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1、Global Status Report forBuildings and Construction 2024/25Not just another brick in the wallThe solutions exist.Scaling them will build on progress and cut emissions fast.2025 United Nations Environment ProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4215-2Job number:CLI/2697/PADOI:https:/doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/472

2、14This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder,provided acknowledgement of the source is made.The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any public

3、ation that uses this publication as a source.No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.Applications for such permission,with a statement of the purpose and extent of t

4、he reproduction,should be addressed to unep-communication-directorun.org.DisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal statu

5、s of any country,territory or city or area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors.The use of information from th

6、is document for publicity or advertising is not permitted.Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Uni

7、ted Nations Environment Programme.We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.Maps,photos,and illustrations as specifiedSuggested citationUnited Nations Environment Programme(2025).Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025:Not just another brick in the w

8、all-The solutions exist.Scaling them will build on progress and cut emissions fast.Paris.https:/wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/47214Production:ParisURL:https:/www.unep.org/resources/report/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction-20242025 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024

9、/2025Photo:UnsplashThe 2024 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction was prepared by Prof.Ian Hamilton and Dr.Shih-Che Hsu from University College London(UCL),Oliver Rapf,Dr.Jerson Amorocho,Dr.Essam Elnagar,Dr.Judit Kockat,Lisa Graaf and Dr.Zsolt Toth from the Buildings Performance Instit

10、ute Europe(BPIE),and Dr.Clara Camarasa from the United Nations Environment Programme Centre for Climate Change(UNEP CCC),with contributions from Dr.Chiara Delmastro,Dr.Rafael Martinez Gordon and Dr.Ksenia Petrichenko from the International Energy Agency(IEA),who provided data on key energy,emissions

11、 and activity metrics for the buildings sector,along with content on building codes.Other contributors to the report are Dr.Harry Kennard from the University of Texas at Austin who provided data on Nationally Determined Contributions,Dima Khoury from UNEP who provided content on the Buildings Breakt

12、hrough Agenda,Alicia Regodon from the United Nations Office for Project Services(UNOPS)who provided content for the Roadmaps,and Dr.Martin Bechthold and Dr.Holly Samuelson from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design who contributed the highlights on Psychology of Sustainable Building Opera

13、tion and Health Co-Benefits.Support was provided by Gulnara Roll,Hanane Hafraoui,Konish Naidu and Jonathan Duwyn from the UNEP/Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction(GlobalABC).The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations.

14、Mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.The designations employed and the presentations of material do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any cou

15、ntry,territory,city area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name,frontiers or boundaries.The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.The authors would like to thank the fo

16、llowing members and partners who supported this report with their important contributions,input,comments and reviews:Lana AbuQulbain,Emirates Green Building Council,United Arab EmiratesDanjuma Waniko,Green Building Council Nigeria,NigeriaMina Hasman,Commonwealth Association of Architects&SOM,United

17、KingdomJudy Zakreski,International Code Council,United States of AmericaAditya Raja Ram,Botswana Green Building Council,BotswanaYork Ostermeyer,Stichting CUES,GermanyEdeltraud Guenther,United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources,GermanyVincent Ma

18、rtinez,Architecture 2030,United States of AmericaPhuong Tran,Institute for Building Science and Technology,Viet NamAnica Landreneau,HOK,United States of AmericaAcknowledgementsKENYAHon.Alice Wahome,EGH.Cabinet Secretary,Ministry of Lands,Public Works,Housing&Urban Development,KenyaAs the Vice-Chair

19、of the Intergovernmental Council for Buildings and Climate(ICBC),Kenya acknowledges the significant role played by the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)and the GlobalABC in promoting climate actions within the construction sector.In pursuit of this commitment,Kenya is advancing its sustaina

20、ble development agenda using its New National Building Code,2024,which came into effect on 1st March 2025 and sets forth energy performance standards aimed at improving resource efficiencies and sustainability.The Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction is instrumental in establishing qu

21、antifiable targets and providing clear pathways,thereby guiding Kenyas transformative initiatives and ensuring alignment with shared climate objectives.GERMANYMr.Berthold Goeke,Director General on Climate Action,Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action,GermanyGermany proudly supports

22、 the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/25,both technically and financially.Our aim is to leverage innovation in low-carbon materials,electrification,energy efficiency and circular construction to cut emissions and create new jobs in a just and equitable manner.We value collabo

23、ration with all international partners,recognising that public and private investments together can transform our built environment at scale.Through shared effort,and steady progress,we will ensure the buildings sector delivers on our climate ambitions and secures a sustainable future for everyone.F

24、RANCEMr.Yves-Laurent Sapoval Dlgu ministriel pour la ville durable International-Urban Envoy,Ministres Territoires cologie LogementFrance reaffirms its strong endorsement of the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/25 as a vital instrument for climate action.We stand ready to col

25、laborate with the global community to tighten building codes,cut embodied carbon,and scale up low-carbon innovations.Our aim is to make renewable and low GHG energy accessible for all,speed up building retrofits,and ensure every home meets high standards for sustainability and resilience.Political S

26、tatementWe see mobilisation of all actors for equitable,affordable green financing as essential to fostering inclusive growth,job creation and wellbeing across the sector.Together,we are committed to meeting the Paris Agreement targets and preserving our planet for generations to come.”BRAZILAmbassa

27、dor Antonio Da Costa e Silva,Chief International Advisor,Ministry of Cities,Government of BrazilAlongside France and Kenya,Brazil is proud to serve as a vice-chair of the Intergovernmental Council for Buildings and Climate(ICBC).We deeply value our longstanding partnership with UNEP and the GlobalAB

28、C,and we recognize the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction(Buildings GSR)as an essential tool for transforming the buildings and construction sector.We are committed to using its insights to implement low-carbon solutions,strengthen codes and foster equitable development across our b

29、uilt environment.Moreover,we believe that COP 30 will highlight how developing countries with renewable energy sources serve as important examples of low-carbon solutions,creating opportunities to reduce emissions.As the host of COP30,we look forward to turning the reports recommendations into pract

30、ical steps for a zero-emission and resilient future.Photo:Ruhma Ukaye/Climate Visuals CountdownChapter 1 The state of the buildings sector in 2024 20Chapter 2 Global buildings and construction status 23 2.1 Building construction trends 23 2.2 Energy trends in the buildings and construction sector 26

31、 2.3 Emissions trends in the buildings and construction sector 30 2.4 Circular economy and embodied carbon efforts in buildings and construction 31 2.5 Extended Producer Responsibility in the construction sector 32Chapter 3 Sustainable buildings and construction policies 38 3.1 National policy effor

32、ts for decarbonizing and adapting the buildings sector 39 3.2 Building codes 41 3.3 Tracking modern building energy codes 44 3.4 Nationally Determined Contributions updates 46 3.5 Guide to developing NDC 3.0 for the buildings sector 47 3.6 Building certification systems 48Chapter 4 Investment and fi

33、nancing for sustainable and resilient buildings 51 4.1 Energy efficiency and renewable energy investment in buildings 51 4.2 Banking for energy efficiency and zero-carbon buildings 54 4.3 Energy efficiency financing in cities 54 4.4 Green bond financing for efficient and sustainable buildings 56Chap

34、ter 5 Global Buildings Climate Tracker 59Chapter 6 Buildings climate policy gap review 64 6.1 Emissions 65 6.2 Tracker policy impact 65 6.3 Tracker policy action 66Chapter 7 Roadmaps for buildings and construction 69 7.1 Climate action roadmaps for buildings and construction 69 7.2 Guidance for clim

35、ate action roadmaps 70 7.3 National Circularity Assessment Framework for Buildings 71 7.4 New regional and national roadmaps for buildings and construction following the GlobalABC methodology 71 7.5 Other roadmap developments for buildings and construction 73Chapter 8 International policy initiative

36、s to accelerate buildings decarbonization 76Chapter 9 Conclusions:The challenges ahead 79References 82Annex Global Buildings Climate Tracker method 91Table of contents List of tables Table 1.Elements of the Building Energy Code Content Assessment(Source:IEA EEMR 2024)45 Table 2.Mentions of buildings

37、 in NDCs as of October 2024 47 Table 3.GBCT indicators observations summary,20152023 61 Table 4.GBCT indicators required efforts to get on track by 2030 64 Table 5.The Buildings Breakthrough Agenda:Priority actions and recent progress 76 Table 6.GBCT indicators goals 91 List of boxes Box 1.Topic sna

38、pshot:Towards a psychology of sustainable building operation 29 Box 2.Topic snapshot:Health co-benefits of energy upgrades in buildings 30 Box 3.Zero-carbon emissions buildings energy standard examples 43 Box 4.Certification schemes monitoring 49 Box 5.National examples of financing for energy-effic

39、ient buildings 53 Box 6.Financing instruments for sustainable construction 55 Box 7.Green bonds in emerging markets 57 List of figures Figure 1.Global building floor area constructed in advanced,emerging and developing economies from 2010 to 2023(IEA 2024a)23 Figure 2.Production output of constructi

40、on activities in select Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries 2015 to 2023(OECD 2024a)24 Figure 3.Average mortgage interest rates in Europe from 20212023 (European Mortgage Federation 2024)24 Figure 4.Comparative view of advanced economies Select residential property prices

41、,nominal,year-on-year changes(Bank for International Settlements 2024)25 Figure 5.Energy consumption in buildings by fuel 20102023(Source:IEA 2024a)27 Figure 6.Energy consumption in buildings by region(IEA 2024a)27 Figure 7.COemissionsinbuildings20102023(left)andshareofbuildingsin global energy and

42、process emissions in 2023(right)(IEA 2024a)31 Figure 8.Producer responsibility organization simplified visualization of the general principles(collective system)33 Figure 9.a)Policy instruments adopted for mitigation impact in the buildings sector b)Effective policies and policy mixes(Stechemesser e

