1、NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARDSCIENCE&ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2024Industry ActivitiesProduction and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive IndustriesNSB-2024-7April 22,2024This publication is part of the 2024 edition of the Science and Engineering Indicators(Indicators)suite of reports.Indicators is pre

2、pared under the guidance of the National Science Board by the National Science Foundations National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.The Indicators suite consists of a summary report called The State of U.S.Science and Engineering,more-detailed thematic reports with supporting data,and

3、a data tool that provides state-level indicators.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-72National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-73Table of Contents 5Executive Summary 6Introduction 7Production Patterns of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries

4、7U.S.Industries 21Industries in the Global Economy 25Sectoral and Industry Distributions 28Global Semiconductor Production 31Global Trade in Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Output 31Gross Flows of Trade in KTI Goods Output 35U.S.KTI-Related Services Trade 37U.S.Trade in Value Added in KTI Output

5、42Conclusion 43Glossary 43Definitions 44Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations 46References 50Notes 51Acknowledgments and Citation 51Acknowledgments 51Citation 52Contact Us 52Report Authors 52NCSESList of Sidebars 14Geography of Domestic KTI ProductionNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators

6、|NSB-2024-74List of TablesKTI-1U.S.KTI industries,by value added and share of GDP:201822 8KTI-2Global KTI industries,by value added and share of global GDP:201822 22KTI-AGDP,by state share and value-added output of KTI industries:2021 15List of FiguresKTI-1Industry share of U.S.total KTI value added

7、,by selected industries:200222 10KTI-2Annual percent changes in U.S.value added,by KTI industry:201822 12KTI-3Country share of global KTI manufacturing value added,by KTI industry:2022 23KTI-4Country share of global KTI services value added for selected economies:200222 24KTI-5KTI value added as a s

8、hare of domestic GDP for selected economies:2002,2012,and 2022 25KTI-6Country share of global KTI manufacturing value added for selected economies:200222 26KTI-7Country share of global KTI services value added,by KTI industry:2022 28KTI-8Global share of value added for semiconductor manufacturing fo

9、r selected economies:200222 29KTI-9Country share of global KTI manufacturing exports for selected economies:2002,2012,and 2022 31KTI-10Gross exports of KTI manufacturing industries for selected economies:200222 32KTI-11KTI manufacturing exports as a share of all manufacturing exports for selected ec

10、onomies:200222 33KTI-12Industry composition of country KTI manufacturing exports for selected economies:2022 34KTI-13KTI manufacturing trade balance for selected economies:200222 35KTI-14Exports,imports,and trade balance of KTI services for the United States:200621 36KTI-15Exports of KTI-related ser

11、vices for the United States,by type of service:201921 37KTI-16Domestic value added and imported content of U.S.gross exports:2021 38KTI-17Domestic value-added content of gross exports,by exporting industry and source sector:2021 39KTI-18Imported content in U.S.gross exports,by exporting industry and

12、 source sector:2021 40KTI-19Imported content share in U.S.gross exports,by exporting industry:200721 41KTI-AKTI value added as a share of U.S.and state GDP:2021 18KTI-BSpecialization in production for all KTI industries,by state:2021 19KTI-CSpecialization in production for two selected industries,by

13、 state:2021 20National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-75Executive SummaryKey takeaways:Supply chains for production of goods and services and for technology development that were built over the last decades have been impacted by recent macroeconomic,geopolitical,and pandemic-r

14、elated headwinds.KTI industriesor research and development(R&D)-intensive industries,defined in more detail beloware an important source for R&D and other intangibles and are a contributor to economic competitiveness and public policy goals across countries.Multinational enterprises(MNEs)and other f

15、irms in these industries participate in trade,investment,and other global value chain activities supporting national economic growth and innovation outcomes.This report focuses on trends in output and international trade by KTI industries,including new analysis of global semiconductor production and

16、 the composition of U.S.KTI-related services.Output is measured as value added,defined as the value of goods and services minus the cost of intermediate inputs.Together,KTI output and trade patterns provide context for R&D and innovation trends across economic sectors covered in other Science and En

17、gineering Indicators 2024 reports.Knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)industries produced$11.1 trillion globally in value added in 2022,a 5.6%increase from 2021 in current U.S.dollars compared with a 15.8%post-pandemic rebound from 2020 to 2021 in current U.S.dollars.KTI industries account for ab

18、out a 10th of U.S.gross domestic product(GDP).Most KTI industry output is in the manufacturing sector,and the U.S.economy is relatively more services oriented.The United States,China,the European Union(EU-27),Japan,and South Korea accounted for about 80%of global KTI value added in 2022.In that year

19、,China and the United States were the top two producers of KTI output($3.0 trillion and$2.9 trillion,respectively),each representing over a quarter of global KTI value added,followed by the EU-27,with a 17.0%share($1.9 trillion).The United States had the largest 2022 global shares of value added in

20、two KTI manufacturing industriesair and spacecraft(57%)and medical and dental instruments(37%)and was on par with China in pharmaceuticals and in weapons and ammunition manufacturing.China had the largest shares in the other six KTI manufacturing industries:computer,electronic,and optical products(i

21、ncluding semiconductors);electrical equipment;railroad,military vehicles,and other transport equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);machinery and equipment nec;motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;and chemicals and chemical products(excluding pharmaceuticals).In 2022,the top six semiconductor-

22、producing locations accounted for 89%of global semiconductor value added,and five of the top six were in East Asia.China alone accounted for almost a third(31.6%),followed by Taiwan(19.2%),the United States(18.1%),South Korea(11.8%),Singapore(4.5%),and Japan(3.9%).Globally,KTI manufacturing industri

23、es exported$11.4 trillion in 2022 in current U.S.dollars,up 6.6%from 2021,following a decline of 5.1%in 2020 and a post-pandemic increase of 20.2%in 2021.China has been the leading KTI manufacturing exporter country since 2008.In 2021,the United States exported$193 billion in KTI-related services,wi

24、th$91 billion in imports,for a trade surplus of$102 billion in these services.Global supply chains mean that exports from a given country often include value from domestic production and from imported inputs.For the United States,the share of domestic content in its gross exports across all industri

25、es is much larger than the share of foreign content,fluctuating between 84%and 90%since 2007.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-76IntroductionU.S.knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)or research and development(R&D)-intensive industries compete in a changing environment

26、 for international production,R&D,and technology development,impacted by recent macroeconomic,geopolitical,and pandemic-related headwinds(Baldwin and Freeman 2022;Cerdeiro et al.2021;Goldberg and Reed 2023;OECD 2023a).The latter have affected capital costs,input prices,and the organization of suppli

27、er networks,including those for critical minerals and materials,energy,technology,and labor(CRS 2022a;GAO 2022;IMF 2023a;Page 2023).In turn,the economic vitality of KTI industries is an important source for R&D investment,competitiveness,and contributions to public policy goals across countriesfrom

28、national security,sustainable energy,and communications and other physical infrastructure to environmental protection and health(OECD 2023b).This report examines production patterns of R&D-intensive industries measured as value-added output:the value of goods and services produced by an industry(gro

29、ss output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services)henceforth,value added.The resulting measure captures primarily the contribution of labor and capital and avoids double counting when aggregating value of production within and across countries.The report also us

30、es several measures of international trade,as described shortly.KTI industries are defined as those with high and medium-high R&D intensities based on an international comparable taxonomy developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD 2016)using the International Standa

31、rd Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities(ISIC).(See Technical Appendix and Table SAKTI-1.)These industries comprise 10 in manufacturingpharmaceuticals;chemicals and chemical products(excluding pharmaceuticals);computer,electronic,and optical products(including semiconductors);electric

32、al equipment;motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;air and spacecraft and related machinery;weapons and ammunition;railroad,military vehicles,and other transport equipment;other machinery and equipment;and medical and dental instruments1and 3 in servicesinformation technology(IT)and other inform

33、ation services;software publishing;and scientific R&D services.(See the Glossary section for definitions.)This report focuses on two main areas of KTI activity:production patterns and international trade,including new analyses of global semiconductor production and of composition of U.S.KTI-related

34、services.The first section covers trends in U.S.and global KTI production.Statistics on U.S.value added by detailed industry are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),whereas international data were obtained from S&P Globals IHS Markit Comparative Industry Service,classified according to ISIC Re

35、vision 4.The second section analyzes cross-border transactions from three perspectives:goods trade,services trade,and trade in value added(TiVA)focused on domestic versus foreign content of U.S.exports.Sources for trade statistics include BEA,S&P Global,and a joint BEANational Science Foundation(NSF

36、)project on TiVA.Other Science and Engineering Indicators 2024 reports cover topics related to KTI industries,especially the forthcoming Indicators 2024 report“2024 Research and Development:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons”(covering U.S.and global R&D);the Indicators 2024 report“2024 Inventi

