic Participation saw their global averages improve

61、 since 2010.However,the global average scores on Political and Civic Participation are still the lowest in absolute terms,reaching a peak of only 0.321 in 2021 and staying constant in 2022.This Figure 1.2 Global and Commonwealth average scores by domain,2010 and20222023 YDI scoreFigure 1.2Global and

62、 Commonwealth average scores by domain,2010 and 2022Commonwealth 2022Commonwealth 2010Global 2022Global 2010EducationEmployment and OpportunityEquality and InclusionHealth and WellbeingPeace and SecurityPolitical and Civic Participation00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91The Youth Development Index at a Gl

63、ance 5suggests there is need to invest more in the enabling environment for youth engagement in governance,decision-making and civic action.The largest global improvement was recorded in the Employment and Opportunity domain,which improved by 6.1 per cent between 2010 and 2022.The Peace and Security

64、 domain recorded the smallest global improvement,with its global score improving by only 0.22 per cent.All of the nine global regional groupings used in this report recorded improvements in their average YDI scores from 2010 to 2022.Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the largest improvement in its average

65、youth development levels,at 3.81 per cent.This region was followed by South America,South Asia,the Asia-Pacific region,and the Russia and Eurasia region.1.3.2 Summary of Commonwealth progressOver the 12-year period from 2010 to 2022,Commonwealth countries recorded an average improvement in youth dev

66、elopment of 2.6 per cent,lower than the 2.8 per cent improvement in the global average.Since 2020,the improvement has been by a marginal 0.24 per cent,reinforcing the finding that,though positive,the pace of progress continues to be very slow.Of the 50 Commonwealth countries included in the 2023 YDI

67、,47,or 94.0 per cent,saw their scores improve.The highlights of the Commonwealth results follow.Singapore remains the top-ranked Commonwealth country,followed by Malta,Cyprus,New Zealand and Brunei.Mozambique remains the lowest-ranked Commonwealth country,followed by Lesotho,Nigeria,Malawi and Tanza

68、nia,as shown in Figure 1.1.Progress in the thematic areas is promising when viewed over the 12 years,as is shown in Figure 1.2.On average,the Commonwealth has made progress in all six YDI domains,with the largest improvement seen in the Political and Civic Participation and the Employment and Opport

69、unity domains.Commonwealth countries,which have benefited from over 50 years of investment in youth policy development through the Commonwealth Youth Programme(CYP),are performing better than the global average.However,average scores on Political and Civic Participation,both globally and in the Comm

70、onwealth,are still the lowest on the index in absolute terms.The highest average score achieved on Political and Civic Participation in the Commonwealth was 0.339,first achieved in 2016,after which the score declined for two years before gradually increasing and returning to its peak level of 0.339

71、in 2021,where it remained constant to 2022.Scores have improved since 2010 but this domain continues to perform poorly relative to other domains.Peace and Security registered the smallest improvement of all domains among Commonwealth countries,recording an average improvement of 0.75 per cent over 1

72、2 years still above the global average.At the same time,average scores declined slightly since 2019,suggesting a weaker environment for peace and security.More than two-thirds of Commonwealth countries(62.0 per cent)remain in the low and medium categories of youth development.Continued tracking of p

73、rogress on the YDI is critical to enable us to develop strategies to improve the performance of these countries,and to better understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and a changing global environment on prospects for positive change.1.4 What new data has become available?This update provides

74、new data points for 22 of the 27 indicators covered by the index.In other words,the latest year of data availability has been updated beyond 2018 for these indicators.Since the last report,nine indicators have globally comparable data up to 2019,one indicator is updated to 2020,nine indicators have

75、data up to 2021 and three indicators have been updated to 2022.The details of these are outlined in Table A.1 in Annex 1.These variations reflect the fact that youth-disaggregated data is still limited in some areas.Data on youth-specific digital engagement,the inclusion of young people with disabil

76、ities,and experiences of crime,violence,peace and security are still inadequate,and cannot yet be compared across countries with up-to-date evidence.This,despite the fact that the aforementioned development issues were highlighted,6 Global Youth Development Index and Report during the COVID-19 pande

77、mic,as priorities for monitoring equity in development outcomes between the most disadvantaged and the most privileged groups of people.Furthermore,data is still limited for the smallest states,including six Commonwealth states that could not be included in the index:Antigua and Barbuda,Dominica,Nau

78、ru,St Kitts and Nevis,St Vincent and the Grenadines,and Tuvalu.The small overseas territories of the United Kingdom are also excluded.A renewed focus on data collection and disaggregation for youth,as well as continued and more frequent updating of the YDI through strengthened partnerships,is impera

79、tive if we are to effectively monitor progress towards the 2030 deadline for the SDGs.A few indicators that can be reviewed in subsequent years for example per capita analysis of underemployment rates are among the priorities for future updates.1.5 What are the implications for the Year of Youth and

80、 beyond?During this Commonwealth Year of Youth,the Secretariat has been supporting member countries and other stakeholders to engage with all our multilateral and regional partners to:energise stakeholders to recommit to the inclusive participation of young people empower young people to co-lead and

81、 co-create solutions to the challenges of development,democracy,diversity and peace envision a renewed Commonwealth agenda for youth development engage partners to increase investment in creating an enabling environment for youth empowerment.The findings of this report call for a recommitment to you

82、th development through these four objectives,given that progress remains slow.The results also call for the building of legacy initiatives that will revitalise the CYP,youth-led networks and initiatives,as vehicles to support member countries to reap improved scores in the weakest and waning domains

83、 of the index,including on Political and Civic Participation and on Peace and Security.0202The Global Picture8 Global Youth Development Index and ReportChapter 2 The Global PictureIn 2022,the world population reached 8 billion people,with 15-to-29-year-olds numbering 1.8 billion,or around 23.0 per c

84、ent of the total(World Bank,2022).Almost half of the global population,and 60.0 per cent of the Commonwealth population,are under 30 years old.However,the share of young people in the world is declining and that of older people is steadily increasing.Where societies are not prepared to manage the de

85、mographic transition,there may be undesirable consequences,such as workforce shortages,slowdowns in economic growth,overstretching of pension and healthcare systems,and the dissipation of demographic dividends(Bloom,2016).A critical element of preparedness is the creation of an enabling environment

86、that will equip young people to age well by maintaining their health,wellbeing and productivity now in order to reap the benefits in the future.The 2023 YDI summarises the state of youth development in 183 countries,including 50 of the 56 Commonwealth countries.This chapter reports on the trends in

87、youth development from 2010 to 2022 and highlights the relative progress countries have made in improving the prospects and outcomes for their young citizens.2.1 Overview Figure 2.1 shows the worldwide results of the 2023 YDI.The countries in dark blue mostly in Europe have very high levels of youth

88、 development relative to the rest of the world.Countries in the lightest blue mostly in Africa,Central America and South Asia have the most room for improvement.Box 2.1 in the following section explains the criteria for grouping countries by low,medium,high and very high levels of youth development.

89、Surprisingly,the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic did not alter the long-term trend of moderate but steady improvement in youth development of the past decade.The global score rose by 0.54 per cent between 2019 and 2021.This is slightly higher than the average rate of two-year improvement over the ful

90、l 12 years,which stands at 0.48 per cent.The impact of the pandemic is only beginning to emerge,however,which reinforces the importance of continuing to study these trends in subsequent years to see what other changes will be revealed.The improvements registered during these two years occurred acros

91、s five out of six domains,though the largest improvements were in the Political and Civic Participation domain,in which the score rose by 4.9 per cent,and in the Employment and Opportunity domain,in which the score rose by 0.72 per cent.The improvement in the Political and Civic Participation domain

92、 over that short period was driven by increases of slightly more than 15 per cent in both the voiced opinion to an official indicator and the volunteered time indicator,while the improvement in Employment and Opportunity was driven by a 7.4 per cent increase in the account indicator(which measures a

93、ccess to bank accounts and the financial system).The only domain to register a deterioration in the two-year period(2019-2021),Peace and Security,saw a fall of 0.12 per cent.9Figure 2.1 YDI world map,2023Note:scores denote YDI 2023 score ranges:low 0.798.Commonwealth YDI 2023 data illustrated using

94、map artwork Natural EarthFigure 2.1YDI world map,2023LowMediumHighVery highNote:scores denote YDI 2023 score ranges:low 0.798.Commonwealth YDI 2023 data illustrated using map artwork Natural EarthFigure 2.2 Trend in youth development,global average,2010-2022Average YDI scoreGlobal average score20102

95、012201420162018202020220.710.7150.720.7250.730.735Figure 2.3 Country improvements and deteriorations in YDI score,2010-2022Figure 2.3Country improvements and deteriorations in YDI score,2010-20221716610 Global Youth Development Index and ReportOn a global level,youth development has been improving b

96、ut not all young people around the world have benefited equally.Of the 183 countries included in the 2023 YDI,166,or 90.7 per cent,recorded improvements in their YDI score over the 12-year period,with the largest gains seen in Haiti,Cte dIvoire and Myanmar.Seventeen countries saw a decline in their

97、YDI scores during the same period,with the greatest deteriorations recorded in Niger,South Sudan and Syria.Progress was made in all six YDI domains,with the largest global improvement recorded in Employment and Opportunity,of 6.1 per cent between 2010 and 2022.Political and Civic Participation saw t