43、t al.2024)38 Figure 10.Adopted global building energy codes by type and status(IEA 2024d)42 Figure 11.Portion of newly built floor area not covered by building regulations in 2023(IEA 2024a)43 Figure 12.Building energy code content analysis(IEA 2024d)46 Figure 13.Mentions of buildings in Nationally

44、Determined Contributions(NDCs)46 Figure 14.Five simple steps to develop built environment content in NDCs (PEEB and GlobalABC 2024)48 Figure 15.Investment in energy efficiency in buildings and construction(Source:IEA 2024c)52 Figure 16.Urban climate finance in 2021/2022(CCFLA 2024b)55 Figure 17.Sust

45、ainable debt issuance for green buildings(IEA 2024e)56 Figure 18.Emerging market green bond issuance by designation of proceeds (International Finance Corporation and Amundi Asset Management 2024)57 Figure 19.GBCT indicators weights(Source:Building Performance Institute Europe)59 Figure 20.GBCT deca

46、rbonization index.Left:reference path until 2050.Right:zoom in for the 20152023 period.(Source:Building Performance Institute Europe)60 Figure 21.GBCT observations and path to get on track by 2030.(Source:Building Performance Institute Europe)62 Figure 22.CO2 emissions path to get on track by 2030 (

47、Source:Building Performance Institute Europe and adaptation based on IEA data)65 Figure 23.Climate action roadmaps for buildings and construction 69 Figure 24.GlobalABC roadmap step-by-step methodology 70AbbreviationsBECs Building Energy CodesEPBD Energy Performance of Buildings DirectiveIEA Interna

48、tional Energy AgencyIDB Inter-American Development BankIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeGlobalABC Global Alliance for Buildings and ConstructionGBCT Global Buildings Climate Tracker GHG greenhouse gasMEPS Minimum Energy Performance StandardsNDCs Nationally Determined ContributionsNZE Ne

49、t Zero EmissionsUAE United Arab EmiratesUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNOPS United Nations Office for Project ServicesWorldGBC World Green Building CouncilZEB zero emissions buildingPhoto:Unsplash13GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDI

50、NGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025In 2024,the Paris Agreement goals for the buildings and construction sector were out of reachAs of early 2025,the buildings and construction sector,which includes the embodied carbon of construction materials,continues to grapple with its significant contribution to glo

51、bal energy-relatedCOemissions.In2023thesectorsemissionsstoodat34percent,whileenergy consumption accounted for around 34 per cent of global demand.Despite modest advancements,the sector is not yet on track to align with net zero carbon and climate resilience targetsby2050,asprogressremainsslowandfrag

52、mented.COemissionsfromthesectorhave risen by five per cent since 2015,far from meeting the 28 per cent reduction required by 2030 to align with the Paris Agreement.Notable progress has been observed in specific areas in 2024.Increasing adoption of renewable energy and electrification,especially for

53、heating and cooling systems,has been a positive trend.In addition,green building certifications grew significantly,with 20 per cent of new commercial buildings in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developmentcountriesachievingcertificationin2023,upfrom15percentin2020.Circularconstruction pra

54、cticessuch as material reuse and modular buildingare also gaining ground,with recycled materials accounting for 18 per cent of construction inputs in Europe.However,the sector still faces critical challenges.Embodied carbon from materials like steel and cement persists as a major source of emissions

55、,contributing to 18 per cent of globalbuilding-relatedCOemissions.Theadoptionandrevisionofbuildingcodessloweddramatically,with only three updates recorded globally in 2024 compared to over 20 in 2023.Inadequate policy frameworks and a lack of detailed decarbonization roadmaps in most Nationally Dete

56、rmined Contributions(NDCs)remain significant barriers.Cumulative investments in energy efficiency also fall short by US$1.1 trillion,while gaps in green financing,such as concessional loans or incentives for low-carbon solutions,inhibit widespread progress.To address these shortfalls,the 2024 Global

57、 Status Report for Buildings and Construction underscores the urgency of harmonizing building codes,scaling low-carbon materials,increasing equitable access to green financing and incentivizing circular construction.Workforce development programmes must also prioritize filling skill gaps while foste

58、ring gender diversity in green construction leadership roles.Moreover,stronger global coordination and accountability mechanisms such as the G20s Voluntary Action Plan to double energy efficiency by 2030 are critical to accelerating progress.The lack of change in energy and related emissions shows t

59、hat efforts in the buildings and construction sector remain off trackIn2023,buildingsaccountedfor32percentofglobalenergydemandand34percentofCOemissions,with operational emissions reaching a record 9.8 gigatonnes,while embodied carbon was around 2.9 gigatonnes(Figure ES.1).Despite a minor reduction i

60、n embodied carbon emissions and increased adoption of renewable energy17 per cent of total buildings energy demand by 2023efficiency improvements remain insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement goals.Executive summary5%10%2%8%6%2%5%63%Residential(direct)Residential(indirect)Non-residential(direct)No

61、n-residential(indirect)Buildings construction industry*Buildings construction othermaterialsOther construction industryOther0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.0201520162017201820192020202120222023Gt CO2Residential:directResidential:indirectNon-residential:directNon-residential:indirectEmbodied Emissions14GLO

62、BAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025The United Nations Environment Programme Emissions Gap Report(2024)highlights the critical need for accelerated action in the buildings sector to meet global climate goals.To align with a 1.5C climate pathway,the report projects that the buil

63、dings sector will account foraround11percentofglobalmitigationpotentialby2035,equivalentto4.2GtCOeofavoided emissions.Figure ES.1.CO emissions in buildings 20102023(left)and share of buildings in global energy and process emissions in 2023(right)(International Energy Agency 2024a)*“Buildings constru

64、ction industry”and“Other construction industry”refers to concrete,steel and aluminium for buildings and infrastructure construction.Developing policy focus through concerted efforts across national and local initiativesNational policies play a pivotal role in advancing the decarbonization and sustai

65、nability of the buildings and construction sector and provide the strategic framework necessary to align long-term goals,incentivize innovation and foster sustainable practices.Innovative national policies from countries like Germany,South Africa and Rwanda demonstrate the effectiveness of combining

66、 mandatory performance standards,economic incentives and financial mechanisms to support green construction.Germanys Federal Climate Change Act sets ambitious emission reduction targets and provides subsidies for energy-efficient retrofits,while Rwandas cooling strategies and renewable energy incent

67、ives showcase the transformative potential of regulatory and market-based approaches.However,aligning these policies with broader climate goals,like NDCs,remains essential to ensuring that the sector meets its net zero targets by the middle of this century.Building energy codes are among the most ef

68、fective tools for curbing operational emissions.With 85 countries adopting codes for residential buildings,80 per cent being mandatory,recent updates in Kenya,Germany and Iceland highlight the adoption of renewable integration,life cycle assessments and energy-efficient design for buildings.Yet,over

69、 50 per cent of new global construction remains uncovered by such codes,jeopardizing climate targets and energy efficiency goals.NDCs,which align national efforts with the Paris Agreement,reflect growing sectoral integration,with 80 per cent addressing mitigation in buildings.However,only 18 per cen

70、t have quantifiable targets,and financial pathways are inconsistent.Strengthening NDC frameworks in the NDC 3.0 process through measurable goals,embodied carbon considerations and regional equity is essential for achieving both mitigation and adaptation objectives.Substantial effort is needed to sca

71、le deep retrofits and improve building energy codes to reduce energy intensity(currently just over 130 kWh/m/year)and accelerate decarbonization.Circular economy practices,including extending building lifespans,reusing materials and improving recycling,offer promising opportunities to lower embodied

72、 carbon.Strategies like green leasing are driving growth in low-carbon office spaces,while policies such as Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)enhance waste management.15GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025Globally,the construction sector generates an estimated two billion

73、 tons of construction and demolition waste(CDW)annually,accounting for approximately one-third of all global waste.Adopting circular construction practices is essential to significantly reduce waste,conserve resources and mitigate climate and environmental impacts on a global scale.A key enabler of

74、this transition is EPR,a policy approach designed to internalize external costs from waste management.Several countries are leading the way in implementing EPR frameworks for construction and demolition waste.France,for example,has introduced a comprehensive EPR scheme for CDW,the Netherlands has an

75、 EPR programme for flat glass,and India is actively developing its own EPR framework for the construction industry.Global investments have fallen and risk delaying actionThe global buildings sector faces mounting challenges in achieving sustainability and climate resilience amidst economic pressures

76、.In 2023,global investment in energy efficiency for buildings fell by seven per cent to US$270 billion,driven by rising borrowing costs and the tapering of key government programmes,particularly in Europe.Despite these setbacks,innovative financing mechanisms and government initiatives have emerged.