37、on,Knowledge Transfer,and Innovation”(innovation,patenting,and venture capital investment);and the forthcoming Indicators 2024 report“2024 The STEM Labor Force”(scientists,engineers,and skilled technical workers).2National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-77Production Patterns o

38、f Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive IndustriesU.S.IndustriesKTI industries have accounted for about a 10th of U.S.gross domestic product(GDP)since 2002(11%in 2022,or$2.9 trillion of$25.7 trillion in current U.S.dollars,based on S&P Global detailed value-added industry data and BEA GDP statistics)(B

39、EA 2023c;Table KTI-1;Table SKTI-1;Table SAKTI-2).This relatively modest share reflects that the U.S.economy is relatively less manufacturing intensive and that most KTI industries are in the manufacturing sector given its higher R&D intensity(Wolfe 2022).3 Indeed,in 2022,manufacturing industries ove

40、rall accounted for 11.2%of U.S.GDP,compared with 55.6%for total private services.4National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-78Table KTI-1U.S.KTI industries,by value added and share of GDP:201822(Billions of dollars and percent)IndustryISIC,Rev.4,industry code 2018201920202021202

41、2Billions of dollarsGDP20,656.521,521.421,323.023,594.025,744.1All manufacturing2,373.32,408.52,279.32,541.12,894.3Total private services11,483.512,074.511,997.713,357.114,320.2All KTI industries2,181.42,287.02,337.62,583.92,886.5KTI manufacturing1,295.21,335.01,299.71,401.51,594.5Chemicals and chem

42、ical products20211.1213.1201.6221.9258.4Pharmaceuticals,medicinal chemical,and botanical products21165.6184.0198.9217.7233.7Weapons and ammunition2525.96.78.18.28.8Computer,electronic,and optical products26308.0312.7320.3338.2380.0Electrical equipment2765.164.661.467.773.6Machinery and equipment nec

43、28174.0180.5171.7186.4225.8Motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers29157.8158.2143.9158.7171.6Air and spacecraft and related machinery303134.9140.9124.2129.3156.7Railroad,military vehicles,and transport equipment nec30X11.912.510.711.613.4Medical and dental instruments and supplies32560.961.758.961

44、.872.5KTI services886.2952.01,038.01,182.41,292.0Software publishing582201.6225.5267.9314.3339.3IT and other information services6263556.3587.3613.6695.1772.8Scientific R&D services72128.4139.2156.4172.9179.9Analytical ratios(%)All KTI/GDP10.610.611.011.011.2KTI manufacturing/GDP6.36.26.15.96.2KTI s

45、ervices/GDP4.34.44.95.05.0GDP structure(selected sectors)(%)Manufacturing/GDP11.511.210.710.811.2Total private services/GDP55.656.156.356.655.6KTI structureKTI manufacturing/all KTI59.458.455.654.255.2KTI services/all KTI40.641.644.445.844.8Intrasector sharesKTI manufacturing/manufacturing54.655.457

46、.055.255.1KTI services/total private services7.77.98.78.99.0National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-79GDP=gross domestic product;ISIC,Rev.4=International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4;IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;nec=not else

47、where classified.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).Value added is a measure of an industrys contribution to overall GDP.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D inten

48、sive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.The data have been crosswalked to the ISIC,Rev.4,classification.See the Technical Appendix for the crosswalking and Table SAKTI-1.Total private services corresponds to main services in ISIC,Rev.4.

49、Source(s):GDP data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.bea.gov/itable/national-gdp-and-personal-income);value-added data are from S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science

50、 and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-710YearPercent shareComputer,electronic,and optical productsSoftware publishingIT and other information servicesMachinery and equipment necMotor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailersPharmaceuticals,medicinal chem

51、ical,and botanical products2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220102030For most of the data since 2002,KTI manufacturing accounted for a larger share of U.S.GDP(6%7%),compared with KTI services(3%5%).Despite these relatively constant shares relative to

52、GDP,two changes are notable for value added within U.S.KTI industries.KTI services industries share in total U.S.KTI value added increased from about a third to 45%from 2002 to 2022,with the KTI manufacturing share declining from over two-thirds in 2002 to 55%in 2022(Table SKTI-1).In particular,IT a

53、nd other information services has been the largest U.S.KTI industry by nominal value added since 2008(Figure KTI-1).Because of small but steady increases(with a declining share through 2021 and flat in 2022),the share of software publishing now almost matches the computer,electronic,and optical prod

54、ucts manufacturing share of KTI value added.The output trend in these three IT-related industries is consistent with increased U.S.private fixed investment in physical IT(computers,peripheral,and communication equipment)and in intangibles or intellectual property products(IPPs),such as software,sinc

55、e the early 2000s.5Figure KTI-1Industry share of U.S.total KTI value added,by selected industries:200222IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;nec=not elsewhere classified.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inp

56、uts(energy,materials,and purchased services).Industry value added is a measure of an industrys contribution to overall gross domestic product.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

57、 Development.The data have been crosswalked to the International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4.See Table SAKTI-2.Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering

58、Indicators|NSB-2024-711More recently,KTI services production was impacted differently from KTI manufacturing in the last economic downturn,likely reflecting the level and timing of the effects of the pandemic on goods versus services in the overall U.S.economy(Chetty,Friedman,and Stepner 2023).Figur

59、e KTI-2 shows annual percentage changes since 2018 in separate panels for KTI manufacturing and KTI services.Except for weapons and ammunition;pharmaceuticals;and computer,electronic,and optical productseach of which had an annual increase in 2020value added by U.S.KTI manufacturing industries decli

60、ned by larger percentages compared with the overall percentage decline in GDP in the 2020 recession.These industries rebounded in 2021,with further increases in 2022.In contrast,all three KTI services industriessoftware publishing,IT and other information services,and scientific R&D servicesposted a

61、nnual increases since 2018 in current U.S.dollars.Within U.S.KTI manufacturing,value added of air and spacecraft manufacturing and of machinery and equipment manufacturing had annual increases in 2022 over 20%in current U.S.dollars,followed by medical and dental instruments and supplies;chemicals an

62、d chemical products(excluding pharmaceuticals);and railroad,military vehicles,and transport equipment nec,each with increases over 15%.U.S.KTI industries are highly geographically concentrated.(See the sidebar Geography of Domestic KTI Production.)National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicator

63、s|NSB-2024-712Percent changeIndustryGDP,manufacturing,and KTI manufacturing industries201819201920202021202122-1001020-2030Air and spacecraft and related machineryMachinery and equipment necMedical and dental instruments and suppliesChemicals and chemical productsComputer,electronic,and optical prod

64、uctsElectrical equipmentMotor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailersWeapons and ammunitionKTI manufacturing industriesAll KTI industriesAll manufacturing industriesGross domestic productFigure KTI-2Annual percent changes in U.S.value added,by KTI industry:201822National Science Board|Science&Engineerin

65、g Indicators|NSB-2024-713Percent changeIndustryGDP,total private services,and KTI services industries20181920192020202120212201020-5515IT and other information servicesSoftware publishingScientific R&D servicesKTI servicesAll KTI industriesTotal private servicesGross domestic productGDP=gross domest

66、ic product;IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;nec=not elsewhere classified.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).Industry value added is a measure of an industry

67、s contribution to overall GDP.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.The data have been crosswalked to the International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4.S

68、ee Table SAKTI-2.Industry groups are at the top of the figure,and specific industries are sorted from smallest to largest based on annual percent change in 202122.Source(s):GDP data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.bea

69、.gov/itable/national-gdp-and-personal-income);value-added data are from S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-714SIDEBAR GEOGRAPHY OF DOMESTIC KTI PRODUCTION

70、Geography of Domestic KTI ProductionSimilar to other science,technology,and innovation indicators,production by U.S.knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)industries is concentrated in a few states.The top five states accounted for about half of U.S.KTI value added in 2021(latest available year at t

71、his level of detail):California alone accounted for 25%,followed by Texas(8%),Washington(6%),New York(5%),and Massachusetts(5%)(see Table KTI-A).These top state rankings for the aggregate of all KTI industries have changed little in recent years.This table also shows that,in some states,including Ca

72、lifornia,Washington,New York,and Massachusetts,the KTI value-added share was higher for KTI services than for KTI manufacturing.Nationally,KTI value added accounted for 11.4%of U.S.gross domestic product(GDP)in 2021.As a share of states GDP,KTI value added was at or above the national figure for sev

73、eral states,topped by Washington(25%),California(20%),Massachusetts(19%),Indiana(17%),and Michigan(14%)(Figure KTI-A).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-715Table KTI-AGDP,by state share and value-added output of KTI industries:2021(GDP,KTI value added,state share of KTI v

74、alue added)StateGDPValue addedState share of all KTI value addedKTI manufacturingKTI servicesAll KTIKTI manufacturingKTI servicesAll KTIUnited States23,315,0811,379,8131,282,7612,662,57451.8248.18100.00California3,373,241295,151380,720675,87111.0914.3025.38Texas2,051,769131,12973,249204,3774.922.757