98、he second-largest average improvement,at 5.4 per cent,followed by Education,Equality and Inclusion,and Health and Wellbeing.Given the decline up to 2018,as reported in the 2020 YDI report,it is encouraging to see longer-term,albeit marginal,improvement in the Political and Civic Participation domain

99、.Peace and Security recorded the smallest improvement over 12 years,at 0.22 per cent.Figure 2.4 shows the percentage change in the global YDI score and each of the six YDI domains between 2010 and 2022.Figure 2.5 shows the 20102022 changes across the 27 indicators of the YDI.The account indicator ex

100、perienced the largest improvement,rising by 52.1 per cent,while the internal peace indicator experienced the largest deterioration,falling by over 2.0 per cent.All nine regional groupings used in this report recorded improvements in their average YDI scores from 2010 to 2022.Sub-Saharan Africa recor

101、ded the largest improvement in average youth development levels,at 3.8 per cent,followed by South America,South Asia,Asia-Pacific,and the Russia and Eurasia region.The Middle East and North Africa(MENA)region recorded the smallest improvement from 2010 to 2022,of only 1.38 per cent.Figure 2.6 shows

102、the percentage change in regional YDI scores between 2010 and 2022.Despite having made significant progress since 2010,sub-Saharan Africa remained the region with the lowest average level of youth development in the world in 2022,with a score of 0.653.Furthermore,nine of the 10 lowest-ranked countri

103、es in the 2023 YDI are in Figure 2.4 Change in the global average YDI score and domain scores,2010-2022%change 20102022Figure 2.4Change in the global average YDI score and domain scores,2010-2022Peace and SecurityHealth and WellbeingEquality and InclusionYDI overall scoreEducationPolitical and Civic

104、 ParticipationEmployment and Opportunity0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%The Global Picture 11sub-Saharan Africa(see Table 2.2).Afghanistan,part of the South Asia region,ranked as the lowest-scoring country in the 2023 YDI.Europe had the highest average level of youth development,with an average score of 0.816,follo

105、wed by North America and the Asia-Pacific region.With the exception of Singapore,which is the highest-scoring country in the 2023 YDI,all of top 10 best-ranking countries in the 2023 YDI are in Europe(see Table 2.1).Figure 2.5 Change in global average indicator scores,20102022%change 20102022Figure

106、2.5Change in global average indicator scores,20102022Internal Peace ScoreGender Parity in Safety and SecurityMental HealthNEETDrug AbuseDigital NativesINFORM ScoreYouth Policy ScoreConflict and terrorismTobacco ConsumptionEarly MarriageAlcohol AbuseSelf-harmMortality RateUnderemploymentGender Parity

107、 in LiteracyLiteracy RateInterpersonal ViolenceGender Parity in NEETAdolescent fertility rateEconomic MarginalizationSchool CompletionRecognition for Community ImproveHIV RateVolunteered TimeVoiced Opinion to an OfficialAccount0%10%20%30%40%50%-10%60%Table 2.1 Ten highest-ranking countries,2023YDI r

108、ankCountryRegionYDI score1SingaporeAsia-Pacific0.8682DenmarkEurope0.8623PortugalEurope0.8484IcelandEurope0.8475SloveniaEurope0.8456NorwayEurope0.8427IrelandEurope0.8388SpainEurope0.8328MaltaEurope0.83210SwitzerlandEurope0.830Table 2.2 Ten lowest-ranking countries,2020 YDIYDI rankCountryRegionYDI sco

109、re183AfghanistanSouth Asia0.515182Central African RepublicSub-Saharan Africa0.536181NigerSub-Saharan Africa0.543180ChadSub-Saharan Africa0.554178SomaliaSub-Saharan Africa0.582178South SudanSub-Saharan Africa0.582 177MozambiqueSub-Saharan Africa0.585176MaliSub-Saharan Africa0.590175GuineaSub-Saharan

110、Africa0.612174Democratic Republic of CongoSub-Saharan Africa0.61312 Global Youth Development Index and ReportCountries with the largest improvement in YDI scores between 2010 and 2022 are referred to as the largest risers.During the period,the top five risers were Haiti,Cte dIvoire,Myanmar,Indonesia

111、 and Burkina Faso.Haiti improved its YDI score by 21.1 per cent and Cte dIvoire by 14.4 per cent,while Myanmar,Indonesia and Burkina Faso recorded improvements of around 10 per cent each.These countries were also those to experience among the biggest changes in global ranking over the 12 years,with

112、Indonesia,Thailand,Armenia and Myanmar undergoing the largest rank increases overall,each rising by between 32 and 38 places.However,it should be noted that the rank increases and improved scores in Myanmar,Burkina Faso and Haiti will likely be affected once more up-to-date data is released for the

113、past several years.Recent major events in each of these countries namely,the Haitian political crisis that began in 2018,the 2021 coup dtat in Myanmar and two coups dtat in Burkina Faso in 2022 will no doubt have significant impacts on their young people in the years ahead.Niger,South Sudan,Syria,Ye

114、men and Angola are the largest fallers in the 2023 YDI,with Niger recording a deterioration in youth development of 4.7 per cent.These countries were also those to experience among the largest declines in global ranking over the 12 years,with Syria,Libya,Azerbaijan,Ukraine and Yemen undergoing the l

115、argest rank decreases overall,each falling by between 26 and 40 places.On average,the top five most improved countries saw their scores rise by 13.0 per cent between 2010 and 2022 while the five largest fallers saw an average deterioration of 4.0 per cent.2.2 Inequality in youth developmentWhile the

116、 global average level of youth development between 2010 and 2022 improved,progress has been uneven.There are significant disparities in youth development between and within countries and regions.Figure 2.9 compares average domain scores for countries with low,medium,high and very high YDI scores.The

117、 largest discrepancies between countries at low YDI levels and countries at very high YDI levels are recorded in the Education and the Employment and Opportunity domains.In the Education domain,the difference between the lowest and the highest YDI-level countries average score is 0.419 on the YDI sc

118、ale of 0 to 1.In the Employment and Opportunity domain,the difference in average scores amounts to 0.068.All countries,regardless of their level of youth development,received relatively low scores in the Political and Civic Participation domain.This can be explained in part by the relatively low lev

119、els of political and civic participation recorded globally on a number of indicators that make up this domain specifically Figure 2.6 Change in average regional YDI score,2010-2022%change 20102022Figure 2.6Change in average regional YDI score,2010-2022Middle East and North Africa(MENA)North AmericaE

120、uropeCentral America and the CaribbeanRussia and EurasiaAsia-PacificSouth AsiaSouth AmericaSub-Saharan Africa0%1%2%3%4%The Global Picture 13Figure 2.8 Largest improvements and deteriorations in YDI score by country,20102022%change 20102022Figure 2.8Largest improvements and deteriorations in YDI scor

121、e,20102022NigerSouth SudanSyriaYemenAngolaBurkina FasoIndonesiaMyanmarCote dIvoireHaiti-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16%18%20%22%24%Figure 2.7 Average global regional YDI score,2023Figure 2.7Average global regional YDI score,20230.6530.6990.7080.7250.7490.7520.7610.7720.816Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia

122、Central America and the CaribbeanSouth AmericaMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)Russia and EurasiaAsia-PacificNorth AmericaEurope00.20.40.60.8114 Global Youth Development Index and Reportthe volunteered time,voiced opinion to an official and recognition for community improvement indicators.On averag

123、e,23.2 per cent of youth globally reported volunteering their time in a 2021 survey,a 2.2 percentage point increase over 2020 and the highest rate since at least 2010.Similarly,19.4 per cent stated that they had voiced their opinion to an official in the previous 30 days,a 1.6 per cent increase over

124、 2020 and also the highest rate since at least 2010.However,only around 10.0 per cent recorded having received recognition for helping improve the city or area where they lived.Conversely,all countries,regardless of youth development level,scored relatively well in the Health and Wellbeing domain.On

125、 average,very high YDI countries scored 0.876 in this domain.Overall,the difference in average scores between YDI levels in this domain is marginal,with the highest average score only 2.7 per cent higher than the lowest.The relatively small gap between low and very high YDI countries in the Box 2.1

126、Definition of YDI categoriesThe YDI score is a number between 0 and 1,with ascore of 1 representing the highest level of youth development.By calculating the quartiles,countries have been grouped into very high,high,medium and low levels of youth development categories in the 2023 YDI.This categoris

127、ation reflects the position of a country on a spectrum ranging from relatively good to relatively poor.The scoring system is the same as the one that underpins the Human Development Index.The 2023 YDI categories by score are as follows.Youth development level categoryScore rangeLow0.0000.675Medium0.