77、Chinas Incentive Fund for Green Building Development and Australias Clean Energy Finance Corporation show how allocating significant funding to retrofit existing buildings can encourage energy-efficient and net zero construction.Programmes in South Africa,the United States of America and Germany als

78、o demonstrated the critical role of fiscal incentives in driving greener building practices.However,the sector remains underfunded,with only four per cent of global buildings investment focused on green initiatives in 2023.Urban areas,accounting for much of the construction activity,are central to p

79、rogress but require an estimated US$1 trillion annually for green retrofits and energy-efficient projects.Green bonds and sustainability-linked debt have shown resilience and growth,underscoring their pivotal role.Still,emerging markets face underdeveloped financing landscapes,though recent green bo

80、nd issuances signal progress.Addressing these gaps through targeted financing,policy support and private-public collaborations will be crucial to aligning the sector with global net zero and climate goals.The lack of progress is clear,and action is needed to overcome policy gapsThe Global Buildings

81、Climate Tracker(GBCT)reveals the buildings sector is significantly offtracktomeetits2030and2050decarbonizationgoals.Between2015and2023,COemissions from building operations increased by 5.4 per cent,contrary to the 28.1 per cent reduction required.Energy intensity declined by just 9.5 per cent,fallin

82、g short of the 18.2 per cent target,while the share of renewable energy in final energy demand rose by only 4.5 percentage points,well below the 17.8 point goal.Green building certifications grew but remain 7.7 percentage points behind the benchmark,and cumulative energy efficiency investments are U

83、S$1.1 trillion below the required level.Policy progress remains insufficient.Only 19 countries have extensive details for actions to integrate buildings sector strategies into their NDCs,and just two have implemented energy codes aligned with zero emissions building(ZEB)standards.To meet 2030 target

84、s,annual improvement on the GBCT now needs to accelerate to 10 pointsalmost twice the original rate required in 2015.As of 2023,key metrics such as energy-related emissions,energy intensity and renewable energyadoptionremainwellbelowrequiredprogressrates.DirectandindirectCOemissionsfrom building ope

85、rations increased by 0.6 per cent annually from 2015 to 2023,whereas a four per cent annual reduction was needed.Achieving 2030 targets now demands an unprecedented 10.8 per cent annual decrease in emissionsmore than double the original pace.Similarly,reductions in energy intensity and growth in ren

86、ewable energy must accelerate by factors of three and seven,respectively.Policy gaps and insufficient investment are critical barriers.Most regions lack ZEB codes,and few countries address the buildings sector comprehensively in their NDCs.Energy efficiency 16GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND C

87、ONSTRUCTION 2024/2025investments must more than double to US$522.5 billion annually by 2030,while adoption of green building certifications and renewable energy systems needs rapid expansion.Urgent,coordinated action is essential.This includes strengthening building codes,scaling up investments,expa

88、nding renewable energy integration and adopting life cycle approaches to reduce both operational and embodied emissions.The upcoming 2025 NDC 3.0 updates present a critical opportunity to embed buildings sector decarbonization into global climate strategies.To close the widening gap and achieve clim

89、ate goals,immediate and decisive measures are required.Roadmaps build coalitions and commitments for action in the buildings sectorA growing number of countries have adopted tailored roadmaps under this framework,many using the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction methodology offering a st

90、ep-by-step guide.Bangladesh targets near-zero carbon emissions in new and retrofitted buildings by 2050,while Ghana focuses on low-carbon construction materials and urban development to reduce emissions and improve resilience.Senegal emphasizes sustainable materials,solar solutions and professional

91、capacity-building,advancing low-carbon practices by 2050.Similarly,the Arab Region Roadmap supports 22 nations with strategies for climate-responsive urbanization and renewable energy adoption,aiming for net zero emissions by 2050.Complementary frameworks,like the National Circularity Assessment,fur

92、ther address life cycle impacts,promoting resource efficiency and material reuse.Together,these roadmaps provide a cohesive path to decarbonization while fostering economic growth,inclusivity and climate adaptation in the built environment.International efforts to create change in the buildings sect

93、or continue to push aheadThe Buildings Breakthrough Agenda,officially launched during COP28 in December 2023,aims to make“near-zero emission and resilient buildings the new normal by 2030.”Endorsed by 45 countries representing over 70 per cent of global gross domestic product,this initiative outline

94、s six key action areas to drive buildings sector decarbonization:(1)Standards and Certification,(2)Demand Creation,(3)Finance and Investment,(4)Research and Deployment,(5)Capacity and Skills and(6)Landscape Coordination.These key action areas guide nations on policy development,cross-sector collabor

95、ation and resource mobilization to meet shared goals.For example,the Standards and Certification priority area focuses on building consensus among countries on qualitative definitions and principles for Near-Zero Emissions and Resilient Buildings(NZERB)across the entire life cycle,and outline relate

96、d indicators,as well as guidelines to help ensure transparency,comparability and accountability,while the Demand Creation priority area emphasizes procurement policies and commitments to promote low-carbon construction and renovation.Progress on these actions remains nascent,but foundational strides

97、such as creating unified definitions and advancing industry standards for whole-life carbonare gaining traction.The Chaillot Declaration,issued at the inaugural Buildings and Climate Global Forum in 2024,reinforced international commitments to decarbonization through mandatory energy codes,sustainab

98、le materials and capacity-building.Looking ahead,sustained collaboration,robust governance and implementation of agreed milestones through mechanisms like the Intergovernmental Council on Buildings and Climate are essential to accelerating the sectors net zero transition.To intensify efforts to redu

99、ce emissions in the buildings and construction sector and strengthen commitments through international collaborations like the Buildings Breakthrough Agenda and the Chaillot Declaration,countries are taking steps in terms of mitigation,adaptation and recent efforts to support sustainability of the b

100、uildings sector.South Africa has introduced several policies and initiatives to promote building decarbonization and energy efficiency,such as the National Building Regulations that mandate energy efficiency standards for new buildings and renovations.17GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRU

101、CTION 2024/2025Rwandas energy efficiency policies include the incorporation of the National Cooling Strategy into building codes,implementation of minimum energy performance standards for key products,and mandatory energy audits for industries and buildings.In March 2024,China introduced an action p

102、lan to further enhance energy conservation and carbon reduction in the construction sector,with the objective to establish a robust institutional framework by 2025 and to scale up ultra-low energy consumption buildings by 2027.Mexico has a commitment to reduce 66 per cent of emissions of residential

103、 and commercial buildings by 2030.This has been supported by the implementation of diverse norms for energy efficiency:for electrical and thermal energy,energy efficiency in public administration and for small-and medium-sized enterprises.Germany aims to achieve a 65 per cent reduction in CO2 emissi

104、ons from buildings against 1990 under its Federal Climate Change Act.Key mitigation measures include the Building Energy Law and Reconstruction Loan Corporation/Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control subsidies for energy-efficient construction and renovations.France introduced Enviro

105、nmental Regulation RE2020,which integrates life cycle carbon analysis into building design.Tunisia aims to enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the buildings sector,targeting a 45 per cent reduction in carbon intensity by 2030.Key initiatives include the Energy Transition Program for Pu

106、blic Buildings,deploying solar photovoltaic systems,and promoting energy efficiency under the Energy Transition Strategy.Current United Kingdom policies for mitigating and adapting the buildings sector focus on supporting net zero carbon emissions by 2050,with a 78 per cent reduction by 2035.Key str

107、ategies include retrofitting existing buildings to improve energy efficiency,prioritizing low-carbon materials and implementing whole-life carbon assessments for construction projects.Nigeria is advancing efforts to decarbonize its buildings sector,targeting a 43 per cent reduction in emissions by 2

108、030 and a 97 per cent reduction by 2060 under the Renewable Energy Scenario outlined in its Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy(Nigeria,National Climate Change Council 2024).Viet Nam has developed a plan to implement a roadmap for reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in the construction sec

109、tor,aiming to establish a pathway for emissions reduction in urban development,building construction and building materials manufacturing.The development of the GHG reduction roadmap for the construction sector began in 2024 and is expected to be completed by 2026.GHG inventory plans for constructio

110、n projects will become mandatory in 2025 for projects emitting over 3,000 tons of CO2 equivalent.Rising to the challengesDespite growing awareness,the sector remains significantly off track,with limited change in energy use and inadequate policy enforcement posing major barriers to achieving zero-ca

111、rbon goals.Key challenges include improving energy efficiency,integrating renewable energy,addressing embodied carbon emissions and securing necessary financing.Challenge 1 Building codes:Major carbon-emitting countries,including the G20 and European Union,must adopt mandatory zero-carbon building e

112、nergy codes by 2028.Other countries with existing codes should upgrade to zero-carbon-ready standards and make them mandatory by 2030.Countries without codes must establish a pathway to mandatory adoption by 2035.Challenge 2 Retrofits:The rate of building energy efficiency retrofits should be triple

113、d by 2030 to achieve 35 per cent reduction in energy intensity.Major emitters must upgrade passive designs and adopt high-performance systems like heat pumps.Emerging economies should target older buildings and enforce mandatory improvements through energy codes and policies.18GLOBAL STATUS REPORT F

114、OR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025Challenge 3 Renewable energy adoption:The global goal of tripling renewable energy in buildings should be reflected.The deployment of renewables should be accelerated to increase the share of buildings onsite-generated renewable energy from six per cent to 19 p

115、er cent,and the total share of electricity consumed from renewable sources(on-and offsite)should be raised from 11 per cent to 46 per cent by 2030.Challenge 4 NDC Integration:Major emitters and G20 governments must include detailed building code reform plans in their NDC 3.0 submissions and use Bien

116、nial Update Reports to track progress and ensure accountability.Challenge 5 Embodied carbon:Major emitters and G20 countries must adopt embodied carbon limits in building codes by 2030,with clear guidance on reporting.Other countries should promote low-carbon materials,prioritizing reuse and setting

117、 stretch targets aligned with regional best practices.Challenge 6 Financing:Global building energy efficiency investment should be doubled,from US$270 billion to US$522 billion by 2030.Major emitters should leverage public funds and incentivize private investment.All governments must ensure green fi

118、nancing fully accounts for carbon costs and the social value of building decarbonization.Overcoming these challenges is crucial to closing the emissions gap and ensuring a sustainable,low-carbon future for the built environment.While the sector has made incremental strides in integrating renewables,

119、scaling efficiency technologies and advancing certifications,the pace of change remains insufficient.With emissions reduction targets looming,stronger policies,investments and cross-sector collaboration will be essential to unlocking the full potential of the buildings and construction sector as a k

120、ey driver of sustainable global development.Photo:Unsplash20GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025The buildings and construction sector remains a critical area for achieving global net zero carbonandresiliencegoals,accountingforapproximately34percentofenergy-relatedCOemissions

121、 and over 32 per cent of energy demand in 2023(International Energy Agency IEA 2024a)(see Chapter 2).The buildings sector has made tentative,though insufficient,steps towards decarbonization,driven by greater electrification of heat supply and increased use of renewable energy sources for heating an