75、.68Washington677,49039,566131,379170,9451.494.936.42New York1,901,29738,42486,027124,4511.443.234.67Massachusetts641,33239,40283,989123,3911.483.154.63Illinois945,67461,38532,53693,9202.311.223.53North Carolina662,12151,79330,82882,6211.951.163.10Michigan572,20663,52018,17881,6982.390.683.07Pennsylv

76、ania844,49748,40331,57679,9791.821.193.00Ohio756,61757,42717,91275,3402.160.672.83Florida1,255,55833,47741,12974,6061.261.542.80New Jersey682,94638,88534,29373,1781.461.292.75Indiana412,97561,7176,62568,3422.320.252.57Virginia604,95811,74745,97457,7200.441.732.17Georgia691,62726,04130,71656,7570.981

77、.152.13Colorado436,36014,45731,46845,9240.541.181.72Maryland443,93017,13028,56245,6920.641.071.72Wisconsin368,61127,37113,27440,6451.030.501.53Minnesota412,45925,93513,39239,3270.970.501.48Arizona420,02725,08714,20839,2950.940.531.48Tennessee427,12627,3789,30036,6781.030.351.38Missouri358,57220,0791

78、3,36633,4450.750.501.26Connecticut298,39524,0689,02633,0940.900.341.24Oregon272,19119,77612,73132,5070.740.481.22South Carolina269,80320,8595,42026,2790.780.200.99Utah225,34010,54014,44824,9890.400.540.94Alabama254,11017,0695,88222,9520.640.220.86Iowa216,86018,7503,39722,1460.700.130.83National Scie

79、nce Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-716Table KTI-AGDP,by state share and value-added output of KTI industries:2021(GDP,KTI value added,state share of KTI value added)StateGDPValue addedState share of all KTI value addedKTI manufacturingKTI servicesAll KTIKTI manufacturingKTI servicesAl

80、l KTIKentucky237,18218,3103,26421,5740.690.120.81Louisiana258,57119,1492,32421,4730.720.090.81Kansas191,38114,0664,21418,2800.530.160.69New Hampshire99,6735,7905,35311,1430.220.200.42Nebraska146,2857,3633,62410,9870.280.140.41District of Columbia153,67117110,00310,1740.010.380.38Oklahoma215,3367,594

81、2,50010,0940.290.090.38Nevada194,4873,4185,3728,7900.130.200.33New Mexico109,5831,8716,6668,5370.070.250.32Arkansas148,6765,6942,3568,0510.210.090.30Mississippi127,3086,0251,0867,1110.230.040.27Idaho96,2833,4983,5187,0160.130.130.26West Virginia85,4344,4939825,4760.170.040.21Delaware81,1603,2312,040

82、5,2720.120.080.20Maine77,9632,6061,5974,2020.100.060.16Rhode Island66,5712,2191,8884,1070.080.070.15North Dakota63,5602,1831,2273,4100.080.050.13Vermont37,1041,6861,2392,9250.060.050.11South Dakota61,6852,1826612,8430.080.020.11Montana58,7006231,2171,8400.020.050.07Hawaii91,0961861,3961,5820.010.050

83、.06Wyoming41,5108233221,1450.030.010.04Alaska57,34967307374*0.010.01*=amount 0.01.GDP=gross domestic product;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-717Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of

84、intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).Value added is a measure of an industrys contribution to overall GDP.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

85、.High R&D intensive industries include air and spacecraft and related machinery;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;scientific R&D;and software publishing.Medium-high R&D intensive industries include motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;medical and dental instruments;machin

86、ery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);chemicals and chemical products;electrical equipment;railroad,military vehicles,and transport nec;and information technology and other information services.The underlying industry data are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification,R

87、evision 4.GDP is in millions of current dollars(not adjusted for inflation).Industry detail is based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System.Calculations are performed on unrounded data.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),Gross Domestic Product by State(https:/www.bea.gov/da

88、ta/gdp/gdp-state),and BEA special tabulations,accessed July 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-718StatePercentState KTI value added as a share of state GDPU.S.KTI value added as a share of U.S.GDPWashingtonMassachusettsMichiganOregon

89、ConnecticutWisconsinColoradoIowaOhioSouth CarolinaVirginiaPennsylvaniaMissouriAlabamaLouisianaVermontNebraskaDistrict of ColumbiaDelawareRhode IslandMississippiMaineOklahomaNevadaWyomingAlaska0102030Figure KTI-AKTI value added as a share of U.S.and state GDP:2021GDP=gross domestic product;KTI=knowle

90、dge and technology intensive.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).Value added is a measure of an industrys contribution to overall GDP.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-hi

91、gh R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.High R&D intensive industries include air and spacecraft and related machinery;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;scientific R&D;and software publishing.Medium-hi

92、gh R&D intensive industries include motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;medical and dental instruments;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);chemicals and chemical products;electrical equipment;railroad,military vehicles,and transport nec;and information technology and other in

93、formation services.The underlying industry data are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4.GDP is in millions of current dollars(not adjusted for inflation).Industry detail is based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System.Calculations are performed

94、 on unrounded data.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),Gross Domestic Product by State(https:/www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state),and BEA special tabulations,accessed July 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAnother way to examine concentration or geographic specialization for a given industry

95、 is the location quotient(LQ).This ratio indicator compares the industrys value-added share in state GDP with the corresponding industry share in national GDP(Crawley,Beynon,and Munday 2013).An industry LQ ratio above 1.0 for a given state means that the state has a higher concentration of value add

96、ed in that industry compared with the overall national economy.The last two sidebar figures show the distribution of the LQ ratio across states for the aggregate of all KTI value added(Figure KTI-B)and for two industries(Figure KTI-C).Washington,California,and Massachusetts had the largest overall K

97、TI value added based on this measure(Figure KTI-B).For information technology(IT)and other information services,the largest U.S.KTI industry by value added,California,Washington,and Virginia were the top locations.For California,the state value-added-to-GDP ratio for this industry was more than twic

98、e the national average,with an LQ ratio of 2.2(Figure KTI-C,Panel 1).The IT and other information services industry includes companies offering computer National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-7190.0 1.01.1 2.02.1 2.2LQ of all KTI industriesprogramming services,including syste

99、ms that integrate computer hardware,software,and communication technologies,and data processing and hosting activities.For the second industry,manufacturing of computer,electronic,and optical products,which includes semiconductors or computer chips,Oregon,California,and Arizona were at the top based

100、 on this indicator,followed by several New England states(Figure KTI-C,Panel 2).From 2020 to 2022,U.S.and foreign multinational enterprises announced over$200 billion in private investments to expand U.S.semiconductor manufacturing capacity in 16 states,including Arizona,Texas,Idaho,Ohio,and New Yor

101、k(CRS 2023b).For related material on the 2022 U.S.Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)and Science Act and a global perspective on the geography of semiconductor production and supply chains,see the discussion later in this report.Figure KTI-BSpecialization in production for a

102、ll KTI industries,by state:2021KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;LQ=location quotient.Note(s):LQ is the ratio of the industrys share of a states gross domestic product(GDP)to the corresponding industrys share of national GDP.Industry detail is based on the 2012 North American Industry Classific

103、ation System crosswalked with the International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),Gross Domestic Product by State(https:/www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state),and BEA special tabulations,accessed July 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Sc

104、ience Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-720IT and other information services0.0 1.01.1 2.02.1 2.2Figure KTI-CSpecialization in production for two selected industries,by state:2021National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-721Computer,electronic,and optical products ma

105、nufacturing0.0 1.01.1 2.02.1 3.03.1 3.8IT=information technology;LQ=location quotient.Note(s):LQ is the ratio of the industrys share of a states gross domestic product(GDP)to the corresponding industrys share of national GDP.Industry detail is based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification

106、 System crosswalked with the International Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),Gross Domestic Product by State(https:/www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state),and BEA special tabulations,accessed July 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsIndustries in th

107、e Global EconomyThis section examines global statistics on KTI industries,starting with value added.Subsequent sections explore the participation of these industries in goods and services trade.KTI industries produced$11.1 trillion globally in value added in 2022,a 5.6%increase in current U.S.dollar

108、s compared with a 15.8%post-pandemic rebound in 2021 following little change in 2019 and 2020,based on current U.S.dollar S&P Global data(Table SKTI-2).By comparison,global GDP increased 3.8%in 2022 following a pandemic-related drop in 2020 and a 13.5%increase in 2021 in current U.S.dollars based on

109、 International Monetary Fund statistics(IMF 2023b).Since 2018,KTI value added accounted for between 10%and 11%of global GDP,with 3%from KTI services industries and between 7%and 8%from KTI manufacturing industries(Table KTI-2).Overall,services represent a larger share of global GDP compared with man