128、6750.738High0.7380.798Very high0.7981.000Figure 2.9 Average domain scores of countries grouped by level of overall youth development,2023Figure 2.9Average domain scores by YDI category,2023Very highHighMediumLowEducationEmployment and OpportunityEquality and InclusionHealth and WellbeingPeace and Se

129、curityPolitical and Civic Participation00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91 The Global Picture 15Health and Wellbeing domain is also in part a reflection of the fact that many low YDI countries scored comparatively well on certain behavioural and mental health indicators on which many high and very high YD

130、I countries scored poorly.As detailed below,such indicators include those related to rates of addiction.Figure 2.10 compares the average indicator scores for the 10 best-and 10 worst-performing countries in the 2023 YDI.The difference between the 10 highest-ranked and the 10 lowest-ranked countries

131、worldwide was substantial for digital natives and economic marginalisation,with differences of over 0.866 and 0.833 respectively on the 0 to 1 YDI scale.It is important to note that more up-to-date data is required on this indicator to fully understand experiences across the world.Figure 2.10 also h

132、ighlights indicators on which the 10 highest-ranked countries score worse than the 10 lowest-ranked countries.These indicators are predominantly behavioural health indicators(drug abuse,tobacco consumption and alcohol abuse)as well as mental health and self-harm indicators.Thus,the 2023 YDI highligh

133、ts how countries with high levels of youth development overall continue to be challenged in the area of health and wellbeing,particularly in ensuring their youths long-term physical and mental health.Data on mental and behavioural health may suffer from reliability issues as substance abuse and ment

134、al illnesses remain stigmatised,especially in lower-and middle-income countries,and therefore may go underreported(Mascayano et al.,2015).Figure 2.10 YDI indicators by discrepancy in average indicator score between the 10 countries with the highest and lowest YDI scores,2023Discrepancy in average in

135、dicator scorehighest and lowest YDI scores,2023High-scoring YDI countries average higherHigh-scoring YDI countries average lowerDrug abuseTobacco consumptionGender parity in safety and securityVolunteered timeConflict and terrorismMortality rateGender parity in literacyGender parity in NEETUnderempl

136、oymentInternal peace scoreInterpersonal violenceINFORM scoreAccountDigital nativesMental healthRecognition for community improvementAlcohol abuseSelf-harmVoiced opinion to an officialYouth policy scoreNEETLiteracy rateEarly marriageAdolescent fertility rateHIV rateSchool completionEconomic marginali

137、sation-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.8116 Global Youth Development Index and Report03The Commonwealth Picture18 Global Youth Development Index and ReportChapter 3 The Commonwealth PictureThe disparate distribution of youth development was also present across the 50 Commonwealth countries in the 2023 YDI,with a

138、round three-fifths(62.0 per cent)of the Commonwealth countries falling within the medium and low categories(16 and 15 countries respectively).Thirteen Commonwealth countries recorded a high level of youth development and six recorded very high levels of youth development.Of the Commonwealths populat

139、ion of over 2.5 billion,more than 60.0 per cent are under the age of 30(Commonwealth Secretariat,2021),underscoring the importance of fostering youth development in Commonwealth countries.However,the YDI shows that Commonwealth countries have achieved less progress in youth development in the past d

140、ecade than the world at large.From 2010 to 2022,the Figure 3.1 Number of Commonwealth countries at different YDI levels,2023Figure 2.11Number of Commonwealth countries at different YDI levels,20236131615Very highHighMediumL 19Commonwealth countries recorded an average improvement in youth developmen

141、t of 2.6 per cent,compared with a global average improvement of almost 2.8 per cent.Of the 50 Commonwealth countries included in the 2023 YDI,47,or 94.0 per cent,improved their YDI score.Scores deteriorated in three countries Belize,Cyprus and Canada.Unfortunately,six small states in the Commonwealt

142、h did not meet the threshold of data availability over the 12-year period required in order to be included in the report.All five Commonwealth regions Africa,Asia,the Caribbean and the Americas,Europe and the Pacific are represented on the index.On average,all Commonwealth regions improved their sco

143、re over the 12-year period,with Africa and Asia recording the highest increases,at around 4.00 per cent and 2.59 per cent,respectively.Europe recorded,on average,a very small decline over the four-year period between 2018 and 2022(looking at the period since the data used in the last YDI report).Fig

144、ure 3.2 illustrates this very modest decline.Figure 3.2 Average YDI Scores in Commonwealth Regions,2010-2022Figure 2.12Change in YDI Scores in Commonwealth Regions,2010-2022201020182022PacificEuropeCaribbean and AmericasAsiaAfrica00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9120 Global Youth Development Index and Rep

145、ortAs Table 3.1 shows,the 10 highest-ranking Commonwealth countries in the 2023 YDI are all in Europe,Asia and the Pacific.With the exception of Pakistan and Papua New Guinea,all of the 10 lowest-ranking countries in the Commonwealth are in Africa,as is shown in Table 3.2.Over the 12-year period,the

146、 highest riser was India(improving by around 8.0 per cent),followed closely by Zambia,Uganda,Sierra Leone and Togo,each of which improved their scores by between 6.0 and 7.0 per cent.It is interesting to note that Ghana,Tonga,The Gambia,Fiji and Brunei Darussalam are among the countries that have mo

147、ved the most places up the ranks relative to other Commonwealth countries since the 2020 report.However,it is important to remember that ranks are relative to the performance of other countries.Countries may improve their overall score and performance but not increase their relative ranking on the i

148、ndex.For example,Nigeria and Papua New Guinea have improved their YDI scores since 2010 but remain among the lowest-ranked countries and indeed have fallen four and six ranks respectively relative to other Commonwealth countries.Mozambique remains the lowest-ranked country,despite having improved it

149、s YDI score by 2.4 per cent since 2010.Those Commonwealth countries whose scores have deteriorated slightly are Belize,Cyprus and Canada(each deteriorating by less than 1.0 per cent).Although Singapore has recorded an increase of only 0.38 per cent over 12 years,it retains its top spot on the global

150、 index.The thematic trends in the Commonwealth are promising.On average,the Commonwealth has made progress in all six YDI domains over the past 12 years,with the largest improvement seen in the Political and Civic Participation,Employment and Opportunity,and Education domains,as Figure 3.3 shows.Pol

151、itical and Civic Participation improved by 5.8 per cent from 2010 to 2022,while the Employment and Opportunity and the Education domains improved by 5.0 and 3.8 per cent,respectively.As with the global averages,the domain to experience the smallest improvement in the Commonwealth was Peace and Secur

152、ity,which improved by 0.7 per cent.The average literacy rate in the Commonwealth has improved over the past 12 years,and young men and young women have become more equal,on average,with respect to literacy.The Commonwealth average score for school completion has improved by over 6.0 per cent,and few

153、er girls in the Commonwealth are getting married before age 18.Long-term thematic gains like these are encouraging,particularly as fewer young people in the Commonwealth are dying from interpersonal violence,conflict and terrorism.However,it is important to note a more recent minimal decrease of 0.2

154、7 per cent in the Peace and Security domain over the four years between 2018 and 2022.This has been affected by a slight deterioration in the average internal peace score,for which 2022 data is available,suggesting that young people are living in more violent environments,which will affect opportuni

155、ties for them to pursue their dreams and aspirations.Table 3.1 Commonwealth countries with the highest YDI scores,2023YDI rank 2023Commonwealth rank 2023Change in Commonwealth rank since 2020 reportCountryRegionYDI score11SingaporeAsia0.86882MaltaEurope0.832213CyprusEurope0.819274New ZealandPacific0

156、.8102746Brunei DarussalamAsia0.8103565MalaysiaAsia0.8024576FijiPacific0.794498United KingdomEurope0.7905099TongaPacific0.78951104Sri LankaAsia0.787 The Commonwealth Picture 21The improvement in the Political and Civic Participation domain since the 2020 report is also encouraging.This could potentia

157、lly be reflective of increased civic engagement by young people as a part of COVID-19 response initiatives.However,overall the scores are low.The 2018 data used in the 2020 YDI report showed a fall in the number of young people voicing an opinion to officials and volunteering their time compared wit

158、h in 2010.However,by 2022 these indicators had rebounded and surpassed the 2010 scores.The Table 3.2 Commonwealth countries with the lowest YDI scores,2023YDI rank2023Commonwealth rank 2023Change in Commonwealth rank since 2020 reportCountryRegionYDI score177502MozambiqueAfrica0.585173493LesothoAfri

159、ca0.614172484NigeriaAfrica0.61616847MalawiAfrica0.628167467TanzaniaAfrica0.63216245PakistanAsia0.643159446Papua New GuineaPacific0.649156433EswatiniAfrica0.655154421CameroonAfrica0.657153411UgandaAfrica0.659Figure 3.3 Change in Commonwealths average YDI score and domain scores,20102022%change 201020

160、22Figure 2.13Change in Commonwealths average YDI score and domain scores,20102022Peace and SecurityHealth and WellbeingEquality and InclusionYDI overall scoreEducationEmployment and OpportunityPolitical and Civic Participation0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%22 Global Youth Development Index and Reportaverage Common

161、wealth scores for voicing opinions to an official and volunteering time have increased by 21.1 per cent and 10.6 per cent,respectively,since 2010.This means,therefore,that the overall decline in the Political and Civic Participation domain among Commonwealth countries owes to poorer performance or s

162、tagnation on the other indicators.For a lack of recent data,the youth policy score has remained stagnant on the index since 2016.This reinforces the need for the Commonwealth Secretariat to take bold actions to engage global partners in strengthening the measurement of youth political and civic part

163、icipation,taking into account youth participation frameworks that have been developed in past years.04Global Results byDomain24 Global Youth Development Index and ReportChapter 4 Global Results by Domain4.1 EducationThe Education domain recorded the third-largest average improvement globally from 20

164、10 to 2022,at 4.0 per cent.This was driven by a 7.6 per cent improvement in school completion,indicating that more young people around the world are completing a basic education(UNESCO,n.d.).The global average score for the literacy rate indicator also improved,by 2.7 per cent.Figure 4.1 shows the 2

165、010 and 2022 scores in the Education domain,as well as on each of its component indicators.There was no recorded change in the digital natives indicator,which scored just under 0.400,because updated time series data is unfortunately not available to measure global progress in young peoples skills an