122、d electricity.The adoption of smart energy technologies,such as demand response systems and energy management software,also played a key role in optimizing energy consumption and reducing peak demand.Heat pump installations saw a three per cent decline compared to previous years as governments and b

123、usinesses explored alternatives to fossil-fuel-based heating systems.The market for green building certifications grew significantlyover 20 per cent of new commercial buildings in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries were certified green,compared to 15 per cent in 202

124、0.Globally,certification efforts are leading with Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies(EDGE),Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM)and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED),and a growing effort around regional labels.Digital technologies are pl

125、aying a transformative role in driving energy efficiency,with 40 per cent of large construction firms reporting the use of Building Information Modelling in 2023 to optimize energy use during the design phase.The adoption of circular construction and reuse of existing buildings practices has also ac

126、celerated.For example,in Europe,the use of recycled materials such as steel and cement rose to 18 per cent of total construction inputs by the start of 2024,spurred by policies embedded in the European Green Deal(European Environment Agency 2025).Globally,modular construction and material reuse cont

127、inue to gain traction as strategies for reducing embodied carbon.However,addressing embodied carbon remains a pressing challenge,as cement and steel productionaccounting for a significant portion of the sectors emissionshave yet to scale low-carbon alternatives.Embodied carbon accounted for around 1

128、8 per cent of global emissions related to buildings and construction in 2023.Despite these opportunities,significant challenges remain.Regulatory fragmentation across regions slows progress,particularly in developing countries where institutional capacity to enforce codes and standards for energy ef

129、ficient and resilient buildings is limited.There has been a slowdown in the adoption and revision of building codes from more than 20 in 2023 to only three in 2024,and one new adoption of a code(Kenya)overall.Further,though most Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)make reference to the building

130、s sector,few of them offer the level of detail needed to chart the pathway forward towards Paris Agreement goals,leaving considerable requirements for the NDC 3.0 process.The sectors progress is evaluated in the Global Buildings Climate Tracker(GBCT)and shows limitedprogressindecarbonizingbuildings,

131、withCOemissionsrisingby5.4percentsince2015,far from the required 28 per cent reduction.Energy use intensity and renewable energy use also fall short of targets,alongside a slowing in the growth of floor area,while cumulative efficiency investments lag by US$1,123 billion.Policy measures remain inade

132、quate,with only 19 nations integrating detailed buildings-related measures into NDCs.Closing the growing gap between current and target emissions requires annual decarbonization gains of 10 points,strengthened reporting mechanisms and accelerated implementation of impactful measures Chapter 1 The st

133、ate of the buildings sector in 202421GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025to align with 2030 and 2050 targets.ions requires annual decarbonization gains of 10 points,strengthened reporting mechanisms and accelerated implementation of impactful measures to align with 2030 and

134、2050 targets.To accelerate progress,it is essential to strengthen local standards and regionally harmonize building codes and energy and emission performance requirements.Expanding equitable and gender-inclusive access to green financing,such as green bonds and concessional loans,will enable more wi

135、despread adoption of sustainable design and operation practices,along with renewables and digital systems.Promoting gender equity in these efforts ensures diverse perspectives and inclusive solutions,fostering innovation and creating more sustainable and equitable urban environments.Increased invest

136、ment in research and development is crucial for scaling low-carbon materials and advanced construction technologies.In addition,workforce development programmes must address the skills and gender gaps,equipping professionals with the expertise needed for green construction.Such efforts can support b

137、ringing more diverse participation in the workforce,including encouraging womens participation in training and leadership roles.Lastly,incentivizing circular construction practices,including material and building reuse and waste reduction,will reduce the sectors embodied carbon footprint(France,Inst

138、itut Franais pour la Performance du Btiment IFPEB et al.2024).The transition toward a resilient,efficient and zero-carbon buildings and construction sector is underway but sluggish,with some small encouragement in 2023 and 2024.However,significant gaps remain in achieving global climate emission red

139、uction and climate resilience targets.A coordinated effort among policymakers,industry stakeholders and financial institutions is needed to meet the challenges and unlock the sectors full potential.By leveraging innovation,harmonizing regulations and fostering collaboration,the sector can play a cen

140、tral role in shaping a sustainable future.The G20s statement for the Voluntary Action Plan on Doubling Energy Efficiency by 2030 underscores the critical role of sustainable finance in achieving global decarbonization goals(G20 Presidency 2023),particularly through investments in energy-efficient bu

141、ildings.It emphasizes the disproportionate allocation of resources to minimally efficient green buildings under current sustainable finance frameworks,which risks undermining broader climate objectives.While progress has been made,including modest increases in the energy performance strength of buil

142、ding codes,growth in renewable energy use and storage in buildings,and a growing adoption of sustainable building certification,challenges such as high costs,lack of detailed building decarbonization policies,limited increased in the adoption and coverage of building codes,and a lack of investment a

143、nd financing continue to impede the sectors full transition.As a result,in 2024,the lack of progress means the Marrakesh Partnership global goal of net zero carbon new buildings by 2030 and all buildings by 2050 remains out of reach.Photo:Unsplash0501001502002503002010201220142016201820202022Built f

144、loor area(billion square metres)Advanced economiesEmerging and developing economies23GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20252.1 Building construction trendsBetween 2022 and 2023,global floorspace is estimated to have increased by five billion square metres,or a two per cent inc

145、rease in the total construction of buildings,to over 260 billion square metres(see Figure 1)(IEA 2024a).This increase is less than the pre-pandemic change and reflects a continued slowing of the growth in global buildings construction from an annual growth of 2.4 per cent from 2010 to 2020,to a grow

146、th of 2.2 per cent from 20202023.Of the nearly 51 billion square metres of floorspace constructed in emerging and developing economies,the International Energy Agency(IEA)estimates that more than half are constructed without any applicable building energy codes(IEA 2024a).Figure 1.Global building fl

147、oor area constructed in advanced,emerging and developing economies from 2010 to 2023(IEA 2024a).Though the growth in building floorspace varies across the world in major economies,the global production output(economic activity)associated with overall construction has seen little change(see Figure 2)

148、.Major emerging economies such as China,Brazil and Mexico have seen drops in economic production in construction,while the United States of America,Germany and Italy have seen this part of the economy continue to grow relative to 2015(OECD 2024a).Chapter 2 Global buildings and construction status-Pr

149、oduction of total construction Index OECD Production and Sales IndicatorsWorld medianBrazilGermanyAustriaItalyCanadaMexicoC?inaFranceUnited States201520162017201820192020202120227080901001101201?01?0150160170Pros?erit?Data?60012345678910PolandHungaryRomaniaCzechia*United KingdomDenmarkPortugalSweden

150、GreeceFinlandItalyIrelandGermanyNetherlandsSpainBelgiumFranceResidential mortgage interest rate%Q4 2021Q4 2022Q4 202324GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025Figure 2.Production output of construction activities in select Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development co

151、untries 2015 to 2023(OECD 2024a)The construction of buildings is affected by the economics of borrowing,costs associated with land value and the cost of construction due to materials and labour.Through the period of the 20202022 global pandemic,many costs increased due to material and labour shortag

152、es and workplace and travel restrictions.The rise in prices and their inflationary effects saw central banks rapidly increase their lending interest rates to levels not seen since the mid 1990s(see Figure 3).It is estimated that the output of construction and building materials has fallen by 10 per

153、cent since interest rates were increased(Palesch 2024).Figure 3.Average mortgage interest rates in Europe from 20212023(European Mortgage Federation 2024)Construction cost inflation remains a significant concern globally,with notable variations across regions in 2023.According to recent analysis,Afr

154、ica has the highest construction cost-5.00.05.010.015.020.0Q1-2015Q1-2016Q1-2017Q1-2018Q1-2019Q1-2020Q1-2021Q1-2022Q1-2023Q1-2024Emerging economiesAdvanced economiesIndiaJapanUnited StatesEuro areaWorld25GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025inflation,recording an average incr

155、ease of 6.6 per cent,driven primarily by high import prices,elevated global inflation and currency fluctuations(Turner&Townsend 2024).North America follows closely,with construction costs rising by 6.1 per cent,marking higher-than-usual levels of inflation.In contrast,Europe experienced a more modes

156、t inflation rate of 2.8 per cent,while the United Kingdom reported a slightly lower figure of 4.2 per cent,below the global median(see Figure 4)(Bank for International Settlements 2024).Despite regional disparities,there are early signs of a slowdown in construction cost inflation globally(Turner&To

157、wnsend 2024).Estimates for 2024 suggest a decline in the average inflation rate to 3.3 per cent,indicating a broad-based easing compared to the previous year.However,higher rates are expected to persist in Africa(5.7 per cent),the Middle East(4.0 per cent)and South America and Asia at 3.9 per cent,w

158、hile Europe construction cost inflation averages around 1.5 per cent.The impact as interest rates rise and fall is a lag in the impact on property prices,which have shown a similar trend and have the implication of affecting overall demand and ability to invest in decarbonizing buildings.Looking ahe

159、ad,construction cost inflation may not decline as quickly as general inflation.The demand-driven nature of construction combined with a slow build of project pipelines and heightened competition among contractors and lack of skilled workers is likely to sustain pricepressures(Deloitte2024;RoyalInsti

160、tutionofCharteredSurveyorsRICS2024).Globally,54 per cent of construction company respondents surveyed cited insufficient demand as a limited factor to construction activity(RICS 2024).As a result,global construction costs are expected to rise by 3.4 per cent in 2025,offering little relief from infla

161、tionary trends(Turner&Townsend 2024).Figure 4.Comparative view of advanced economies Select residential property prices,nominal,year-on-year changes(Bank for International Settlements 2024)As construction activities continue to be a major source of emissions,the real estate sector plays a pivotal ro