110、ufacturing;within KTI industries globally,however,services value added has a smaller share compared with manufacturing.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-722Table KTI-2Global KTI industries,by value added and share of global GDP:201822(Billions of dollars,percent change,s

111、hare of global GDP)IndustryISIC,Rev.4,industry code Billions of dollarsPercent changeShare of global GDP20182019202020212022201920202021202220182019202020212022GDP86,21987,46685,22196,764100,3961.4-2.613.53.8100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0All manufacturing13,92613,80913,45715,88217,039-0.8-2.518.07.316.21

112、5.815.816.417.0Total private services37,95438,72537,79142,48544,2982.0-2.412.44.344.044.344.343.944.1All KTI industries9,0859,0949,05510,48711,0790.1-0.415.85.610.510.410.610.811.0KTI manufacturing6,4986,3896,3117,3467,821-1.7-1.216.46.57.57.37.47.67.8Chemicals and chemical products201,0721,0401,018

113、1,1731,406-3.0-2.215.219.91.21.21.21.21.4Pharmaceuticals,medicinal chemical,and botanical products216636837368688742.97.817.90.70.80.80.90.90.9Weapons and ammunition25239404147543.91.814.215.1*0.1Computer,electronic,and optical products261,2851,2501,2811,4781,539-2.82.615.44.11.51.41.51.51.5Electric

114、al equipment27661658669794837-0.51.618.65.50.80.80.80.80.8Machinery and equipment nec281,1691,1451,1451,3551,427-2.10.018.35.31.41.31.31.41.4Motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers291,0741,0299221,0711,074-4.2-10.416.20.31.21.21.11.11.1Air and spacecraft and related machinery3032472572262462773.7-

115、12.09.112.30.30.30.30.30.3Railroad,military vehicles,and transport equipment nec30X1121141031241371.9-9.520.610.40.10.10.10.10.1Medical and dental instruments and supplies325175173170190196-0.7-2.111.73.40.20.20.20.20.2KTI services2,5882,7052,7443,1413,2584.51.514.43.73.03.13.23.23.2Software publish

116、ing58230133338244346310.814.616.04.50.30.40.40.50.5IT and other information services62631,5691,6321,6541,8841,9714.01.313.94.61.81.91.91.92.0Scientific R&D services727187407088148243.0-4.214.91.30.80.80.80.80.8*=amount 0.05.GDP=gross domestic product;ISIC,Rev.4=International Standard Industrial Clas

117、sification,Revision 4;IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;nec=not elsewhere classified.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&D inten

118、sive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Total private services corresponds to main services in ISIC,Rev.4.Source(s):Value added data are from S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabul

119、ations,October 2023;GDP data are from International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October),and Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.bea

120、.gov/itable/national-gdp-and-personal-income).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-723Percent shareIndustryUnited StatesChinaJapanGermanySouth KoreaItalyUnited KingdomFranceIndiaCanadaROW0102030405060708090100Air and spacecraft and related

121、machineryMedical and dental instrumentsPharmaceuticalsChemicals and chemical productsWeapons and ammunitionMotor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailersMachinery and equipment necElectrical equipmentAll KTI manufacturingAll manufacturingThe United States,China,the European Union(EU-27),Japan,and South K

122、orea accounted for about 80%of global KTI value added in 2022 based on S&P Global data in current U.S.dollars(Table SKTI-2).In that year,China and the United States were the top two producers of KTI output($3.0 trillion and$2.9 trillion,respectively),each representing over a quarter of global KTI va

123、lue added,followed by the EU-27,with a 17.0%share($1.9 trillion).(The EU-27 share includes Germany,with 5.2%,or 31%of the EU-27 share.)Another 9%of KTI value added originated from Japan(5.4%)and South Korea(3.6%).The aforementioned global shares vary across broad KTI sectors(Figure KTI-3 and Figure

124、KTI-4).For manufacturing KTI output,China and the United States accounted for 34%and 20%of the global total,respectively.For services KTI output,these nations respective shares were almost reversed(12%for China and 40%for the United States),which is consistent with the larger share of total manufact

125、uring in Chinas GDP and of services in U.S.GDP.Another illustrative measure is KTI value-added intensity,which is the ratio of KTI value added relative to GDP.South Korea had the highest KTI value-added intensity since 2002(Figure KTI-5).In 2022,this ratio was 24%for South Korea,followed by 17%for C

126、hina.The U.S.KTI value-added intensity has been between 10%and 11%since 2002,similar to the range of global KTI value-added intensity both at 11%in 2022.The intensity levels for Japan and Germany have been in the middle teens since 2002(Figure KTI-5).Figure KTI-3Country share of global KTI manufactu

127、ring value added,by KTI industry:2022KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;nec=not elsewhere classified;ROW=rest of world.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&

128、D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Industry groups are at the top of the figure,and specific industries are sorted from smallest to largest based on the U.S.share.The United States is the first

129、country listed,and the other countries are ordered from largest to smallest based on the share of all KTI manufacturing.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-724YearPercent shareCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIndiaItalyJapanSouth KoreaUnited KingdomUnited States20022003200420052006

130、2007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022051015202530354045Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFigure KTI-4Country share of global KTI services value added for selected economies:200222

131、KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by th

132、e Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.KTI services industries include information technology and other information services,software publishing,and scientific R&D.Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering

133、IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-725EconomyPercent share200220122022WorldSouth KoreaChinaGermanyJapanUnited StatesItalyFranceUnited KingdomIndiaCanadaROW0102030Figure KTI-5KTI value added as a share of domestic GDP for selected economies:2002,2012,and 2022GDP=

134、gross domestic product;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;ROW=rest of world.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive i

135、ndustries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.High R&D intensive industries include air and spacecraft and related machinery;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;scientific R&D;and software publishing.Medium-high R&D intensive i

136、ndustries include weapons and ammunition;motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;medical and dental instruments;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);chemicals and chemical products;electrical equipment;railroad,military vehicles,and transport nec;and information technology and oth

137、er information services.Source(s):Value-added data are from S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023;GDP data are from International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database

138、/2023/October),and Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,accessed November 2023(available at https:/www.bea.gov/itable/national-gdp-and-personal-income).Science and Engineering IndicatorsSectoral and Industry DistributionsKTI manufacturing accounted for 71%of global KTI value added

139、in 2022 compared with the 17%share of overall manufacturing in value added across all industries,given the higher R&D intensity of manufacturing(see the forthcoming Indicators 2024 report“2024 Research and Development:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons”).Figure KTI-6 shows trends in global KTI

140、 manufacturing value added of the largest producers.Beginning in 2012 and continuing through 2022,China has maintained its stature as the worlds largest KTI manufacturer despite the recent geopolitical and pandemic-related disruptions.The long-term increase in Chinas KTI manufacturing share was acco

141、mpanied by the decline in the KTI manufacturing shares of the United States,Japan,and Germany,which mimics trends in total National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-726YearPercent shareCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIndiaItalyJapanSouth KoreaUnited KingdomUnited States20022003200420052

142、00620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220510152025303540manufacturing.Chinas manufacturing KTI value added accounted for about a third of global manufacturing KTI value added in 2022,compared with 22%in 2012 and 8%in 2002(Figure KTI-6).In contrast,the United States account

143、ed for around 20%of global manufacturing KTI value added since 2011,down from 25%in 2006 and from about 30%in 2002.The shares for Japan and Germany also declined over this period.6Figure KTI-6Country share of global KTI manufacturing value added for selected economies:200222KTI=knowledge and technol

144、ogy intensive.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Econom

145、ic Co-operation and Development.KTI manufacturing industries include chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;weapons and ammunition;computer,electronic,and optical products;electrical equipment;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;ai

146、r and spacecraft and related machinery;railroad,military vehicles,and transport nec;and medical and dental instruments.Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-727Science and Engineeri

147、ng IndicatorsIn terms of specific industries,the United States had the largest 2022 global shares of value added in two KTI manufacturing industriesair and spacecraft(57%)and medical and dental instruments(37%)and was on par with China in pharmaceuticals and in weapons and ammunition manufacturing(F

148、igure KTI-3).China had the largest shares in the other six KTI manufacturing industries:electrical equipment(55%);railroad,military vehicles,and other transport equipment nec(42%);machinery and equipment nec(37%);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers(32%);chemicals and chemical products(excludin

149、g pharmaceuticals)(37%);and computer,electronic,and optical products(including semiconductors)(31%).The only other countries with double-digit global shares in individual KTI manufacturing industries in 2022 were Germany,which accounted for 13%of global value added in motor vehicles,trailers,and sem

150、i-trailers,and Japan,which had an 11%share in machinery and equipment.The United States continues to lead global value added by KTI services industries,reaching a peak of 40%in 2022(Figure KTI-4).That year,China had the second-largest global share in KTI services value added(12%),which had increased