166、d engagement online.In 2014 the International Telecommunication Union estimated that roughly 38.0 per cent of youth worldwide could be considered Figure 4.1 Global trend in Education,20102022Indicator and domain scoresFigure 2.14Global trend in Education,201020220.3830.901 0.6130.7020.3830.9250.6590

167、.73020102022Digital nativesLiteracy rateSchool completionEducation domain00.20.40.60.81 25digital natives,on the basis of five or more years of internet use.More than two-thirds of countries worldwide showed an improvement in the Education domain,led by Burkina Faso,Cte dIvoire,Bosnia and Herzegovin

168、a,and Laos.The 53 countries that have deteriorated in Education since 2010 are spread around the world,with Liberia recording the largest deterioration,followed by Papua New Guinea,South Sudan,Ukraine and Qatar.All of the nine world regions improved in the Education domain,on average,except for Nort

169、h America,which deteriorated by 0.37 per cent.Figure 4.2 shows the change in each regions average score from 2010 to 2022.South Asia was the global region to record the largest improvement,with a 14.26 per cent increase in the regional average,and educational gains recorded in all eight South Asian

170、countries included in the YDI.Bangladesh had the largest improvement in the region,followed by Nepal,Bhutan and Afghanistan.Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the second-largest improvement,as the regional average score increased by 10.41 per cent,with three-fourths of its countries experiencing improvemen

171、ts.Improvements were even Figure 4.2 Change in Education by region,20102022%change 20102022Figure 2.15Change in Education by region,20102022North AmericaCentral America and CaribbeanRussia and EurasiaEuropeMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)South AmericaAsia-PacificSub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia-2%0%2%

172、4%6%8%10%12%14%16%26 Global Youth Development Index and Reportseen in regions where educational attainment was already high,such as Europe.4.2 Employment and OpportunityThe Employment and Opportunity domain recorded the largest average improvement from 2010 to 2022,rising by 6.1 per cent.Worldwide,1

173、55 countries improved and 28 deteriorated.Myanmar had the largest improvement,followed by Armenia,Vietnam,the Marshall Islands and Russia.Niger had the largest deterioration,followed by Afghanistan,Angola,Laos and Rwanda.Progress in this domain was driven largely by a 52.1 per cent improvement on th

174、e account indicator score,which measures access to bank accounts and the financial system,including mobile money.Figure 4.3 shows the average 2010 and 2022 scores in Employment and Opportunity,as well as on each of its component indicators.The second most improved indicator in this domain was adoles

175、cent fertility,which improved by 5.9 per cent between 2010 and 2022,indicating that fewer young women are getting pregnant before age 20.Early pregnancies can limit young womens opportunities to achieve financial independence and pursue a career.Progress on this indicator is a positive sign for econ

176、omic progress and greater gender equality.The underemployment indicator showed moderate change,with the global average improving by just shy of 2.0 per cent.The share of youth not in education,employment or training(NEET)was the one Employment and Opportunity indicator to register a deterioration si

177、nce 2010,with the score declining by a little over 0.8 per cent.On the whole,the domain results suggest that more young people around the world are poised for economic independence,but rates of formal and full economic engagement tend to move slowly.Employment and Opportunity improved in all nine wo

178、rld regions,as Figure 4.4 shows.South America registered the largest improvement,followed by Russia and Eurasia,and North America,with all three recording improvements of more than 8.0 per cent in average domain score.The rest of the world saw more modest improvements,ranging from 6.82 per cent in t

179、he Asia-Pacific region to 3.14 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa.4.3 Equality and InclusionThe Equality and Inclusion domain recorded an improvement of 2.2 per cent from 2010 to 2022,driven by a 6.4 per cent improvement in the average score on the economic marginalisation indicator.Improvements on econ

180、omic marginalisation mean that,on average,more youth are being pulled out of extreme poverty Figure 4.3 Global trend in Employment and Opportunity,20102022Indicator and domain scoresFigure 2.16Global trend in Employment and Opportunity,2010202220102022AccountAdolescent fertilityrateNEETUnderemployme

181、ntEmployment andOpportunity domain00.20.40.60.810.3750.5710.7680.8130.7930.7870.7370.7520.7020.745 Global Results by Domain 27and thus have improved opportunities for economic security and inclusion.Two of the Equality and Inclusion indicators that measure gender parity have improved since 2010;one

182、has deteriorated.Gender parity in NEET improved by 3.9 per cent and gender parity in literacy by 2.1 per cent,whereas gender parity in safety and security deteriorated by 1.3 per cent.The change in gender parity in safety and security was marginal over the decade,with young men around the world repo

183、rting significantly higher feelings of safety in their community than was the case for young women.The gender gap in feelings of safety is widest in the worlds most peaceful countries(IEP,2018).Figure 4.5 shows the 2010 and 2022 scores in Equality and Inclusion,as well as on each of its component in

184、dicators.Worldwide,142 countries improved in Equality and Inclusion,and 41 deteriorated,resulting in all world regions recording an overall improvement.Guinea had the largest improvement globally,followed by Burkina Faso,Chad,Ethiopia and Cambodia.Yemen had the largest deterioration,followed by Syri

185、a,Algeria,Hungary,and Bosnia and Herzegovina.Figure 4.6 shows the change in each regions average Equality and Inclusion score from 2010 to 2022.South Asia had the largest improvement,with its score rising by 5.26 per cent,as all of its countries experienced improvements.It was followed by Sub-Sahara

186、n Africa and South America.North America and Europe experienced the smallest improvements,with both regions recording increases of less than 1.00 per cent.Both countries of North America registered modest improvements,but more than a third of the countries of Europe registered a deterioration in Equ

187、ality and Inclusion.The most substantial deteriorations in Europe were recorded in Hungary,and Bosnia and Herzegovina,both of whose scores fell by more than 5.0 per cent.4.4 Health and WellbeingThe Health and Wellbeing domain recorded a 1.8 per cent improvement from 2010 to 2022,driven by improvemen

188、ts on five out of seven indicators.The largest change was an 11.2 per cent improvement on the worlds average HIV rate score.The mortality rate,self-harm,alcohol abuse and tobacco consumption scores also improved,though each by less than 2.0 per cent.In contrast,the global average scores for drug abu

189、se and mental health deteriorated,but by no more than 1.0 per cent each.Figure 4.7 shows the 2010 and 2022 scores in Health and Wellbeing,as well as on each of its component indicators.Worldwide,140 countries improved in Health and Wellbeing and 43 deteriorated.Haiti had the largest Figure 4.4 Chang

190、e in Employment and Opportunity by region,20102022%change 20102022Figure 2.17Change in Employment and Opportunity by region,20102022Sub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)South AsiaEuropeCentral America and CaribbeanAsia-PacificNorth AmericaRussia and EurasiaSouth America0%2%4%6%8%10%12

191、%14%28 Global Youth Development Index and Reportimprovement,with its domain score jumping from 0.419 in 2010 to 0.826 in 2022.Most of the progress in the country was made in 2011,when the countrys Health and Wellbeing score nearly doubled as the country recovered from the devastating earthquake of 2

192、010.Eswatini had the second-largest improvement,at 12.4 per cent,followed by similar gains in Cte dIvoire,Russia and Burundi.The Philippines had the largest deterioration globally,at 5.1 per cent,followed by Canada,Sweden,Luxembourg and Lithuania.Figure 4.8 gives the change in each regions average s

193、core from 2010 to 2022.Results in Central America and the Caribbean led the improving trend in the domain,as 13 out of 18 countries in the region improved.Haiti had the largest improvement in the region,followed by The Bahamas,Puerto Rico,Trinidad and Tobago,and Honduras.North America was the only r

194、egion to deteriorate in this domain,driven by a 3.37 per cent decline in Canada.4.5 Peace and SecurityThe Peace and Security domain recorded a modest improvement between 2010 and 2022,with the average domain score increasing by 0.2 per cent,driven by a 2.9 per cent improvement in the average interpe

195、rsonal violence score and a less than 0.1 per cent improvement of the average conflict and terrorism score.This indicates that fewer young people are dying from armed conflict,terrorism and homicide around the world.However,the internal peace indicator deteriorated by almost 2.1 per cent on average,

196、suggesting that youth are experiencing more violent environments.This contrast is an important area for exploration for the Youth,Peace and Security Agenda adopted in United Nations Security Council Resolution 2250 and reinforced by Resolutions 2419 and 2535.Historically,youth have been those most a

197、ffected by direct violence.However,a decline in years of life lost despite ever more violent contexts is consistent with the overall trend of changes in the nature of armed conflict over the past decade.The INFORM score indicator,which measures country-level risk of armed conflict and climate change

198、-induced natural disasters,recorded an unchanged score of 0.620 from 2010 to 2022.This is because time series data is unfortunately not available for this indicator.Figure 4.9 shows the 2010 and 2022 scores in Peace and Security,as well as on each of its component indicators.There are 104 countries

199、that improved in this domain,whereas 79 deteriorated.Ecuador had the largest improvement globally,followed by Somalia,Iraq,Sri Lanka and Russia.South Sudan had the largest deterioration,followed by Mali,Burkina Faso,Yemen and Ukraine.Figure 4.5 Global trend in Equality and Inclusion,20102022Indicato

200、r and domain scoresFigure 2.18Global trend in Equality and Inclusion,2010202220102022Early marriageEconomicmarginalisationGender parity inliteracyGender parity inNEETGender parity insafety andsecurityEquality andInclusion domain00.20.40.60.81 0.8060.8150.7070.7520.9470.9660.7370.7660.8780.8670.8150.