162、le in addressing carbon emissions,with significant opportunities for impact across the building life cycle.Green leasing is emerging as an important strategy in the transition to sustainable buildings,aligning tenant and landlord interests to achieve decarbonization goals.Recent trends show a growth

163、 in demand in several major OECD economies(e.g.the United States of America,Australia and France)for low-carbon office spaces being driven by corporate commitments to carbon reduction,with over 7,600 companies signing onto Science Based Targets(JLL 2024).This shift is particularly pronounced in indu

164、stries like finance,technology and professional services.Green leases incorporate performance-based criteria such as energy efficiency,electrification and renewable energy use,enabling tenants to align their space with sustainability commitments(JLL 2024).To enhance the adoption of green leasing,col

165、laboration between landlords and tenants is essential for integrating sustainability goals into leasing agreements.Green leases,which include specific carbon performance criteria,offer a framework to align tenant and landlord 26GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025efforts.Cit

166、y efforts,such as New Yorks Local Law 97 and Frances Dcret Tertiaire,are increasingly influencing leasing markets,emphasizing emissions reductions and operational transparency.Local Law 97 sets carbon caps on properties with over 25,000 square feet,with those limits being used to drive efforts to de

167、carbonize more than 50,000 properties across the city,and a goal to reduce emissions from those buildings by 40 per cent by 2030 and to net zero by 2050(New York City 2024).To address gaps within the real estate leasing sector,fostering collaboration between landlords and tenants for retrofits,integ

168、rating sustainability into leasing decisions and leveraging innovative tools like green leases and performance-based frameworks will better support sustainable building demand(Green Building Alliance 2024).Aligning lease agreements with decarbonization targets can catalyse market shifts,benefiting o

169、ccupiers and investors while contributing to global carbon neutrality efforts.2.2 Energy trends in the buildings and construction sectorIn 2023,the buildings and construction sector accounted for 32 per cent of global energy demand,underscoring the importance of improving energy efficiency to achiev

170、e Sustainable Development Goal 7 and meet the targets set by the Paris Agreement.In 2023,global energy demand in buildings decreased slightly,falling to 124 exajoules per yearapproximately 0.7 per cent lower than the previous year(IEA 2024a).This marks a reversal from a decade of consistent annual g

171、rowth,which had averaged over one per cent.The primary factor behind this reduction was milder global winter temperatures,which resulted in decreased space heating needs,offsetting increased demand from other end-uses.This decrease comes despite continued growth in building construction and limited

172、improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings.The global end use energy demand intensity of the buildings sector remained little changed at just over 130 kilowatt-hours per square metre per year(kWh/m/year)(IEA 2024a),which indicates limited progress in efficiency improvements through code adopt

173、ion and minimum performance standards.Fossil fuel use in buildings saw a significant decline in 2023(IEA 2024a).Natural gas consumption dropped by over four per cent,continuing a downward trend that began in 2022 following the geopolitical impacts of the war in Ukraine.Conversely,electricity usage c

174、ontinued its upward trajectory,comprising 37 per cent of the total energy demand in buildings by 2023,up from 31 per cent in 2010(IEA 2024a).The growing reliance on electricity was driven largely by the increased use of household appliances and air conditioners.The uptake of renewable energy in buil

175、dings has reached unprecedented levels,driven in part by growth in Africa,with significant investments in solar,wind and other renewable technologies due to renewable generation financing(IEA 2024a).In 2023,17 per cent of the total energy demand in the buildings sector was met by renewable sources,i

176、ncluding both direct use of building-linked renewables and contributions from the increasing share of renewables in the power sector(see Figure 5).The IEA estimates that the installed capacity of photovoltaics(PVs)in the residential and commercial sector was around 500 GW in 2022 and increased by ov

177、er 27 per cent to 628 GW in 2023,and is further estimated to grow by more than 20 per cent in 2024(IEA 2024b).However,zero-carbon-ready technologies such as heat pumps,which play a pivotal role in enabling net-zero-ready buildings,offering an ability to decarbonize alongside the electricity grid and

178、 which operate more effectively in an energy-efficient building(IEA 2024d),have shown a slowdown in installation in 2023 related to higher costs and financing and limited installer supply chains(IEA 2024c).Recent analysis shows that around 30 countries have explicit policies that support renewable e

179、nergy requirements for the buildings sector(REN21 2024a).020406080100120140201520162017201820192020202120222023ExajouleCoalOilNatural gasElectricityDistrict heatTraditional use of biomassModern solid biomassOther direct renewablesOther fuels020406080100120140202120222023ExajouleNorth AmericaCentral

180、and South AmericaEuropeAfricaMiddle EastEurasiaAsia-Pacific27GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025 Figure 5.Energy consumption in buildings by fuel 20102023(Source:IEA 2024a)2.2.1 Regional energy demandEnergy demand trends in the buildings sector vary between advanced economi

181、es and emerging markets,with Africa and Asia and the Pacific showing the fastest growth since 2020(see Figure 6).In advanced economies,energy demand is expected to stabilize until 2030,after which a gradual decline of approximately 0.3 per cent annually is projected through to 2050(IEA 2024a).This d

182、ecrease reflects a combination of energy efficiency measures and decarbonization efforts.In contrast,energy demand in emerging markets and developing economies is anticipated to grow.An average annual increase of 1.5 per cent is expected until 2030,followed by a moderated growth rate of 1.3 per cent

183、 per year until 2050(IEA 2024a).This growth will be driven by rising incomes,population expansion and increased urbanization,leading to higher energy consumption.The growing need for cooling in hot and humid climates poses a substantial challenge to energy systems,emphasizing the necessity for effic

184、ient cooling technologies and sustainable passive cooling and ventilation building designs to mitigate the rising energy burden.Cooling remains the fastest-growing end-use in the buildings sector,particularly driven by the Asia-Pacific region,having increased at an average rate of four per cent per

185、year since 2000(IEA 2023a).Figure 6.Energy consumption in buildings by region(IEA 2024a)28GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20252.2.2 Supporting equity through scaling deep retrofits and energy-efficient buildingsRetrofits,and those that seek high levels of energy performance,

186、are pivotal for reducing emissions inthebuildingssector,whichisamajorsourceofglobalenergyconsumptionandCOemissions.By incorporating energy efficiencies and passive design;improving insulation and ventilation performance;and utilizing high-performance heating,ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC)sys

187、tems and renewable energy,deep retrofits help move towards net zero targets and support a resilient,energy-efficient built environment.These measures address substantial inefficiencies,offering a key solution for decarbonization across regions.Additionally,they offer the opportunity to positively im

188、pact occupant health and capitalize on cultural and heritage value inherent within the existing built environment.In the United States of America,for example,the state of Massachusetts illustrates how equitable retrofits can be scaled with greater effect.The 1,000 Apartment Challenge aggregates dema

189、nd for retrofits in affordable multifamily housing,lowering costs,streamlining financing and deploying efficient decarbonization solutions.This initiative has demonstrated significant energy savings,with reductions of up to 87 per cent,while also improving tenant comfort and indoor air quality(Rocky

190、 Mountain Institute 2024).By emphasizing a whole-building approach,the focus shifts to integrated upgrades,such as enhanced insulation and advanced mechanical systems,which improve resilience and address longstanding disparities in housing quality.In the Netherlands,the Energiesprong initiative has

191、transformed over 5,000 social housing units into net zero energy homes by installing prefabricated faades and integrated energy systems,significantly reducing energy costs for residents(Interreg 2023).In the United Kingdom,the Destination Zero project led by Nottingham City Homes and Nottingham City

192、 Council employs whole-house retrofits to enhance energy efficiency in social housing,aiming to meet 2050 energy standards and improve living conditions for low-income tenants(Energiesprong UK 2023).In Mexico,the German International Cooperation Society(GIZ)retrofitted 30 social housing units in Mex

193、icali and Hermosillo between 2019 and 2023,utilizing the EnerPHit methodology to enhance energy efficiency in challenging climates(German International Cooperation Society 2024).In Chile,the first residential passive house was certified for an energy-efficient social housing project in 2024,marking

194、a significant advancement within the region(PassiveHouse 2024).To scale deep retrofits,governments need clear national policies and standards targeting significant energy demand reductions,coupled with well-designed and context-based financial support mechanisms,particularly for low-income and femal

195、e-led and other vulnerable households.Workforce training programmes are crucial to address labour and skill shortages,and expanding one-stop-shop services can streamline processes for building owners and educate building users.Gender equity is a further critical opportunity to be enacted through the

196、 decarbonization agenda by supporting women to access training and skills development,higher paying jobs and leadership roles and enabling decision-making opportunities in the energy transition.Realizing action in these efforts will take specific targets and measures to track progress.Efforts focuse

197、d on gender equity are being seen across the world.For example,in Kenya,the Buildher programme addresses the underrepresentation of women in the construction sector,where they make up only three per cent of professionals.By aiming to increase this figure to 10 per cent within five years,the initiati

198、ve empowers women from marginalized communities with training that leads to equal pay and quality jobs(Buildher 2024).Of the 169 women trained,80 per cent are now employed in skilled occupations,addressing labour shortages and promoting economic mobility.In India,the Mahila Housing Sewa Trust empowe

199、rs women from rural and low-income households by training them as energy auditors(Mahila Housing Trust 2024).These auditors help households in informal settlements reduce energy costs and improve efficiency by adopting energy-efficient lighting and appliances,thus equipping women with valuable skill

200、s while promoting sustainable energy practices at the community level.In the United States of America,BlocPowers Civilian Climate Corps trains low-income and formerly incarcerated individuals in New York City in building electrification(BlocPower 2024).Since its launch in 2021,over 1,700 participant

201、s have been trained,creating pathways for economic empowerment and advancing sustainable building practices.The programme offers technical training and certificates in building trades(e.g.HVAC,electrical work,carpentry)and workplace readiness training.In Akwesasne,Canada,the Mohawk Councils investme