151、 gradually from the low single digits in the early 2000s to 9%or more since 2014.On the other hand,Japans share of global KTI services value added declined from 14%in 2002 to below 5%since 2020.Over this period,the shares of Germany and France in global KTI services value added declined from the hig

152、h single digits to the low single digits,whereas Indias shares increased,though from a smaller base and gradually,to 4%in 2022.In terms of individual industries,the United States produced about three-fourths of global value added from the software publishing industry in 2022,followed by South Korea(

153、4%)and France(2%)(Figure KTI-7).For IT and other information services,the share was 39%for the United States,followed by China(11%)and Germany,Japan,and France(each with about a 5%share).Last,the United States and China had similar shares in global scientific R&D services value added,22%and 19%respe

154、ctively,followed by India and South Korea,each with about a 7%share.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-728Percent shareIndustryUnited StatesChinaGermanyFranceIndiaJapanUnited KingdomSouth KoreaItalyCanadaROW0102030405060708090100Software publishingIT and other information

155、 servicesScientific R&DAll KTI servicesTotal private servicesFigure KTI-7Country share of global KTI services value added,by KTI industry:2022IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive;ROW=rest of world.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus t

156、he cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.KTI services comprise scientific R&D,IT and other informa

157、tion services,and software publishing.Industry groups are at the top of the figure,and specific industries are sorted from smallest to largest based on the U.S.share.The United States is the first country listed,and the other countries are ordered from largest to smallest based on the share of all K

158、TI services.Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsGlobal Semiconductor ProductionSemiconductors(also called microchips or computer chips)are key components of critical and emerging technologies and products suc

159、h as artificial intelligence,quantum computing,autonomous or electric vehicles(EVs),and 5G communications(CRS 2020,2023b),underpinning economic and national security(CRS 2023c;DOD/DSB 2022;EU 2023;NSTC 2022;VerWey 2019).The 2021 Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)for America

160、 program(Title XCIX of Public Law 116-283,Fiscal Year 2021 National Defense Authorization Act)and the subsequent CHIPS and Science Act of 2022(Public Law 117-167)aim to increase domestic semiconductor manufacturing capacity.The CHIPS and Science Act appropriated$52.7 billion to revitalize the U.S.se

161、miconductor industry through support of U.S.semiconductor fabrication and technology development along the supply chain,including initiatives supporting R&D,workforce development,and national defense across several agencies and international partners(CRS 2023c;Zimmermann 2022).7National Science Boar

162、d|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-729YearPercent shareChinaEU-27JapanSouth KoreaMalaysiaSingaporeTaiwanUnited StatesROW200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022010203040Semiconductor production occurs along global value chains(GVCs)comprising R&D,en

163、gineering,and design;fabrication;and assembly,testing,and packing(ATP)stages(CRS 2023b).Modular production and cost advantages in Asia facilitated the separation of design and production starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s,with the emergence of chips foundries in Taiwan and other Southeast As

164、ian locations performing contract manufacturing for design-only or fabless companies(Kuan and West 2023).This dynamic was accompanied by foreign direct investment in the region by semiconductor integrated device manufacturers and other firms in the semiconductor supply chain(CRS 2020;Yoffie 1993).Th

165、us,although the United States has led semiconductor R&D and innovation(see the forthcoming Indicators 2024 report“2024 Research and Development:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons”and the Indicators 2024 report“2024 Invention,Knowledge Transfer,and Innovation”),semiconductor fabrication and ATP

166、 manufacturing services have been highly concentrated in Asia for decades,impacting trade and investment patterns in IT.In particular,China,Taiwan,and South Korea have substantially increased their global shares in production and trade of semiconductors and related electronic products over the last

167、20 years(Branstetter and Li 2023;CRS 2020;Torsekar and VerWey 2019).Semiconductor production is highly concentrated,with the top four producing locations accounting for 81%and the top eight for 95%of global semiconductor value added in 2022.Further,six of the top eight were in East Asia.China alone

168、accounted for almost a third(32%),followed by Taiwan(19%),the United States(18%),South Korea(12%),Singapore(4%),and Japan(4%)(Figure KTI-8).The EU-27 and Malaysia were next,with global shares between 2%and 4%.Figure KTI-8Global share of value added for semiconductor manufacturing for selected econom

169、ies:200222EU-27=European Union;ROW=rest of world.Note(s):Value added is the value of goods and services(gross output)minus the cost of intermediate inputs(energy,materials,and purchased services).Semiconductor manufacturing refers to industry“Manufacture of electronic components and boards”(Internat

170、ional Standard Industrial Classification,Revision 4,261),which includes the manufacture of semiconductors and other components for electronic applications.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-730Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulation

171、s,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-731EconomyPercent share200220122022ChinaUnited StatesGermanyJapanSouth KoreaFranceItalyUnited KingdomCanadaIndia0510152025Global Trade in Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive OutputInternati

172、onal trade has long been recognized as a key channel of knowledge and technology spillovers(Coe and Helpman 1995;Criscuolo,Haskel,and Slaughter 2010)as well as a factor in a countrys competitiveness and productivity growth(Aghion and Howitt 2009;Baily,Bosworth,and Doshi 2020).Further,the trade patte

173、rns in KTI industries examined next reflect some of the output patterns examined in the previous section.Together,KTI output and trade patterns reflect and impact innovation activities in the business sector(Ambos et al.2021;Autor et al.2020;Ito et al.2023;Jaax and Miroudot 2021).Gross Flows of Trad

174、e in KTI Goods OutputGlobally,KTI manufacturing industries exported$11.4 trillion in 2022 in current U.S.dollars,up 6.5%from 2021,following a decline of 5.1%in 2020 and a post-pandemic increase of 20.3%in 2021,according to S&P Global data(Table SKTI-3).China has been the leading KTI manufacturing ex

175、porter country since 2008 based on current U.S.dollars,with a share of 20.9%in 2022(Figure KTI-9).In 2022,Chinas KTI manufacturing goods exports reached$2.4 trillion in current U.S.dollars,followed by those of the United States and Germany(both with$1.1 trillion)(Figure KTI-10).KTI goods exports fro

176、m the United States and China grew by 10%and 9%,respectively,in 2022,furthering post-pandemic increases of 16%and 29%,respectively,in 2021(Table SKTI-3).China was the only country among the top five KTI goods exporters that posted increases in KTI goods exports(3%)and overall manufacturing exports(1

177、%)in 2020(Table SKTI-3).Figure KTI-9Country share of global KTI manufacturing exports for selected economies:2002,2012,and 2022KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-732YearBillions of dollarsUnited StatesCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIndiaIta

178、lyJapanSouth KoreaUnited Kingdom20022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202205001,0001,5002,0002,500Note(s):KTI manufacturing exports include exports from the following industries:chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical

179、products;electrical equipment;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;air and spacecraft and related machinery;weapons and ammunition;and other transport equipment(the latter comprises railway locomotives and rolling stock manufacturing and tra

180、nsport equipment nec and military equipment manufacturing).Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFigure KTI-10Gross exports of KTI manufacturing industries for selected economies:200222KTI=knowledge and technol

181、ogy intensive.Note(s):Data include trade for the following KTI industries:chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;electrical equipment;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;air and spacecraft a

182、nd related machinery;weapons and ammunition;and other transport equipment(the latter comprises railway locomotives and rolling stock manufacturing and transport equipment nec and military equipment manufacturing).Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,Octobe

183、r 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAs a share of global manufacturing exports,global KTI manufacturing exports have fluctuated narrowly around 60%since 2002(Table SKTI-3).At the country level,Chinas share of KTI goods exports to total manufacturing exports increased notably(from 47%to 64%)from

184、 2002 to 2022,with smaller gradual increases for India(from 28%to 39%)and South Korea(from 67%to 72%)over the same period.The share for most other major countries declined,including for the United States(from 74%to 64%),Japan(from 80%to 73%),and Germany(from 71%to 68%)(Figure KTI-11).National Scienc

185、e Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-733YearPercent shareCanadaChinaEU-27FranceGermanyIndiaItalyJapanSouth KoreaUnited KingdomUnited States2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220255075100Figure KTI-11KTI manufacturing exports as a share of all

186、 manufacturing exports for selected economies:200222EU-27=European Union;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):KTI manufacturing exports include exports from the following industries:chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;electrical equipmen

187、t;machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;air and spacecraft and related machinery;weapons and ammunition;and other transport equipment(the latter comprises railway locomotives and rolling stock manufacturing and transport equipment nec and mil

188、itary equipment manufacturing).Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsThe distribution of exports by type of goods or industry has long been an indicator of specialization of national economies(WTO 2013).Compute

189、r,electronic,and optical products industry exports(which include semiconductors)accounted for 49%of Chinas KTI goods exports and for 44%of South Koreas in 2022,based on current U.S.dollar data(Figure KTI-12).This was followed by the United States,with a share of 26%,and Japan,with 24%.The largest sh