201、833 Global Results by Domain 29Figure 4.10 gives the change in each regions average score from 2010 to 2022.Results in South Asia drove the improving trend,with a 3.94 per cent increase in the regions average score and gains in seven out of eight countries.Sri Lanka recorded the regions largest impr

202、ovement,at 12.9 per cent,followed by Pakistan,Bhutan,Nepal and Maldives.MENA,sub-Saharan Africa,Central America and the Caribbean,and North America deteriorated modestly,with declines ranging from 0.13 per cent(North America)to 1.19 per cent(MENA).MENA has generally been the region most affected by

203、armed conflict over the past decade and has thus experienced the largest deterioration of all regions.Figure 4.6 Change in Equality and Inclusion by region,20102022%change 20102022Figure 2.19Change in Equality and Inclusion by region,20102022North AmericaEuropeCentral America and CaribbeanRussia and

204、 EurasiaMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)Asia-PacificSouth AmericaSub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia0%1%2%3%4%5%6%Figure 4.7 Global trend in Health and Wellbeing,20102022Indicator and domain scoresFigure 2.20Global trend in Health and Wellbeing,2010202220102022AlcoholabuseDrug abuseHIV rateMentalhealthMo

205、rtalityrateSelf-harmTobaccoconsumptionHealth andWellbeingdomain00.20.40.60.810.7120.7200.862 0.8600.6610.7350.9020.8930.9370.9530.8640.8760.8520.8580.8670.88330 Global Youth Development Index and Report4.6 Political and Civic ParticipationPolitical and Civic Participation recorded a 5.4 per cent imp

206、rovement from 2010 to 2022,driven by improvements on three out of four indicators.The largest improvements were seen on the voiced opinion to an official and the volunteered time indicators,which both improved by over 15.0 per cent.Both the voiced opinion to an official indicator and the volunteered

207、 time indicator experienced by far their largest improvements between 2020 and 2021,with the rate at which youth voiced their opinions rising by 9.3 per cent(equivalent to 1.6 percentage points)and the rate at which they Figure 4.8 Change in Health and Wellbeing by region,20102022%change 20102022Fig

208、ure 2.21Change in Health and Wellbeing by region,20102022North AmericaMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)EuropeSouth AmericaSouth AsiaAsia-PacificRussia and EurasiaSub-Saharan AfricaCentral America and Caribbean-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%Figure 4.9 Global trend in Peace and Security,20102022Indicator and domain

209、scoresFigure 2.22Global trend in Peace and Security,2010202220102022Conflict and terrorismINFORM scoreInternal peace scoreInterpersonal violencePeace and Securitydomain00.20.40.60.810.9970.9980.6200.6200.6710.6580.6650.6840.7380.740 Global Results by Domain 31volunteered time by 10.5 per cent(equiva

210、lent to 2.2 percentage points).The youth policy indicator was unchanged,with the global average score standing at 0.758 between 2010 and 2022.This is because time series data is not available for this indicator.The recognition for community improvement indicator improved by 10.3 per cent,suggesting

211、that an increasing share of young people around the world are receiving recognition for their investments in improving their communities.However,the scores remain well below those on the other indicators in the Figure 4.10 Change in Peace and Security by region,20102022Figure 2.23Change in Peace and

212、 Security by region,20102022Middle East and North Africa(MENA)Sub-Saharan AfricaCentral America and CaribbeanNorth AmericaSouth AmericaEuropeAsia-PacificRussia and EurasiaSouth Asia-2%-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%Figure 4.11 Global trend in Political and Civic Participation,20102022Indicator and domain scoresFigu

213、re 2.24Global trend in Political and Civic Participation,201020220.0940.1660.2010.7580.3050.1030.1930.2320.7580.32120102022Recognition forcommunityimprovementVoiced opinion to anofficialVolunteered timeYouth policy scorePolitical and CivicParticipation domain00.20.40.60.8132 Global Youth Development

214、 Index and Reportdomain.This indicator is included in the YDI on the premise that being recognised,or seeing ones peers recognised,encourages community engagement.Figure 4.11 shows the 2010 and 2022 scores in Political and Civic Participation,as well as on each of its component indicators.There were

215、 127 countries that experienced improvements in the Political and Civic Participation domain and 56 that experienced deteriorations.Sub-Saharan Africa and South America recorded the largest overall improvements in the domain,with their average scores increasing by 11.35 per cent and 10.48 per cent,r

216、espectively.The largest country-level improvement occurred in Indonesia,which improved by 69.5 per cent.South Asia,and the Russia and Eurasia region had the largest deteriorations,declining by 4.75 per cent and 4.73 per cent,respectively.Pakistan had the largest deterioration,declining by 34.3 per c

217、ent.Figure 4.12 gives the change in each regions average Political and Civic Participation score from 2010 to 2022.ReferencesBloom,D.E.(2016)Demographic Upheaval.Finance&Development,March:611.Commonwealth Secretariat(2021)Global Youth Development Index and Report 2020.IEP(Institute for Economics and

218、 Peace)(2018)Measuring Peacebuilding Cost-EffectivenessMascayano,F.,Armijo,J.E.and Yang,L.H.(2015)Addressing Stigma Relating to Mental Illness in Low-and Middle-Income Countries.Frontiers in Psychiatry 6.https:/doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00038Nussbaum,M.C.(2000)Women and Human Development:The Capabi

219、lities Approach.Cambridge University Press.Nussbaum,M.C.(2003)Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements:Sen and Social Justice.Feminist Economics 9(23):3359.OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development),EU(European Union)and Joint Research Centre European Commission(2008)Handbook on Co

220、nstructing Composite Indicators:Methodology and User Guide.Sen,A.(1985)Commodities and Capabilities.Oxford:Oxford University Press.UNESCO(nd)Basic Education.http:/uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/basic-education(accessed 6 October 2020).World Bank(2022)Population Total.https:/data.worldbank.org/indic

221、ator/SP.POP.TOTLFigure 4.12 Change in Political and Civic Participation by region,20102022Figure 2.25Change in Political and Civic Participation by region,20102022South AsiaRussia and EurasiaMiddle East and North Africa(MENA)Central America and CaribbeanNorth AmericaEuropeAsia-PacificSouth AmericaSu

222、b-Saharan Africa-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%AAnnexes34 Global Youth Development Index and ReportAnnex 1MethodologyThe primary goal of the YDI is to provide an evidence base on the condition of youth around the world,focusing on opportunities for their development.The theoretical framework for the de

223、velopment of the YDI is derived from the work of Sen(1985)and Nussbaum(2000,2003)on capabilities.The 2023 iteration of the YDI has three main aims.1.Assess the data context for updating the global YDI in 2023,including acknowledging the admission of Gabon and Togo into the Commonwealth.2.Update the

224、global YDI database of 27 indicators across six domains with more recent data,where available and taking into account additional countries for which data is now available.3.Provide an analysis of the situation.The calculation and indicators remain the same as in the YDI 2020 report(Commonwealth Secr

225、etariat,2021).The YDI is designed to measure youth development based on six domains:Education Employment and Opportunity Equality and Inclusion Health and Wellbeing Peace and Security Political and Civic ParticipationThese domains,and the indicators within each domain,were decided upon through consu

226、ltation with the YDI Expert Panel.To capture youth development within each country across all domains,27 indicators were sourced.Table A1.1 presents the indicators selected to capture these domains and includes information on their sources and the year of their most recent update.ImputationsThe 2023

227、 YDIs methodology has been designed to be in line with other prominent global development indices,and substantial effort has been made to populate the index with the best available country data.However,consistent and comprehensive datasets covering youth development continue to remain scarce.Effort

228、has been made in the design of the methodology to include as many Commonwealth countries as possible,the required threshold for inclusion being 50 per cent availability of the needed data.Even with the high imputation threshold,for certain smaller-island countries there is simply not enough data ava

229、ilable to justify their inclusion.Table A1.2 details data availability for these countries,indicating for which countries data coverage is above the threshold and for which additional data is needed.Data availability has been a particular challenge for the Equality and Inclusion and the Political an

230、d Civic Participation domains.Constructing the YDI has therefore highlighted gaps in youth development data and the need for further improvement in data collection.A major challenge to developing a harmonised composite index lies in attempting to overcome the significant variation in data across ver

231、y diverse countries around the world,not just in terms of demographic and geographic characteristics but also in Methodology 35Table A1.1 YDI 2023 indicatorsDomainIndicatorDefinitionSourceNo.countries coveredLatest year of dataHealth and WellbeingAlcohol abuseYLL from alcohol use disorders,ages 1529

232、IHME GBD2042019Drug abuseYLL from drug use disorders,ages 1529IHME GBD2042019HIV rateHIV rate,ages 1529UNAIDS estimates1312021Mental healthYLL from mental disorders,ages 1529IHME GBD2042019Mortality rateDeaths from all causes,ages 1529IHME GBD2042019Tobacco consumptionTobacco smokers,%of ages 1529IH

233、ME GBD2012015Self-harmYLL from self-harm,ages 1529IHME GBD2042019EducationDigital nativesFive or more years experience using the internet,%of ages 1529ITU1812013Literacy rateLiteracy rate,youth total,%of ages 1524UNESCO Institute for Statistics2162021School completionLower secondary com-pletion rate