202、nt in training community-29GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025based contractors to build energy-efficient homes has reduced residents energy bills by over 60 per cent.By fostering local skill development and accelerating construction processes,this initiative inspires susta

203、inable living practices within the community(ICE Network 2024).Key actions include prioritizing affordable housing retrofits,expanding financial incentives tailored for low-income communities and minimizing tenant disruption to prevent displacement.The Affordable Housing Retrofit Accelerator in Wash

204、ington,D.C.,provides technical assistance,funding and no-cost energy audits to help affordable housing properties achieve compliance with the Districts Building Energy Performance Standards(District of Columbia Sustainable Energy Utility 2024).The programme supports building owners in achieving up t

205、o 40 per cent energy savings while reducing carbon emissions,improving resident comfort and preparing for climate resilience.Supporting local workforce development through targeted training programmes is crucial to ensure community involvement and job creation.Standardizing retrofit processes across

206、 similar building types further reduces costs and increases project efficiency,while retrofitting heritage structures can provide a testbed for harder to abate structures and assemblies while learning from traditional knowledge.This equity-driven approach provides a scalable model for deep energy an

207、d resilience retrofits,ensuring that all communities,particularly vulnerable populations,benefit from cleaner,healthier and more resilient buildings,while advancing broader climate and sustainability goals.BOX 1.TOPIC SNAPSHOT:TOWARDS A PSYCHOLOGY OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING OPERATION The behavioural ch

208、oices of building occupants significantly influence operational energy consumption and associated carbon emissions.However,the extent to which building design itself shapes occupant behaviours that are operationally relevant remains insufficiently understood(Delzendeh et al.2017;Sun and Hong 2017).T

209、he evaluation of energy demand and use in buildings has become increasingly acute due to growing scientific and political pressure around the world in response to climate change.The estimation of the use of energy in buildings is therefore a critical process during the design stage.Recent research h

210、as examined how spatial parameters,lighting,biophilia and other design elements affect wellness,productivity,alertness and creativity(Yin et al.2018).Despite this progress,knowledge gaps persist on how building interiors influence the behavioural decisions of occupants who spend the majority of thei

211、r time within these spaces.A critical question to arise is how building design can encourage occupants to make more sustainable choices in areas such as lighting use,stair versus elevator selection or indoor temperature settings(Moloughney et al.2019).The existing literature highlights the role of e

212、xplicit cues such as signage in promoting energy-efficient behaviours.For example,communicating operational energy usage data has been shown to reduce energy consumption.In contrast,implicit design featuressuch as spatial proportions,colours or surface materialsexert influence largely at an unconsci

213、ous level(Hidayetoglu et al.2012;Etzi and Gallace 2016)2016;Hidayetoglu et al.,2012.Recent research underscores the potential for material choices in interior design to indirectly influence operational energy consumption(Guida et al.2024).For example,material characteristics can alter occupants subj

214、ective perceptions of thermal comfort.Materials such as wood are often perceived as“warm”,while concrete is commonly associated with“cold”sensations(Wastiels et al.2012).These subjective perceptions can affect thermal tolerance.During colder seasons,interiors featuring materials perceived as“warm”ma

215、y increase tolerance for cooler indoor temperatures.This effect parallels the hue-heat hypothesis in colour perception(dAmbrosio Alfano et al.2019).Although behavioural research aimed at developing design guidelines for sustainable occupant choices is still in its early stages,emerging evidence sugg

216、ests that building design can proactively shape behavioural outcomes.By leveraging both explicit and implicit design strategies,architects and planners have the opportunity to create built environments that nudge occupants toward more sustainable behaviours while enhancing comfort and well-being.30G

217、LOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20252.3 Emissions trends in the buildings and construction sectorIn 2023,the construction and operation of buildings continued to be a major source of global COemissions,accountingfor34percentoftotalemissions,makingitthesectorwiththehighest con

218、tribution(IEA 2024a).Figure 7 shows that emissions from building energy-related operations amounts to around 26 per cent from building operations,5 per cent from(cement,steel and aluminium)and a further 3 per cent related to glass and bricks used in construction.Operational carbon emissions from bui

219、ldings reached a record high of approximately 9.8 gigatonnesofCO(GtCO),remaining.Incontrast,embodiedcarbonemissionsintheconstruction sector showed a slight decline in 2023,falling by 2.5 per cent to approximately 2.9 GtCO.Thisoverallstagnationinemissionsreductionsunderscoresthepersistentchallengeof

220、reducing energy demand in building operations,despite ongoing efficiency efforts and the increased deployment of renewable energy.The United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)Emissions Gap Report(2024a)highlights the critical need for accelerated action in the buildings sector to meet global climat

221、e goals.To align with a 1.5C climate pathway,the report projects that the buildings sector accounts for BOX 2.TOPIC SNAPSHOT:HEALTH CO-BENEFITS OF ENERGY UPGRADES IN BUILDINGSEnergy-related building upgrades improve both planetary and human health by enhancing air quality and thermal resilience.Air

222、qualityBurningfossilfuelsforheating,coolingandpoweringbuildingsgeneratesCO,SO,NOxandparticulate matter.Efficiency upgrades and electrification(e.g.replacing combustion systems with heat pumps in cleaner grids)can reduce these emissions,improving outdoor air quality and public health.MacNaughton et a

223、l.(2018)quantified the health co-benefits of energy-efficient,green-certified buildings in six countries,highlighting reduced premature deaths,respiratory issues and productivity losses.Indoor air quality impacts are more complex.While reducing on-site combustion lowers pollutants,efficiency measure

224、s like decreasing outdoor air exchange can worsen indoor air quality by accumulating pollutants,pathogens or mould.Strategies like air filtration,energy recovery ventilation and efficient comfort solutions(e.g.fans instead of mechanical cooling)can mitigate these risks or avoid the energy penalties

225、of outdoor air exchange.Gillingham et al.(2021)modelled both indoor and outdoor air quality and health impacts.They found that intensive building energy upgrades would have a net benefit in the United States of America,preventing premature deaths,with enhanced indoor air quality saving even more liv

226、es(Gillingham et al.2021).Similarly,Maidment et al.(2014)analysed 36 studies with over 33,000 participants and found overall health benefits,particularly for low-income occupants.Thermal resilienceAs cities face record-breaking heat and destabilizing climate patterns,designing buildings to protect a

227、gainst thermal extremes is crucial.Fortunately,many energy-related building upgrades also enhance thermal resilience,both outdoors and indoors.Measures like cool roofs mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce cooling energy use.Macintyre and Heaviside(2019)found that increasing rooftop refle

228、ctivity could reduce heat-related mortality during heatwaves due to the urban heat island effect by 25 per cent.Beyond reflective surfaces,Baniassadi et al.(2022)showed that energy efficiency upgrades such as roof insulation and improved cooling systems can lower outdoor heat exposure by reducing he

229、at rejection into urban areas.Indoors,energy upgrades like window shading and better-insulated envelopes improve passive survivabilitya buildings ability to maintain safe temperatures during power outages or when heating and cooling are unaffordable.Samuelson et al.(2016)analysed over 90,000 high-ri

230、se residential building designs and found significant overlap between energy-efficient and passively survivable features.These studies demonstrate how energy-related building upgrades offer solutions for both climate mitigation and health adaptation.5%10%2%8%6%2%5%63%Residential(direct)Residential(i

231、ndirect)Non-residential(direct)Non-residential(indirect)Buildings construction industry*Buildings construction othermaterialsOther construction industryOther0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.0201520162017201820192020202120222023Gt CO2Residential:directResidential:indirectNon-residential:directNon-residentia

232、l:indirectEmbodied Emissions31GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025around11percentofglobalmitigationpotentialby2035,equivalentto4.2GtCOeofavoidedemissions.Achieving this would require a significant increase in retrofit rates to improve energy efficiency,from the current globa

233、l rate of less than one per cent per year to between 2.5 per cent and 3.5 per cent annually(IEA 2021).Figure 7.CO emissions in buildings 20102023(left)and share of buildings in global energy and process emissions in 2023(right)(IEA 2024a)Notes:“Buildings construction industry”and“Other construction

234、industry”refers to concrete,steel and aluminium for buildings and infrastructure construction.The boundaries of the emissions(energy and process)account for construction materials including from raw materials preparation and processing and the different steps to produce the materials.For example,for

235、 cement this includes the entire manufacturing process,from obtaining raw materials and preparing the fuel through to grinding and milling.The numbers in the pie chart are rounded values and therefore do not necessarily sum to the total value for a given sector.The reduction in embodied carbon indic

236、ates some progress in decarbonizing the production of construction materials,driven by slowing construction alongside improvements in supply chain practices and the adoption of lower-carbon alternatives in building materials.For example,European countries such as Germany,France and the Netherlands h

237、ave increasingly utilized low-carbon cement,recycled steel and sustainably sourced timber,contributing to the regional decline in embodied carbon emissions(Research and Markets 2024).In North America,particularly the United States of America,initiatives like the Federal-State Buy Clean Initiative co

238、mprise 13 states that have committed to prioritizing efforts that support the procurement of lower-carbon construction materials in state-funded projects.The initiative has spurred the adoption of low-carbon materials by prioritizing their use in state-funded projects(United States,The White House 2

239、023).2.4 Circular economy and embodied carbon efforts in buildings and constructionThe construction sector can enhance the circular economy by adopting practices that minimize resource use and reduce embedded greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(United Nations Environment Programme UNEP and Yale Center for

240、Ecosystems+Architecture 2023).Key actions include extending the lifespan of existing buildings through durable and adaptable design,flexibility of usage and maintenance,increasing the intensity of building use to reduce the need for new construction,and prioritizing high-quality recycling of materia

241、ls to reduce reliance on virgin resources(IFPEB et al.2024).Incorporating bio-based and renewable materials,designing for disassembly to enable reuse,and implementing waste reduction strategies during construction and renovation further support circularity.Opportunities for circular economy interven