190、ares of KTI goods exports by the motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers manufacturing industry were for Canada(33%),the United Kingdom(30%),Japan(27%),Germany(26%),South Korea(16%),and the United States(15%).Export data for motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers manufacturing include but do no

191、t separate out EVs.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-734Country or economyPercent shareOther transport equipmentWeapons and ammunitionAir and spacecraft and related machineryMotor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailersMachinery and equipment necElectrical equipmentComputer,

192、electronic,and optical productsPharmaceuticalsChemicals and chemical productsChinaCanadaFranceGermanyIndiaItalyJapanSouth KoreaUnited KingdomUnited StatesEU-27050100Figure KTI-12Industry composition of country KTI manufacturing exports for selected economies:2022EU-27=European Union;KTI=knowledge an

193、d technology intensive;nec=not elsewhere classified.Note(s):KTI manufacturing exports include exports from the following industries:chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;electrical equipment;machinery and equipment nec;motor vehicles,trailers,and se

194、mi-trailers;air and spacecraft and related machinery;weapons and ammunition;and other transport equipment(the latter comprises railway locomotives and rolling stock manufacturing and transport equipment nec and military equipment manufacturing).Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Se

195、rvice special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAmong the countries included in Figure KTI-12,exports by the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry accounted for the largest shares of KTI goods exports in India(16%);Italy(15%);and the United Kingdom,France,and Germany(each wi

196、th 11%).In addition,chemicals and chemical products manufacturing(excluding pharmaceuticals)accounted for the largest KTI export shares in India(31%),Canada(26%),France(26%),South Korea(20%),and the United States(20%).Exports by the air and spacecraft manufacturing industry had the largest shares in

197、 the United States and France(both with 10%).The United States had a KTI goods trade deficit of$708 billion in 2022 in current U.S.dollars(Figure KTI-13)based on S&P Global data.Across all goods,the U.S.trade deficit was$1.2 trillion in 2022,based on BEA and Census Bureau trade statistics(BEA 2023b,

198、Table 2.1).In contrast,China had increasing trade surpluses in KTI goods,tripling from less than$500 million in 2009 to$1.5 trillion in 2022 in current U.S.dollars,based on S&P Global data.Chinas overall manufacturing trade surplus experienced a similar pattern of growth based on the same source(Tab

199、le SKTI-3).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-735YearBillions of dollarsCanadaChinaEU-27FranceGermanyIndiaItalyJapanSouth KoreaUnited KingdomUnited States200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022-1,000-50005001,0001,5002,000Figur

200、e KTI-13KTI manufacturing trade balance for selected economies:200222EU-27=European Union;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):Data include trade for the following KTI industries:chemicals and chemical products;pharmaceuticals;computer,electronic,and optical products;electrical equipment;m

201、achinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec);motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers;air and spacecraft and related machinery;weapons and ammunition;and other transport equipment(the latter comprises railway locomotives and rolling stock manufacturing and transport equipment nec and milita

202、ry equipment manufacturing).Source(s):S&P Global IHS Markit,Comparative Industry Service special tabulations,October 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsU.S.KTI-Related Services TradeU.S.international trade in services statistics are published regularly by BEA by type of services rather than by i

203、ndustries.8 KTI-related services include three major categories:(1)R&D services,engineering services,and scientific and other technical services;(2)computer software,cloud computing,and database services;and(3)IPP charges for the use of computer software and for R&D outcomes(patents,industrial proce

204、sses,and trade secrets).Trade in these services,sometimes referred to as trade in intangibles,occurs across geographies but often within multinational enterprises(MNEs)(in part for intellectual property IP protection purposes)(Kano,Tsang,and Yeung 2020;Lanz and Miroudot 2011;Mudambi 2008;Rao and Vin

205、od 2019),especially for R&D services trade(Moris 2018).9National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-736YearBillions of dollarsExportsImportsTrade balance2006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021050100150200250Figure KTI-14 shows aggregate trade in U.S.KTI-re

206、lated services.Exports and the positive trade balance(surplus)of these services appeared to resume their upward trends in 2021(in current U.S.dollars)after their 2020 declines.In 2021,there were$193 billion in U.S.exports of KTI-related services,versus$91 billion in imports,for a trade surplus of$10

207、2 billion in these services,based on BEA statistics.The largest contributors to U.S.KTI-related services exports in 2021 were licenses for the use of outcomes of R&D($56 billion in exports)and R&D services($47 billion in exports),for a combined 54%of U.S.exports in these services.The next-largest ex

208、ports were for IP license charges to reproduce or distribute computer software and for computer software services,including customization(Figure KTI-15).Figure KTI-14Exports,imports,and trade balance of KTI services for the United States:200621KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):These dat

209、a are not reported by industry but by type of service.This figure reports data on U.S.trade in services for the following KTI-related services:cloud computing and data storage services;database and other information services;computer software,including end-user licenses and customization;R&D service

210、s and licenses for reproduction or distribution of computer software and use of R&D outcomes;engineering services;and scientific and other technical services.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,Table 2.1.U.S.Trade in Services,by Type of Service,accessed 21 June 2023.Science and Engineering Indicat

211、orsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-737Billions of dollarsKTI-related services2019202020210102030405060Licenses for the use of outcomes of R&DR&D servicesComputer software and customizationEngineering servicesCloud computing and data storage servicesDatabase and other i

212、nformation servicesScientific and other technical servicesFigure KTI-15Exports of KTI-related services for the United States,by type of service:201921KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):These data are not reported by industry but by type of service.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,Ta

213、ble 2.1.U.S.Trade in Services,by Type of Service,accessed 21 June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsU.S.Trade in Value Added in KTI OutputThe separation or fragmentation of production stages along supply chains,from R&D and design to production and marketing across locations,has been a distinct

214、ive feature of global value chains(GVCs)for decades(Baldwin and Freeman 2021).From the perspective of international trade statistics,these activities result in manufactured intermediate inputs crossing borders multiple times,creating issues of double counting in traditional or gross trade statistics

215、(Johnson and Noguera 2012;Timmer et al.2014).One way to analyze the role of supply chains in trade is with TiVA data that disaggregate gross exports into domestic versus imported content(Koopman,Wang,and Wei 2014;Timmer et al.2014).This section presents TiVA statistics from a single-country perspect

216、ive,with the United States as a reference(exporting)country.10 Statistics in this section are based on the North American Industry Classification System(NAICS).(See Table SAKTI-2.For related OECD TiVA indicators for the United States and other countries up to 2018,see OECD 2021 and sources therein.)

217、National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-738PercentIndustryDomestic value addedImported content0102030405060708090100Software publishersIT and other information servicesScientific R&D servicesAerospace product and parts manufacturingPharmaceutical and medicine manufacturingTran

218、sportation equipment(excluding aerospace)All industriesThe interconnectedness of todays global supply chains results in exports from a given country including value from domestic and imported inputs.Across all industries,the share of domestic content in U.S.gross exports is much larger than that of

219、foreign content,fluctuating between 84%and 90%since 2007(Table SKTI-4).This is consistent with the smaller role of trade overall in the U.S.economy compared with that in smaller advanced economies.Figure KTI-16 shows the distribution of domestic content versus imported content of U.S.gross exports f

220、or all industries and selected KTI industries.KTI services industries had the largest domestic content share.Among KTI manufacturing industries shown in the figure,transportation equipment(excluding aerospace)had the largest imported content share.Figure KTI-16Domestic value added and imported conte

221、nt of U.S.gross exports:2021IT=information technology.Note(s):These statistics are preliminary and are subject to revision.The industry data are based on the North American Industry Classification System.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,Trade in Value Added Data,available at https:/www.bea.gov/

222、data/special-topics/global-value-chains,accessed 8 April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFigure KTI-17 shows the different industries that contributed to domestic value added in U.S.exports in 2021.Across all industries(KTI and non-KTI),domestically located manufacturing companies(regardless

223、of domestic or foreign ownership)produced 27%of domestic value added of U.S.exports for that year.Thus,services and other nonmanufacturing industries produced almost three-fourths of the domestic value added in U.S.gross exports.11 National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-739Pe

224、rcentIndustryManufacturingProfessional and business servicesFinance,insurance,and real estateInformationOther goodsOther services0102030405060708090100IT and other information servicesScientific R&D servicesSoftware publishersAerospace product and parts manufacturingPharmaceutical and medicine manuf

225、acturingTransportation equipment(excluding aerospace)All industriesHowever,the relative contribution of manufacturing and services to domestic value added in U.S.gross exports varies for specific exporting KTI industries.Notably,in 2021,nonmanufacturing industries contributed more domestic value add

226、ed to the exports of the transportation equipment industry(excluding aerospace)compared with exports of other industries in Figure KTI-17.Figure KTI-17Domestic value-added content of gross exports,by exporting industry and source sector:2021IT=information technology.Note(s):These statistics are prel