234、,total,%of country-specific age groupUNESCO Institute for Statistics2162021Employment and OpportunityAccountRespondents who report having an account(by themselves or together with someone else)at a bank or other financial institution or report using mobile money in the past 12 months,%ages 1524World

235、 Bank Global Findex Database1582021Adolescent fertility rateAdolescent fertility rate,births per 1,000 women ages 1519United Nations Population Division,World Population Prospects2052020NEETNEET youth,%of ages 1524ILO1632022Underemployment*Time-related underemployment,ages 15-24ILO modelled estimate

236、s1872019(Continued)36 Global Youth Development Index and ReportDomainIndicatorDefinitionSourceNo.countries coveredLatest year of dataEquality and InclusionEconomic marginalisationPopulation percentage classified as extremely poor(=US$1.90 and US$3.20 PPP),ages 1524ILO modelled estimates1912019Gender

237、 parity in literacyLiteracy rate,youth,ages 1524 GPI UNESCO Institute for Statistics1622021Gender parity in NEETDistance from parity between percentages of NEET young women and NEET young men,ages 1524UNDESA Global SDG Indicators Database,IEP calculations782018Gender parity in safety and securityDis

238、tance from parity between percentages of young women and young men who report feeling safe walking alone in their neighbourhood at nightGWP,IEP calculations1672021Early marriageWomen first married by age 18,%of women ages 2024Country surveys collected by World Bank and OECD1372021Political and Civic

239、 ParticipationRecognition for community improvementResponding agree or strongly agree with the statement In the past 12 months,you have received recognition for helping to improve the city or area where you live,%ages 1529GWP1532016Voiced opinion to an officialResponding that they have voiced their

240、opinion to an official in the past 30 days,%ages 1529GWP1672021Volunteered timeResponding that they have volunteered time in the past 30 days,%ages 1529GWP1682021Youth policy scoreScores on youth policy and legislation,public institutions,youth representation,and public budget and spendingYouth Poli

241、cy Labs,IEP calculation1962016(Continued)Methodology 37DomainIndicatorDefinitionSourceNo.countries coveredLatest year of dataPeace and SecurityConflict and terrorismYLL from armed conflict and terrorismIHME GBD2042019INFORM scoreRisk of humanitarian crisis and disaster,including climate change relat

242、ed risksEU INFORM1922022Internal peace scoreComposite score for domestic peace and safety and securityIEP Global Peace Index1632022Interpersonal violenceYLL from interpersonal violence,ages 1529IHME GBD2042019*This indicator is based on the absolute stocks of underemployed youth within a countrys bo

243、rders,rather than a rate-based or per capita measure.The rationale behind this approach is that the indicator penalises countries with the largest proportions of youth who are struggling with underemployment.Underemployment exists when the hours of work of an employed person are below a threshold an

244、d are insufficient in relation to an alternative employment situation in which the person is willing and available to engage.The Gender Parity Index(GPI)calculates a value based on the number of females divided by the number of males.A value of 1 reflects equality or parity between females and males

245、.A value below 1 usually favours males while a value over 1 usually favours females.The original values for the gender parity in literacy indicator are converted into an YDI indicator score where a lower score reflects greater inequality between men and women in favour of men and a higher score sugg

246、ests greater equality in favour of women.Table A1.2 Data availability for small-island Commonwealth countriesCountryPercentage of data available Antigua and Barbuda40.74%The Bahamas59.26%Barbados77.78%Brunei Darussalam66.67%Dominica40.74%Fiji66.67%Gabon92.59%Grenada55.56%Kiribati51.85%Maldives70.37%

247、Nauru44.44%St Kitts and Nevis40.74%Saint Lucia66.67%St Vincent and the Grenadines44.44%Samoa70.37%Seychelles59.26%Solomon Islands62.96%Togo92.59%Tonga74.07%Tuvalu48.15%Vanuatu66.67%38 Global Youth Development Index and Reportterms of socio-economic characteristics,which often times can affect data c

248、ollection and quality.The issue of data gaps is a common challenge to creating an index.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)et al.(2008)recommend several statistical techniques for dealing with data imputation to fill in data gaps.Table A1.3 lists the approaches used in t

249、he YDI.Using a combination of these techniques,the YDI represents the use of the best possible data without an overly complex methodology.The banding processIn order to aggregate the incommensurable indicators,all indicators have been banded(normalised).This means each indicator is scaled to a score

250、 ranging between 0 and 1,relative to the initial global range.Appropriate minimum and maximum values are,therefore,chosen for each indicator so that any values below the minimum are assigned 0 and values above the maximum are assigned 1.All other values are scaled between 0 and 1,equivalent to their

251、 position in the original minimum-maximum range.Depending on the nature of the data,the banding process can take slightly different forms.For example,for the literacy rate indicator,a higher score reflects a more desirable situation.Therefore,in this case,the banding process has assigned the largest

252、 data point a value of 1.Conversely,the lowest data point in the indicator has been assigned a value of 0,while all other data is scaled relative to these two points.This process is referred to as forward banding.On the other hand,a lower score on the mortality indicator reflects a more desirable si

253、tuation.In this case,the data is reverse banded,so the lowest value is assigned 1 while the highest is assigned 0.Therefore,for year y,Equation 1 calculates a forward banded score for indicator i.A reverse banded score is calculated using Equation 2.Table A1.3 Data imputation methods applied in the

254、YDIImputation methodDescriptionApplication in the YDITime series imputationReplace missing values using linear interpolationThe YDI uses this method when at least two data points exist in a time series for an indicator-country pair,to estimate data for unreported years.Similarly,when only one year o

255、f data is available for all countries,the values for that year are used for all years in the index.Cold deck imputationReplace the missing value with a value from another sourceThe YDI uses this method when alternative country statistics from a different source are available to fill in gaps.Hot deck

256、 imputationReplace the missing value with a KNN(k-nearest neighbours)imputationKNN is an algorithm that is useful for matching a point with its closest k neighbours in a multi-dimensional space.It can be used for data that are continuous,discrete,ordinal and categorical,which makes it particularly u

257、seful for dealing with missing data.The algorithm fills in data gaps using similar countries to impute a value.The YDI uses this method for data that is not available for all countries and when time series and cold deck imputations fail.A value is assigned based on the average of the five most simil

258、ar countries in the same year.These may be five countries selected,in order of preference,from among countries:1.in the same region;2.in the same income bracket as the country as defined by the World Bank;or 3.with the same government type as defined by the Economist Intelligence Unit.Only the most

259、preferable of the three hot deck imputation techniques listed is used for any single missing data instance.Methodology 39Equation 1:Banding equationEquation 2:Reverse banding equation An integral part of the banding process is to set appropriate minimum and maximum cutoff values for the banded score

260、s.Some data has a normal distribution and therefore outliers can be easily defined as those greater than three standard deviations from the mean.However,other datasets do not follow the bell-curved distribution trend.A number of considerations are therefore essential in choosing the appropriate tech

261、nique:the nature of the data,the distribution,the purpose of the index,the information to be conveyed and so on.When investigating global datasets for the YDI,very few can be classified as Table A1.4 Banding limits for the YDIDomainIndicatorMinMaxMeanStandard deviationLower bandUpper bandEducationDi

262、gital natives0.00.996.4011.308201Literacy rate13.1100.0084.0915.560100School completion9.81176.9278.5724.4810.5113.82Employment and OpportunityAccount0.00100.0050.1927.5101Adolescent fertility rate1.45185.12448.02840.190250NEET152.580.820100Underemployment0.087,526.1180.60492.160.08433.21Equality an

263、d InclusionEconomic marginalisation000.950.24NA00.91Gender parity in literacy0.001.2301570.090.1101Gender parity in NEET0.0030.666.936.19032.56Gender parity in safety and security0.000.420.130.0601Early marriage0.0083.5026.9417.910100Health and WellbeingAlcohol abuse5.95965.1094.71142.462.4966.29Mor

264、tality rate70.42,177.31374.62259.3602,500Drug abuse12.53,575.95205.55320.690500HIV rate0.1022.030.701.990.10.725Mental health0.0219.651.292.6404Tobacco consumption0.041.550.440.2701Self-harm395.15,393.22,0581,635.105,000Peace and SecurityConflict and terrorism0.0030,411.13551,948.94032,615INFORM sco

265、re0.508.73.911.71010Internal peace score1.174.2713.700.5715Interpersonal violence55.336,790.692,218.343,191.1520.911,601.5Political and Civic ParticipationRecognition for community improvement0.020.780.260.1001Voiced opinion to an official0.010.510.170.0701Volunteered time0.030.660.220.0901Youth pol

266、icy score0.004.002.720.800440 Global Youth Development Index and Reporthaving a normal distribution.The presence of outliers defines the variance,skewing both the minimum and the maximum values.To account for this,IEP has set artificial minimum and maximum values to ensure that results are not too h

267、eavily influenced by outliers.Table A1.4 outlines the data distribution and bands for each indicator.The upper and lower bands are indicated when they are not based on the distribution of the data but rather have been input manually by IEP.Weighting indicators and domainsTable A1.5 shows the indicat

268、ors and respective weights applied in the YDI.The YDI assigns a higher weighting to three domains:Health and Wellbeing,Education,and Employment and Opportunity receive 22 per cent each,as these domains are considered key to youth development and data quality and availability are higher here.Equality

269、 and Inclusion is weighted at 14 per cent,while the Peace and Security domain and the Political and Civic Participation domain are weighted at 10 per cent each.Within each domain,indicators are weighted by their importance relative to the other indicators in the respective domain.In some instances,t