242、tions in the construction sector include enhancing material efficiency,promoting sustainable passive design for longevity,and improving waste management practices(UNEP,United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2023).Substituting carbon-intensive m

243、aterials like cement and steel with low-carbon alternatives,such as wood-based materials,offers a viable approach to reduce emissions.These substitutions should be evaluated using economic,social and environmental life cycle assessments(LCAs)to ensure their overall sustainability and emissions reduc

244、tion potential.Adopting design principles that emphasize reuse,modularity and durability can extend the lifespan of materials and enable efficient disassembly for recycling or repurposing,such as the efforts in the European Union that promote principles of circularity(European Commission 2020).32GLO

245、BAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025Countries across the world are embedding circularity in building construction and the built environment through various innovative and policy-driven approaches(European Environment Agency 2024).The European Unions Renovation Wave initiative a

246、ims to double building renovation rates by 2030,prioritizing energy efficiency and recyclable materials,while its Construction Products Regulation mandates the use of low-impact,recyclable materials(European Commission 2024).The 2024 London Circular Economy Statement Guidance prioritizes retention,r

247、efurbishment and deconstruction over demolition.Nigerias Circular Economy Roadmap targets construction,waste management and other key sectors,aiming to transform them from linear to circular by 2050.A variety of United States of America programmes in California;Portland,Oregon and Washington state h

248、ave all promoted circularity in their building regulations and codes.These programmes will further support country-level actions to embrace low-carbon materials and circularity.A further example of these efforts is found in the Danish Building Regulations,updated in 2023,to mandate LCAs for all new

249、buildings and set a Scope 13 GHG emissions threshold of 12 kg CO2e/m/year over the buildings lifetime for buildings larger than 1,000 m(Construction21 2024).Another is found in Australia,where the industry is making strides in addressing embodied carbon through policy development and tools like the

250、National Australian Built Environment Rating System Embodied Carbon Tool(National Australian Built Environment Rating System 2024).This tool quantifies embodied emissions in new buildings and major refurbishments,facilitating compliance with emerging standards.The Australian National Construction Co

251、de is set to incorporate minimum embodied carbon standards by 2028,while government procurement policies increasingly require carbon accounting for infrastructure projects.In August 2023,California became the first state in the United States of America to mandate embodied carbon emission controls in

252、 its building code,effective 1 July 2024(American Institute of Architects California 2023).Large non-residential and school projects must comply with one of three pathways:building reuse,LCA showing 10 per cent carbon reduction or use of low-carbon materials with documented thresholds.Embedding circ

253、ularity into the buildings design and construction industry through regulations and incentives,alongside promoting best practices and access to low-carbon and low-cost materials,is essential to driving embodied carbon emissions lower.2.5.Extended Producer Responsibility in the construction sectorGlo

254、bally,the construction sector generates an estimated two billion tons of construction and demolition waste(CDW)annually,accounting for approximately one-third of all global waste.Only a small fraction is currently being recycled or reused,with the majority being sent to landfills or incinerated.This

255、 linear and unsustainable approach to waste management depletes natural resources and contributes to GHG emissions through the production of new materials,landfill gases and uncontrolled incineration.Adopting circular construction practicessuch as design for flexibility,disassembly,material reuse an

256、d enhanced recyclingis essential for significantly reducing waste,conserving resources and mitigating climate and environmental impacts on a global scale.A key enabler of this transition is Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR),a policy approach designed to internalize external costs from waste mana

257、gement and hold manufacturers accountable for the entire life cycle of their products.As the OECD(2001)describes it:“EPR shifts the costs for waste management from public actors to producers.This shift induces an internalization of costs that previously were external for producers and consumers of w

258、aste generating products.By internalizing the costs of waste management,producers receive incentives to prevent waste.One of the key channels to prevent waste is eco-design of products.”While EPR has traditionally been applied to waste streams like batteries,packaging and electronic products,its app

259、lication in the construction sector is gaining traction.Several countries are leading the way in implementing EPR frameworks for construction and demolition waste.France,for example,has introduced a comprehensive EPR scheme for CDW,the Netherlands has an EPR programme for flat glass and India is act

260、ively developing its own EPR framework for the construction industry.Though yet to be implemented,Nigerias Producers&importers Products&l materials I Cash flow:(price premium)Consumer(purchases through distributor and later disposal)Cash flow(fees)-End of life products&materials Producer responsibil

261、ity organization(organization of all system tasks)I I I Cash flow Waste management operators(collection,recycling)33GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025Circular Economy Roadmap emphasizes strengthening and enforcing EPR schemes across key sectors,including construction,to en

262、sure producers are accountable for the full life cycle of their products.2.5.1 What is Extended Producer Responsibility the concept explained In all EPR schemes,regardless of the specific waste stream or product they target,certain general principles and roles consistently apply.A key principle of E

263、PR is the responsibility of producers.In EPR schemes,the term“producer”includes importers and distributorsessentially,any actors bringing the specific product onto the national market(Campbell-Johnston et al.2021).The responsibility of the producer encompasses various aspects,such as paying a fee fo

264、r the collection and treatment of products,typically calculated based on quantities or the weight of the product(e.g.number of mobile phones or kg of packaging);committing to specific collection and processing targets;and fulfilling reporting obligations.Moreover,producers are tasked to inform consu

265、mers on proper disposal methods.To improve transparency,facilitate data collection and avoid free-riding,a register is usually established that includes all obligated producers(Prevent Waste Alliance 2020).Organizational and administrative responsibilities are often delegated to a third-party entity

266、 known as Producer Responsibility Organisation(PROs).PROs are typically tasked with establishing a network of collection points and ensuring that predefined targets are met.They may also allocate portions of the fees paid by producers to fund activities like awareness-raising campaigns.In some EPR s

267、ystems,only one PRO is responsible for waste management,resulting in a monopolistic setup.However,in most cases,there are multiple PROs.PROs often operate as not-for-profit organizations.In some cases,as in France,this is even required by law.The use of PROs offers the advantage of pooling resources

268、 within the recycling sector.By centralizing the eco-contributions of all member producers,PROs can leverage economies of scale to streamline operating costs for waste treatment.This approach enables members to achieve regulatory compliance at the lowest possible cost.Figure 8.Producer responsibilit

269、y organization simplified visualization of the general principles(collective system)Source:own illustration,based on GIZ 2018Producers can adjust EPR fees to encourage environmentally conscious designs,a practice known as eco-modulation.This approach entails offering lower fees for products designed

270、 with environmental factors in mind,such as reduced weight,increased recyclability,durability,repairability,higher recycled content or the absence of hazardous materials,compared to less sustainable alternatives.Recent research(Laubinger et al.2021;Sachdeva et al.2021)underscores that while modulate

271、d fees have not yet reached sufficient levels,they do present potential for enhancing upstream circular economy practice.Through key mechanisms embedded in EPR schemes,such as the development of collection and recycling infrastructure and the application of eco-modulation fees,EPR holds significant

272、potential to create a secondary market for materials,drive business models that align with a circular economy,and incentivize upstream design choices for more environmentally friendly products.34GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20252.5.2 Existing EPR schemes in the constructi

273、on sectorConstruction products often have much longer lifespans compared to other products such as batteries or packaging,where EPR has been implemented for nearly two decades.Additionally,decision-making around product design and end-of-life management is far more dispersed across various actors wi

274、thin the construction value chain.Unlike other sectors,the connection between producers and consumers,who ultimately dispose of the products,is more fragmented and indirect.Despite these challenges,existing and emerging examples demonstrate that EPR can be both feasible and highly impactful in the c

275、onstruction sector.The case studies from below underscore the potential of EPR to address waste management and promote sustainability in even complex industries like construction.The Netherlands:EPR for flat glassThe Netherlands has implemented an EPR scheme targeting flat insulation glass,introduce

276、d in 2022 at the request of the industry to transition from a voluntary agreement to a mandatory EPR under a Generally Binding Agreement(Rijkswaterstaat 2022).Despite prior voluntary efforts,approximately 20,000 tons of flat glass continued to be absorbed into other waste streams annually.By advocat

277、ing for a mandatory scheme,the industry aimed to create a level playing field by requiring equal financial contributions from all producers to support the operation and maintenance of the waste collection system.Additionally,the scheme sought to enhance the separate collection of flat glass waste.Un

278、der the scheme,producers pay a waste treatment fee of EUR 0.30 per square metre of flat glass sold in the Netherlands,with no differentiation based on glass.These funds are managed by the association Flat Glass Recycling NL(VRN),which serves as the PRO.This includes managing a network(Rijkswaterstaa

279、t 2022)of over 2,000 collection points,ensuring that a disposal site is available within 15 km of any location.The waste treatment fee is expected to increase incrementally to account for rising costs.With a price ceiling of EUR 0.40,the VRN can change the height of the waste treatment contribution

280、based on the costs of operating the system.Glass collected through VRN is processed once it meets quality requirements specified in contracts with waste collection sites.From the collection points,the glass is transported to recycling facilities for reprocessing.Currently,90 per cent of the flat gla

281、ss is collected by either the VRN(70 per cent)or other parties(20 per cent)(Rijkswaterstaat 2022).Efforts are ongoing to address the remaining 10 per cent of flat glass that continues to end up in mixed CDW.Promoting the proper separation and collection of this residual waste remains a key focus for

282、 the PRO.France:EPR for construction and demolition wasteFrance implemented its EPR 2023 encompassing a much broader scope than the Dutch example.The French EPR covers inert waste such as concrete and bricks,as well as other materials like metal,plastics,wood and insulation(France,Le Conseil dEtat(s

283、ection des travaux publics)2021).This initiative addresses two major challenges:reducing littering and illegal dumpingresponsible for nearly 25 per cent of CDW,including asbestos-containing waste(France,Fdration franaise du btiment 2022)and responding to the sharp decline in landfill capacity by pro