227、iminary and are subject to revision.The industry data are based on the North American Industry Classification System.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,Trade in Value Added Data,available at https:/www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/global-value-chains,accessed 8 April 2023.Science and Engineering I

228、ndicatorsFigure KTI-18 shows the contribution of different industries to the foreign value-added content in U.S.exports in 2021.Similar to the case for domestic content,manufacturing imported content contributed the largest share for exports by KTI manufacturing industries.At the same time,for some

229、U.S.exports such as those from pharmaceutical manufacturing,the value-added contribution of manufacturing was higher for the imported content(98%)than for the domestic content(85%)(Figure KTI-17 and Figure KTI-18).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-740PercentIndustryManuf

230、acturingFinance,insurance,and real estateProfessional and business servicesInformationOther goodsOther services0102030405060708090100IT and other information servicesSoftware publishersScientific R&D servicesPharmaceutical and medicine manufacturingAerospace product and parts manufacturingTransporta

231、tion equipment(excluding aerospace)All industriesFigure KTI-18Imported content in U.S.gross exports,by exporting industry and source sector:2021IT=information technology.Note(s):These statistics are preliminary and are subject to revision.The industry data are based on the North American Industry Cl

232、assification System.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,Trade in Value Added Data,available at https:/www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/global-value-chains,accessed 8 April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFigure KTI-19 examines trends in the imported content of U.S.exports within selected KTI

233、 industries.Across all industries(KTI and non-KTI),imported content declined from 17%in 2008 at the beginning of the financial crisis to 12%in 2015 to around 10%since 2019.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-741YearPercentAerospace product and parts manufacturingComputer a

234、nd electronic products(excluding semiconductors)manufacturingIT and other information servicesTransportation equipment(excluding aerospace)Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturingScientific R&D servicesSemiconductor and other electronic components manufacturingSoftware publishersAll industries(incl

235、uding KTI industries)200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021010203040Figure KTI-19Imported content share in U.S.gross exports,by exporting industry:200721IT=information technology;KTI=knowledge and technology intensive.Note(s):These statistics are preliminary and are subject to

236、revision.The industry data are based on the North American Industry Classification System.KTI industries include high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intensive industries based on a classification by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Source(s):Bureau of Economic Analysis,T

237、rade in Value Added Data,available at https:/www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/global-value-chains,accessed 8 April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsThe figure also shows that the share of imported content of U.S.exports has been the largest for transportation equipment(excluding aerospace)manuf

238、acturing,at 25%or more since 2007.The imported content share of pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing exports increased from the single digits in the late 2000s to 20%in 2016,plateauing around 22%since then for the second-highest share of imported content among U.S.KTI industries.For exports by

239、the aerospace product and parts manufacturing industry,this share fluctuated around 20%from 2007 to 2019,declining to about 15%since 2019.The imported content shares of U.S.exports by the computer and electronic products manufacturing and semiconductor manufacturing industries have been in the singl

240、e digits since 2012 and 2017,respectively.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-742ConclusionKTI industries,the 10 manufacturing and 3 services R&D-intensive industries featured in this report,are important contributors to GDP and trade across countries and regions.Value add

241、ed of U.S.KTI industries accounted for a modest share of U.S.GDP.This reflects that most KTI industry output is in the manufacturing sector,which represents a smaller share of the U.S.economy compared with services.At the same time,however,the growth of value added of U.S.KTI services relative to U.

242、S.KTI manufacturing has been a notable trend over the last two decades.More recently,U.S.KTI services industries experienced growth even through the pandemic-related downturn,whereas U.S.KTI manufacturing industries experienced a steep decline in 2020 but a robust recovery in 2021 and 2022.Consisten

243、t with other economic indicators,value added by KTI industries is highly concentrated globally.The United States,China,the EU-27,Japan,and South Korea accounted for about 80%of worldwide KTI value added in 2022.In that year,China and the United States were the top two producers of KTI output,each re

244、presenting over a quarter of global KTI value added.Some differences in the relative shares in KTI output across countries reflect the broader structure of their economies in terms of manufacturing versus services.Other trends appear to be tied to industry-specific developments,with fragmented suppl

245、y chains and modular production networks reflecting,in part,cumulative competitive advantages in R&D and manufacturing across regions.Most notably,five of the top six semiconductor-producing locations were in East Asia in 2022,consistent with decades-long trends.Global KTI manufacturing exports rebo

246、unded in 2021 and 2022 following a pandemic-related decline in 2020.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-743GlossaryDefinitionsAir and spacecraft and related machinery,manufacture of:Includes the manufacture of airplanes for the transport of goods or passengers,defense forc

247、es,or other purposes;helicopters;gliders and hang gliders;dirigibles and hot air balloons;parts and accessories of the aircraft of this class;ground-flying trainers;spacecraft and launch vehicles,satellites,planetary probes,orbital stations,and shuttles;intercontinental ballistic missiles;overhaul a

248、nd conversion of aircraft or aircraft engines;and aircraft seats.Chemicals and chemical products,manufacture of:This industry includes the transformation of organic and inorganic raw materials by a chemical process and the formation of products.Computer,electronic,and optical products,manufacture of

249、:Includes the manufacture of computers,computer peripherals,communications equipment,and similar electronic products,as well as components such as electronic components and boards.The latter include resistors,microprocessors,and semiconductors.Also includes consumer electronics;measuring,testing,nav

250、igating,and control equipment;irradiation,electromedical,and electrotherapeutic equipment;optical instruments and equipment;and magnetic and optical media.Electrical equipment,manufacture of:This industry includes the manufacture of products that generate,distribute,and use electrical power,as well

251、as electrical lighting,signaling equipment,and electric household appliances.European Union(EU-27):The EU comprises 27 member nations:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,the Netherlands,

252、Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,and Sweden.The United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 1 February 2020.Unless otherwise noted,data on the EU include all 27 member countries.Global value chain(GVC):A chain of activities to produce goods and services that may extend across firms or coun

253、tries.These activities include design,production,marketing and sales,logistics,and maintenance.Gross domestic product(GDP):The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.Information technology(IT)and other information services:This industry is the compos

254、ite of International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities(ISIC)sectors 62(computer programming,consultancy,and related activities)and 63(information service activities).ISIC 62 includes providing expertise in information technologies:writing,modifying,testing,and supporting

255、software;planning and designing computer systems that integrate computer hardware,software,and communication technologies;and on-site management and operation of clients computer systems or data processing facilities.ISIC 63 includes Web search portals and data processing and hosting activities.Inta

256、ngibles or intellectual property products(IPPs):IPPs are the result of R&D or innovation leading to knowledge that the developers can market or use to their own benefit in production because use of the knowledge is restricted by means of legal or other protection.They include R&D;mineral exploration

257、 and evaluation;computer software and databases;and entertainment,literary and artistic originals,and other IPPs.Knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)industries:Industries classified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)as high R&D intensive and medium-high R&D intens

258、ive industries.OECD defines industry R&D intensity as the ratio of an industrys business R&D expenditures to its value added.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-744Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified(nec),manufacture of:This industry includes the manufacture o

259、f machinery and equipment that act independently on materials either mechanically or thermally or perform operations on materials(such as handling,spraying,weighing,or packing).Includes the manufacture of fixed and mobile or handheld devices,regardless of whether they are designed for industrial,bui

260、lding,and civil engineering;agricultural;or home use.Also included is the manufacture of special equipment for passenger or freight transport within demarcated premises.Medical and dental instruments and supplies,manufacture of:Includes manufacture of laboratory apparatus,surgical and medical instru

261、ments,surgical appliances and supplies,dental equipment and supplies,orthodontic goods,and dentures and orthodontic appliances.Motor vehicles,trailers,and semi-trailers,manufacture of:This industry includes the manufacture of motor vehicles for transporting passengers or freight.Also included is the

262、 manufacture of parts and accessories and of trailers and semi-trailers.Pharmaceuticals(manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations):This industry includes the manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products,pharmaceutical preparations,and medicinal chemical and botanic

263、al products.Railroad,military vehicles,and transport not elsewhere classified(nec),manufacture of:This manufacturing industry is the composite of International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities(ISIC)302(railway locomotives and rolling stock),ISIC 304(military fighting veh

264、icles),and ISIC 309(transport equipment nec).Scientific research and development(R&D)services:This industry includes the activities of three types of R&D:(1)basic research,(2)applied research,and(3)experimental development.Semiconductors:This industry refers to the manufacture of electronic componen

265、ts and boards(International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities 261),which includes semiconductors and other components for electronic applications.Software publishing:This industry includes publishing of ready-made(noncustomized)software:operating systems,business and othe

266、r applications,and computer games for all platforms.Total private services:Aggregate of the following International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities(ISIC)industries(ISIC Revision 4):wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles;transportation an