270、hey are weighted equally,indicating that they together comprise the core features of the respective domain and are equally essential.Across the three core domains,which comprise 66 per cent of the overall index,three indicators are considered primary:mortality rate,literacy rate and NEET.These prima

271、ry indicators are weighted slightly higher than others in the index and therefore have a big impact on domain scores.In some cases,they grant countries a more pronounced domain score regardless of their overall rank in the YDI.Table A1.5 Weights used in the YDIDomainDomain weightIndicatorIndicator w

272、eightEducation22%Literacy rate10%School completion8%Digital natives4%Employment and Opportunity22%NEET10%Underemployment4%Adolescent fertility rate4%Account4%Equality and Inclusion14%Gender parity in NEET2.80%Gender parity in safety and security2.80%Gender parity in literacy2.80%Early marriage2.80%E

273、conomic marginalisation2.80%Health and Wellbeing22%Mortality rate10%HIV rate2%Self-harm2%Mental health2%Drug abuse 2%Alcohol abuse 2%Tobacco consumption2%Peace and Security10%Internal peace score2.50%Interpersonal violence2.50%Conflict and terrorism2.50%INFORM score2.50%Political and Civic Participa

274、tion10%Youth policy score2.50%Voiced opinion to an official2.50%Volunteered time2.50%Recognition for community improvement2.50%Methodology 41Aggregation and calculationOnce the data has been banded and weights have been assigned,the final stage is to multiply each banded indicator with its correspon

275、ding weight and add each countrys performance to arrive at an overall YDI score.Final scores are calculated by combining scores for the six individual domains into the overall YDI score,as demonstrated in Figure A1.1.Figure A1.1 Composition of indicators into domains and the final YDI scoresIndicato

276、rDomainYouthDevelopmentIndex Domain 1 Variable 1.Domain 1 Variable nEducationDomain 2 Variable 1.Domain 2 Variable nEmployment and OpportunityDomain 3 Variable 1.Domain 3 Variable nEquality and InclusionDomain 4 Variable 1.Domain 4 Variable nDomain 5 Variable 1Domain 6 Variable 1.Domain 5 Variable n

277、.Domain 6 Variable nWeighted sum of the six domainsDomainHealth and WellbeingPeace and SecurityPolitical and Civic Participation 42 Global Youth Development Index and ReportAnnex 22023 Youth Development Index Rank TablesGlobal rank Commonwealth rank Country2023 YDI scoreEduca-tion rankEduca-tion sco

278、reEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank11Singapore0.868180.93050.95842Denmark0.86220.95770.95453Portugal0.848210.923980.7351414Iceland0.84760.9511510.6131005Slovenia0.845230.9161480.6211656Norway0.842140.9381450.6311347Ireland0.838280.91110.977138Spain0.8

279、32300.907620.81210482Malta0.832170.932510.8505710Switzerland0.830200.9281180.68914411Sweden0.82930.9551470.62212312Czechia0.828330.8911070.70715112Germany0.828180.9301280.67414214Belgium0.826260.914330.8914214Netherlands0.826150.937660.80711316South Korea0.824230.9161660.56515317Luxembourg0.82210.97

280、7420.86111018Hungary0.821320.903200.9246819Croatia0.820290.908270.9054620Austria0.819270.913160.93719203Cyprus0.819690.819230.9141722Italy0.818350.888470.856623North Macedonia0.813660.8261790.46217124Israel0.812300.907410.8652524Slovakia0.812530.855370.87513626United Arab Emirates0.811510.860580.827

281、82274New Zealand0.810420.8751580.593178274Brunei Darussalam0.810100.941960.7398229Greece0.809380.8791380.6511302023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 43Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolitical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolit

282、ical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.97310.97210.9601000.3240.971740.90420.949110.3990.7471540.8281440.609460.3490.854650.911680.80720.4520.6531330.849730.79670.4160.7671170.8591230.680540.3460.9551030.87430.948410.3550.8491530.8291210.6821690.2360.9071780.759610.8131230.3030.738130.9551390.6291580.2590

283、.8211260.853770.786720.3380.700430.9331310.6571330.2930.7451120.866530.833560.3450.925740.904480.8581740.2230.8371630.805400.866300.3690.6971170.8591800.458350.3640.843530.926800.78280.4080.895610.913180.9121130.3120.918350.936410.865370.3600.9511670.802120.921130.3970.9521520.831200.91040.4220.9695

284、10.928350.8811400.2870.633660.9101470.597600.3430.943100.958600.8151510.2690.7641740.7711020.734170.3900.878670.909880.7721630.2520.5811340.847850.775300.3690.878610.9131330.655790.3370.7871380.844820.781720.338(Continued)44 Global Youth Development Index and ReportGlobal rank Commonwealth rank Coun

285、try2023 YDI scoreEduca-tion rankEduca-tion scoreEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank29Finland0.80940.953910.7449831Poland0.80880.9431560.5989032Bahrain0.804610.839110.9461133Qatar0.803830.788760.78411833Oman0.803520.859150.94220356Malaysia0.802580.84580.

286、952836Serbia0.801470.869520.8496537France0.800160.933840.767137Estonia0.80070.9471690.56015539Lithuania0.798100.941880.75111340Kuwait0.797680.821790.78212140Japan0.797360.8831130.7008742Montenegro0.796620.835200.9242843Bulgaria0.795400.876440.8595544Romania0.794640.830250.91311447Fiji0.794770.809600

287、.822846Saudi Arabia0.792430.874290.9024146Latvia0.792130.939610.8206948Albania0.791750.8111750.515153498United Kingdom0.790220.921500.85113509Tonga0.7891170.718540.844955110Sri Lanka0.787880.783180.926445211Canada0.78680.943140.944345211Australia0.786540.853670.8057752Georgia0.786850.7871600.5851745

288、5Thailand0.785340.890850.7555555Vietnam0.785630.8341740.53416157Turkey0.784250.915640.810545813Maldives0.783460.871110.9462658Taiwan0.783800.8011000.72114760Bosnia and Herzegovina0.780570.8491030.71312861Mongolia0.770960.7701730.54417962Uruguay0.769490.8651330.6618263Bhutan0.7681120.730560.836372023

289、 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 45Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolitical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolitical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.8591370.846850.7751330.2930.8731070.8711540.58110.4810.9571130.864230.900720.3380.

290、829950.8851610.559960.3260.9501190.85890.9241040.3200.9651630.805140.920840.3300.898270.944650.8111610.2540.9771510.832210.9081350.2920.683200.9481490.5911210.3050.8371090.8701530.583870.3290.824370.935900.7691160.3080.87720.970760.7901800.2010.940970.884250.898290.3710.9081020.877340.882460.3490.95

291、7240.947180.912450.3510.9651280.852300.8891310.2940.9271790.7571330.655400.3590.894270.944270.8961450.2810.6971400.843980.7411540.2660.9551770.7611000.7361430.2830.862980.8831520.586560.3450.922850.896290.8901180.3060.9341470.83460.941150.3940.8851430.838320.88590.4050.6161340.8471320.656330.3660.90

292、81570.823730.7961760.2180.658480.9301650.5431730.2250.910580.916450.8621480.2710.9421720.787410.8651460.2740.712900.8901100.714580.3440.8111400.8431650.5431270.2990.580390.9341750.489240.3770.878800.9021760.482630.3420.929270.944570.8251820.152(Continued)46 Global Youth Development Index and ReportG

293、lobal rank Commonwealth rank Country2023 YDI scoreEduca-tion rankEduca-tion scoreEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank63Tunisia0.768880.783710.798536514Samoa0.766740.812690.8034666Chile0.765360.8831420.63713266Belarus0.765580.8451720.54716368Kyrgyzstan0.7

294、62690.8191550.6021226915Mauritius0.761540.8531630.57911669China0.761640.8301790.46217369Armenia0.7611030.752750.7851772Tajikistan0.760850.787340.888717216Barbados0.760120.9401520.60816972Bolivia0.760930.773400.8673075Costa Rica0.759440.873530.8458976United States0.75740.9531040.71211177Indonesia0.75

295、6990.75890.95177817Grenada0.755400.876250.9133179Uzbekistan0.754820.793720.7947680Moldova0.753390.878430.8602781Kazakhstan0.752800.801350.8874682Morocco0.750980.760890.75010083Russia0.749450.872910.7448284Peru0.747500.861870.75211385Jordan0.7461120.730440.8595086Argentina0.745600.8421250.6778286Liby

296、a0.7451190.712760.784798818Trinidad and Tobago0.742720.8161100.7043889Cuba0.7411010.75440.9593589Palestinian Territories0.741780.8061530.60615991Lebanon0.740850.7871390.6481379219Jamaica0.738920.774700.7999292Cape Verde0.7381060.751480.8548092Timor-Leste0.7381270.673790.78213995Cambodia0.7371410.604

297、1670.5631822023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 47Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolitical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolitical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.911180.9511090.7181380.2890.91840.967120.9211560.2650.7731380.84413

298、80.641630.3420.654110.956990.7381540.2660.8221620.812710.802170.3900.8341090.8701790.4701010.3230.628560.9201590.5621360.2910.952890.894870.7731580.2590.892940.8861140.709280.3720.643370.9351570.566360.3610.9361590.816670.8081620.2530.874740.9041290.6641420.2840.841580.916590.8161060.3160.9661260.85