267、d storage;accommodation and food service activities;information and communication;financial and insurance activities;real estate activities;professional,scientific,technical activities;and administrative and support service activities.This aggregate corresponds to Business Sector Services(ISIC aggre

268、gate“D45T82”)in economic and R&D data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Value added:Value added is a net measure of output;it is the difference between the value of goods and services(gross output)and the cost of intermediate inputs that were used in production,in

269、cluding energy,materials,and services.Industry value added is a measure of an industrys contribution to overall GDP.Weapons and ammunition,manufacture of:This industry includes the manufacture of heavy weapons(such as artillery,mobile guns,and rocket launchers),small arms(revolvers,shotguns,light ma

270、chine guns),ammunition,and explosive devices,as well as hunting and sporting firearms.Excludes the manufacture of space vehicles and tanks or other fighting vehicles(included in other industries).Key to Acronyms and AbbreviationsATP:assembly,testing,and packingBEA:Bureau of Economic AnalysisNational

271、 Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-745CHIPS:Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce SemiconductorsEU-27:European UnionEV:electric vehicleGDP:gross domestic productGVC:global value chainIMF:International Monetary FundIP:intellectual propertyIPP:intellectual property productISIC:Int

272、ernational Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic ActivitiesIT:information technologyKTI:knowledge and technology intensiveLQ:location quotientMNE:multinational enterpriseNAICS:North American Industry Classification SystemNCSES:National Center for Science and Engineering Statisticsnec:no

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304、cators.Paris:OECD Publishing.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).2023a.OECD Economic Outlook 2023(1).Paris:OECD Publishing.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).2023b.Science,Technology and Innovation(STI)OutlookEnabling Transitions in Times of Disrupt

305、ion.Paris:OECD Publishing.Page P.2023.Supply Chains Ready for New Global Era.Wall Street Journal April 25.https:/ 31 July 2023.Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology(PCAST).2020.Recommendations for Strengthening American Leadership in Industries of the Future.Washington,DC:Executiv

306、e Office of the President of the United States.Available at https:/science.osti.gov/-/media/_/pdf/about/pcast/202006/PCAST_June_2020_Report.pdf.Accessed 31 July 2023.Rao PM,Vinod HD.2019.Internationalization of Services:The Case of Intra-Multinational Enterprise Trade.Thunderbird International Busin

307、ess Review 61(6):94760.Available at https:/doi.org/10.1002/tie.22091.Accessed 31 July 2023.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-749Thomas D.2022.Annual Report on U.S.Manufacturing Industry Statistics:2022.NIST Advanced Manufacturing Series(AMS)NIST AMS 100-49.Gaithersburg,M

308、D:National Institute of Standards and Technology.Available at https:/doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.Accessed 31 July 2023.Timmer MP,Erumban AA,Los B,Stehrer R,de Vries GJ.2014.Slicing Up Global Value Chains.Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(2):99118.Torsekar MP,VerWey J.2019.East Asia-Pacifics Participa

309、tion in the Global Value Chain for Electronic Products.Journal of International Commerce and Economics March.Available at https:/www.usitc.gov/staff_publications.Accessed 31 July 2023.VerWey J.2019.Chinese Semiconductor Industrial Policy:Prospects for Future Success.Journal of International Commerce

310、 and Economics August.Available at https:/www.usitc.gov/journals/jice_home.htm.Accessed 31 July 2023.Wolfe R;National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics(NCSES).2022.Businesses Spent over a Half Trillion Dollars for R&D Performance in the United States during 2020,a 9.1%Increase over 2019.

311、InfoBrief NSF 22-343.Alexandria,VA:National Science Foundation.Available at https:/ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22343/.World Trade Organization(WTO).2013.World Trade Report 2013:Factors Shaping the Future of World Trade.Geneva,Switzerland:WTO.Yoffie DB.1993.Foreign Direct Investment in Semiconductors.In Fr

312、oot KA,editor,Foreign Direct Investment,pp.197230.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.Available at https:/www.nber.org/books/froo93-1.Accessed 31 July 2023.Zimmermann A.2022.R&D Funding Breakdown of LegislationAuthorization vs.Appropriation.Washington,DC:American Association for the Advancement of S

313、cience.Available at https:/www.aaas.org/news/rd-funding-breakdown-legislation-authorization-vs-appropriation.Accessed 26 July 2023.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-750Notes1 R&D-intensive manufacturing industries may engage in design,processes,or materials analyzed in t

314、he literature under several headings,including advanced manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing.Examples include additive or nano-based manufacturing and biotechnology and biomanufacturing.For additional information,see Brocal,Sebastin,and Gonzlez(2019),IDA(2012),and PCAST(2020).2 For business e

315、mployment and labor costs in U.S.R&D-intensive industries,see Moris(2019)and Moris and Shackelford(2023).3 See Thomas(2022)for comprehensive economic statistics on U.S.manufacturing.4 See the Glossary section for the definition of total private services used in this report.5 U.S.software investment

316、was on par with the aggregate of computer and peripheral equipment and communications equipment at about$166 billion for both in 2004.Since then,software investment outgrew its tangible IT investment counterpart so that in 2021,the former is about twice the latter in current U.S.dollar terms($512.4

317、billion vs.$262.8 billion);see BEA(2022).6 For a comparison of long-term trends in manufacturing output and productivity in the United States,Japan,and Germany,see Baily,Bosworth,and Doshi(2020).7 For information on related export controls and foreign investment regulations,see CRS(2022b,2023a,2023c

318、).8 See Bruner and Grimm(2019)for an analysis of BEA services trade by industry.For long-term trends in international services trade and automation,see Baldwin(2022).9 See also Fu and Ghauri(2021)on intangibles and global trade imbalance.10 Given the single-country perspective,additional domestic va

319、lue added could be embedded in imported content;thus,data on domestic value-added content may be considered a lower bound on the level of domestic value added embedded in U.S.gross exports.Data are from a joint statistical project of BEA and the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

320、 within NSF;see BEA(2023a).11 For analysis of services and GVCs across OECD countries,see Miroudot and Cadestin(2017).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-751Acknowledgments and CitationAcknowledgmentsThe National Science Board extends its appreciation to the staff of the N

321、ational Center for Science and Engineering Statistics(NCSES)within the National Science Foundation and to the many others,too numerous to list individually,who contributed to the preparation of this report.This report was produced under the leadership of Emilda B.Rivers,Director,NCSES;Christina Frey

322、man,Deputy Director,NCSES;and John Finamore,Chief Statistician,NCSES.The report benefited from extensive contributions from NCSES staff,including Christina Freyman,Amy Burke,Gary Anderson,and Carol Robbins.Jock Black provided advice on statistical issues.Clara Boothby,Melisa Bueno,Steven Deitz,Anna

323、Groves,Angela Haskell,and Marie Rush served in administrative roles.May Aydin,Catherine Corlies,and Rajinder Raut coordinated the reports publication process and managed the development of its digital platform.Christine Hamel and Tanya Gore conducted editorial and composition review.RTI Internationa

324、l assisted with report preparation under the leadership of Susan Rotermund.Jennifer Ozawa and Alison Bean de Hernandez from RTI International assisted with report preparation,including analysis,report structure,data quality assurance,and table and figure preparation.Robin Henke led the work on data

325、quality assurance.August Gering led the RTI editing team,with editorial support from Margaret Johnson and composition support from Alex Cone.Staff at Penobscot Bay Media,LLC(PenBay Media),created the report site.The following agencies reviewed this report:Office of Science and Technology PolicyOrgan

326、isation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentBureau of Economic AnalysisBureau of Labor StatisticsCensus BureauDepartment of Homeland SecurityThe Board is especially grateful to the Committee on National Science and Engineering Policy for overseeing preparation of the volume and to the National

327、Science Board Office,under the direction of John Veysey,which provided vital coordination throughout the project.Amanda Vernon served as National Science Board Office Liaison to the committee.May Aydin,Steven Deitz,and Anne Emig were the Executive Secretaries.CitationNational Science Board,National

328、Science Foundation.2024.Production and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries.Science and Engineering Indicators 2024.NSB-2024-7.Alexandria,VA.Available at https:/ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20247.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-752Contact UsTo report an issu

329、e with the website,please e-mail ncseswebnsf.gov.For questions about the National Science Foundation(NSF),please visit the NSF help page at https:/nsf.gov/help/.To see more from the National Science Board,please visit https:/nsf.gov/nsb/.Report AuthorsFrancisco Moris Senior Analyst National Center f

330、or Science and Engineering Statistics E-mail:fmorisornsf.govDerek Hill Science Resources Analyst National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics E-mail:dhillnsf.govNCSESNational Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Directorate for Social,Behavioral and Economic Sciences National Science Foundation 2415 Eisenhower Avenue,Suite W14200 Alexandria,VA 22314 Tel:(703)292-8780 FIRS:(800)877-8339 TDD:(800)281-8749 ncseswebnsf.gov