299、3110.922100.4000.9351000.881390.8671130.3120.886550.922510.8411100.3150.941300.943440.8631050.3170.9181700.800900.7691480.2710.8541030.8741260.671130.3970.8781230.8551280.6651130.3120.837930.8871560.5701100.3150.9161340.84780.9301290.2980.878680.9081060.7291170.3070.883450.9321300.6601060.3160.92816

300、0.952540.8301720.2330.9321010.878140.920600.3430.673390.934790.78440.4220.760810.8991040.731430.3520.871980.8831330.6551060.3160.8821060.872930.7591570.2640.751450.932830.778460.3490.5341670.8021720.503600.343(Continued)48 Global Youth Development Index and ReportGlobal rank Commonwealth rank Countr

301、y2023 YDI scoreEduca-tion rankEduca-tion scoreEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank95Iran0.737930.7731100.7046297Ecuador0.735710.818910.7449798Azerbaijan0.734540.8531070.7073899So Tom and Prncipe0.7331150.727570.8285799Egypt0.7331010.7541360.65288101Turkm

302、enistan0.729930.7731640.575157102Algeria0.7281320.631830.7713510220Seychelles0.728480.8661700.559124104Myanmar(Burma)0.7241350.626310.8966010521Ghana0.7211250.6801070.707170105Ukraine0.721830.788300.8994310722The Bahamas0.718670.8251160.694158108Nepal0.7171100.7391600.585131108Philippines0.7171030.7

303、521400.64678108Paraguay0.7171220.6961590.59013711123Saint Lucia0.716790.80520.9692211224Gabon0.7141400.607780.7837411224Kiribati0.714970.769810.77873114Puerto Rico0.7121100.739180.9263111526Solomon Islands0.7111290.6581120.70210611526Vanuatu0.7111390.6121220.686120117Panama0.7101090.742220.92163117M

304、arshall Islands0.710720.8161650.567167119Comoros0.7031580.4971620.58074120Dominican Republic0.7021140.7281000.721126121Venezuela0.7001000.756740.7896512128India0.7001210.6991460.623145123Laos0.6991380.615390.87331124Suriname0.6981340.6271250.67712612529The Gambia0.6971510.5411410.63810212630Namibia0

305、.6961030.7521770.5051752023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 49Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolitical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolitical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.903600.9141120.7111640.2510.860910.8891360.646960.3260.

306、9281140.8631170.7041710.2340.907610.913370.8781250.3010.87580.962890.7701810.1850.6771230.8551270.6671310.2940.932470.931550.828710.3390.816260.9451370.6421520.2670.9041560.824800.782270.3730.6401440.8371240.673720.3380.9231810.7431420.6211260.3000.674350.9361130.7101380.2890.78590.9601150.707370.36

307、00.884320.9371020.7341480.2710.760880.8951410.6261680.2380.948950.88570.931210.3860.888780.903720.80030.4430.8901210.857730.796690.3400.9351580.822310.886870.3290.8461280.8521680.536260.3750.8251470.834660.810460.3490.8991050.873160.9191020.3220.648640.9121000.736530.3470.888680.9081770.479580.3440.

308、813200.948700.8031650.2440.8981090.870840.776460.3490.718850.8961070.726200.3880.935530.926170.9171270.2990.8131710.7931550.5741520.2670.8531220.856620.812540.3460.6121650.8041510.588240.377(Continued)50 Global Youth Development Index and ReportGlobal rank Commonwealth rank Country2023 YDI scoreEduc

309、a-tion rankEduca-tion scoreEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank127Colombia0.694910.7761240.680151127Senegal0.6941620.4901700.559148129El Salvador0.6931240.6881180.689163130Mauritania0.6921660.479940.743103130Brazil0.692900.7771350.65610913231Togo0.690145

310、0.574490.85351133Syria0.6891310.6371780.500176134Iraq0.6851230.6901560.598106135Equatorial Guinea0.6821560.501360.8851136Nicaragua0.6801320.631370.8759113732Belize0.6791180.717620.8126713833Bangladesh0.6781200.7111760.50616013934Guyana0.6771070.7451430.636165140Djibouti0.6761520.5271230.68111814135S

311、outh Africa0.6751150.727460.8573814236Botswana0.6741080.744580.82794143Mexico0.673750.8111540.60493143Burundi0.6731610.4931140.69813914337Kenya0.6731260.6791360.652146146Republic of Congo(CongoBrazzaville)0.6711460.5731210.687142147Sudan0.6701550.51060.9552114838Sierra Leone0.6671620.4901270.6761621

312、4838Rwanda0.6671530.5261170.69272150Haiti0.6651300.656320.89510150Eritrea0.6651480.568100.9482815240Zambia0.6601440.6011500.61514915341Uganda0.6591650.485860.75315615442Cameroon0.6571600.494230.91416155Cte dIvoire0.6551490.559900.74511215543Eswatini0.6551280.662110.94622157Madagascar0.6521670.457132

313、0.665150157Liberia0.6521770.3731430.6361682023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 51Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolitical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolitical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.7001400.8431150.707340.3650.707830.8

314、98960.752680.3410.654480.9301500.589720.3380.85170.963620.812870.3290.8451150.8601740.494230.3780.915780.903580.823170.3900.600720.9071630.5531790.2040.846240.9471700.5141440.2820.977430.933280.8911230.3030.872390.934490.855930.3270.89650.964410.8651120.3140.662320.9371110.713810.3330.653520.9271710

315、.509630.3420.829720.9071640.552800.3360.928390.934500.8491600.2570.863740.9041040.731920.3280.8641590.8161080.719460.3490.7511610.8141460.601840.3300.7131250.8541450.603160.3920.745140.9531180.686110.3990.9491280.85290.9241030.3210.656160.952690.804460.3490.89130.9681180.6861770.2120.959830.898260.8

316、971400.2870.9401790.757230.900690.3400.7051460.8351200.684370.3600.6791310.8511430.610220.3800.9541730.785320.8851690.2360.838910.889920.761870.3290.9481750.76940.943930.3270.7041820.7391600.560820.3310.6471190.858950.75560.419(Continued)52 Global Youth Development Index and ReportGlobal rank Common

317、wealth rank Country2023 YDI scoreEduca-tion rankEduca-tion scoreEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity rankEmploy-ment&Oppor-tunity scoreEquality&Inclusion rank15944Papua New Guinea0.6491700.411640.81052159Honduras0.6491410.6041050.710125161Guatemala0.6451370.622970.73811716245Pakistan0.6431590.49530.9601163Benin

318、0.6391740.397810.778105164Guinea-Bissau0.6361700.4111280.67499165Burkina Faso0.6331750.396670.805129166Ethiopia0.6321730.400550.8405916646Tanzania0.6321540.511950.7416316847Malawi0.6281760.395170.93013169Zimbabwe0.6271360.6251830.000183170Yemen0.6231430.6031340.65969171Angola0.6201690.427280.9044517

319、248Nigeria0.6161570.4991820.26118117349Lesotho0.6141500.5531060.70849174Democratic Republic of Congo 0.6131460.5731020.72096175Guinea0.6121780.3581490.619133176Mali0.5901790.2821300.6738117750Mozambique0.5851700.411730.79322178South Sudan0.5821810.2241140.698135178Somalia0.5821640.4861670.563171180C

320、had0.5541820.1951310.667177181Niger0.5431800.237990.727106182Central African Republic0.5361830.1831180.68960183Afghanistan0.5151680.4311810.3051802023 Youth Development Index Rank Tables 53Equality&Inclusion scoreHealth&Wellbeing rankHealth&Wellbeing scorePeace&Security rankPeace&Security scorePolit

321、ical&Civic Par-ticipation rankPolitical&Civic Par-ticipation score0.91450.964450.8621470.2720.8151550.8261780.471430.3520.833810.899930.759870.3290.9771150.86040.943420.3530.8471310.8511480.5961180.3060.8561690.8011610.5591210.3050.806200.948380.8761360.2910.905310.939620.812930.3270.8991070.871770.

322、786320.3680.9551760.763350.881630.3420.0001830.0001830.0001830.0000.8941650.8041730.502980.3250.919850.896220.9021180.3060.544180.9511650.543630.3420.917480.9301210.6821670.2420.861200.9481400.627720.3380.7721450.8361690.515980.3250.880110.956560.8271750.2210.948320.937520.8341300.2960.765140.953970

323、.744720.3380.6331490.8331810.422840.3300.594570.9181240.6731060.3160.8461490.8331580.563820.3310.904680.908450.8621650.2440.562680.9081820.3481780.209“Young people are indispensable to delivering a future that is more just,inclusive,sustainable and resilient.By measuring their contributions and need

324、s with hard data,our advocacy for their development becomes more powerful.”The Rt Hon Patricia Scotland QC,Secretary-General of the Commonwealth The Global Youth Development Index Update Report 2023 provides fresh analysis on the state of youth development up to 2022,reflecting the most up-to-date c

325、omparable data available and giving some indications of the emerging effects of the COVID-19pandemic.Tracking 27 indicators across six domains of youth development between 2010 and 2012,the report aims to support policy-makers and the public to reflect on progress made over recent years,to develop n

326、ew strategies for strengthening the enabling environment for youth empowerment,and to work with young people to co-create innovative and sustainable solutions for a common future.It uses the same methodology as,and so is comparable with,the full Global Youth Development Index(2020),and provides updates on the data for indicators previously selected and validated by a technical group of experts comprising representatives from governments,development organisations,youth networks,andresearch and academic institutions.