284、moting recycling and reuse(France,Ministre de la Transition cologique 2024).Illegal dumping alone costs France between EUR 340 and 420 million annually for removal and clean-up(France,Ministre de la Transition cologique 2020).Under the French EPR scheme,all producers are required to pay an eco-contr

285、ibution fee for each unit of product placed on the market.The fees,determined by product type,weight or unit length,are revised annually until 2027 to align with the projected waste management budget.The pricing structure is typically collaboratively developed by the PRO(referred to as an eco-organi

286、zation)and producers,as described in a presentation by PRO Valobat during a stakeholder workshop in Brussels in April 2024.The PROsin France there are four(one covering only inert waste Ecominro,two covering all other products Ecomaison,Valdlia 35GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2

287、024/2025and another covering both Valobat)have both collection and recycling targets,which are set out in the EPR regulation,differentiated for the different waste categories(such as inert and non-inert materials)(France,Fdration franaise du btiment 2023).The EPR regulation mandated the establishmen

288、t of 2,419 collection points by the end of 2023(France,Ministre de la Transition cologique 2023),with specific requirements for their proximity:within 10 km in urban areas and 20 km in rural areas.As described in a presentation by PRO Valobat during a stakeholder workshop in Brussels in April 2024,b

289、y September 2024,the largest PRO,Valobat,had already set up 1,435 collection points,partnering with retailers,private collection sites and public authorities to serve municipal waste facilities.To incentivize waste sorting,a free take-back service is provided,allowing companies to save on landfill t

290、axes and transportation costs,provided that the waste has been sorted(France,Fdration franaise du btiment 2023).Lastly,the regulation sets out eight criteria for eco-modulation of fees:1)recycled material content,2)the use of renewable resources,3)sustainably managed,4)sustainability,5)repairability

291、,6)possibilities of reuse,7)recyclability and 8)the presence of hazardous substances.While this is a complex task,PROs have commenced developing criteria in 2024,starting with recycled content as the first criteria,incentivizing circular product design(Valobat 2022).India:Upcoming EPR for constructi

292、on and demolition materials Starting in April 2025,India will implement an EPR scheme for the construction sector.Established under the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2024 by the Ministry of Environment,Forests and Climate Change(India,Ministry of Environment,Forests and Climate

293、Change 2024),this framework covers all materials generated during construction and demolition activities,such as soil,sand,gravel,bricks and masonry,concrete,metal,wood,plastics and other recoverable materials.A key difference from the previous examples lies in the definition of a producer.In the In

294、dian context,a producer is not the construction product manufacturer but rather the entity directly responsible for waste-generating activities at the construction or demolition site.This includes developers or builders as well as contractors or organizations managing construction,demolition or reno

295、vation projects with a built-up era of 20,000 m and above.The producers will be required to develop waste management plans for all construction,remodelling or demolition projects.These plans must estimate waste volume and outline detailed measures for recycling and disposal.Specific recycling target

296、s apply to inert debris,such as concrete,bricks and tiles.For re-construction projects and demolition projects the target is 50 per cent from 20252026 and 100 per cent from 202627 onwards(India,Ministry of Environment,Forests and Climate Change 2024).Moreover,producers are mandated to deposit 100 pe

297、r cent of their waste at authorized processing or storage centres.To ensure accountability,all waste producers must register and report data on waste generation,storage and recycling through a central online platform,which is managed by the Central Pollution Control Board.Instead of collecting fees

298、from construction product manufacturers based on the quantity of products placed on the marketas seen in the other examplesproducers in the Indian scheme fulfil their financial obligations by purchasing so-called EPR certificates.These certificates must be obtained from certified recyclers based on

299、the waste volumes outlined in the waste management plans for the construction project.The revenue generated from the sale of these certificates is split in a 50:50 ratio between the implementing authority and the recyclers.In the Indian model,the fees collected are used for developing recycling infr

300、astructure,funding audits and training programmes,and ensuring compliance.Additionally,the Solid Waste Management Rules,which set out the framework for EPR,mandate the use of secondary raw materials and reuse in new construction projects that exceed 20,000 m,and road construction.The quota starts at

301、 five per cent for 2026/27 and increases every two years,reaching 25 per cent by 2030(India,Ministry of Environment,Forests and Climate Change 2024).36GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20252.5.3 The potential of EPR in the construction sector conclusionsWhile details of existi

302、ng schemes are still evolving and various design options are under consideration,it is evident that EPR systems hold significant potential to drive circular business models and raise awareness of sustainable design and use of construction materials.The case studies demonstrate how EPR systems can be

303、 tailored to meet the unique needs of different national contexts.For example:The Netherlands,where recycling practices are well established,adopted a focused approach targeting a single product group(flat insulation glass)to address a specific issue.France,in contrast,implemented a broad EPR scheme

304、 for CDW to tackle the widespread problem of illegal dumping and its financial burden for municipalities.Regulatory frameworks also differ,with France embedding a mandatory EPR in its anti-waste law and specifying roles and responsibilities in an ordinance,while the Netherlands relied on voluntary a

305、greements with industry before transitioning to a mandatory model.India is exploring its own EPR framework,which uses a different definition of producersfocusing on builders rather than manufacturersand does not include a PRO.Instead,producers purchase EPR certificates from certified recyclers,the r

306、evenues from which are used for raising awareness and improving the recycling infrastructure.EPR schemes can drive higher and better quality recycling rates by establishing a better collection network and providing free take-back services for sorted materials at designated sites.These measures reduc

307、e costs associated with landfill taxes and transportation,making higher-value recycling more attractive and fostering secondary markets for materials.Beyond recycling,EPR can also support reuse by enabling local networks of storage points and creating marketplaces,such as digital platforms or catalo

308、gues,for building components suitable for reuse.PROs can play a vital role in promoting reuse by engaging planners and designers to adopt principles like“design by availability”,where construction projects incorporate available reused materials.To encourage upstream innovation,modulated fees within

309、EPR schemes can incentivize the development of environmentally friendly products.By prioritizing recyclability,durability or use of recycled content,these fee structures can influence design practices and material choices in the construction sector.To improve circularity in the sector,EPR schemes ne

310、ed to be integrated with other policies:To ensure the economic viability of EPR,countries should consider implementing landfill bans or landfill taxes for CDW.Where these do not exist,mandatory construction waste management regulations should be introduced to increase the volumes and quality of reco

311、vered materials.Additionally,it is essential to integrate EPR with policies that stimulate the demand for secondary materials.While individual building owners are starting to show interest in reusable building elements or recycled materials,it remains far from mainstream.Commitments in public procur

312、ement can play a vital role in creating this demand.Public projects prioritizing circular materials can set a standard and create market momentum for secondary solutions.Amidst various recent policy developments such as initiatives to assess and disclose life cycle carbon emissions or recycled conte

313、nt standards,aligning different environmental objectives is key.Bringing together diverse stakeholder communities focused on circular economy practices,energy efficiency improvements and life cycle carbon is critical for cohesive progress.By fostering collaboration,they can better understand the imp

314、act of improved durability,repairability and reuse on environmental performance metrics such as whole life carbon emissions.For example,policies related to setting whole life carbon emission thresholds and reduction targets prompt questions about the role of durable products,improved repairability a

315、nd higher use of secondary materials in achieving these objectives.Addressing these questions collectively through collaboration and knowledge exchange will provide the insights needed to drive meaningful action.This integrated approach will not only help achieve climate targets but also advance cir

316、cular economy principles,creating synergy between sustainability goals.Photo:UnsplashAdoption subsidyBan&phase out(fossil heatings)Building codeCarbon taxEmission trading schemeFinancing mechanismFossil fuel subsidy reformFuel taxLabel(appliances)Performance standard(appliances)Adoption subsidyBan&p

317、hase out(fossil heatings)Building codeCarbon taxEmission trading schemeFinancing mechanismFossil fuel subsidy reformFuel taxLabel(appliances)Performance standard(appliances)020406080Number of adopted policies andtightenings by policy instrumentPricing9.1%Regulation27.3%Subsidy27.3%18.2%18.2%Develope

318、d economiesSubsidy14.3%Pricing28.6%28.6%Developing economies14.3%14.3%RegulationInformation27.3%of detected successful interventions were regulation alone18.2%of detected successful interventions were policy mixes of subsidies and pricingPricing only detected as successful intervention in isolation3

319、8GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/2025National policies,building energy codes and standards,NDCs,and green building certifications form an interconnected policy framework that act to accelerate the buildings sectors transformation toward being highly energy efficient,zero car

320、bon and resilient to climate change.National policies provide the strategic foundation,setting long-term goals and aligning incentives to drive resilience and sustainable practices.National policies should aim to incorporate equity and gender-responsive strategies,setting long-term goals that promot

321、e gender equality and align incentives to drive sustainable and inclusive practices.Policies should promote gender and cultural diversity to have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the buildings sector.Building energy codes and performance standards operationalize these policies by establ

322、ishing enforceable performance standards,offering pathways for compliance and fostering innovation.NDCs,on the other hand,integrate these efforts into global climate commitments,enabling countries to align national actions with international targets.Green building certifications complement these ini

323、tiatives by rewarding exemplary projects,driving market demand for sustainable practices and setting benchmarks for innovation.In the buildings sector,diverse policies significantly influence decarbonization efforts,with their success often depending on strategic design and implementation.Progressiv

324、e regulatory measures such as building energy codes,emission standards and energy efficiency mandates all aim to ensure baseline improvements in resilience and energy use,particularly in new constructions and renovations.These are complemented by market-based tools like carbon pricing and emissions

325、trading schemes,which incentivize lower carbon choices by internalizing the environmental costs of energy consumption.Adopting subsidies and financing mechanisms that make resilient construction and low-carbon design and energy-efficient technologies more accessible,encourages a broader adoption amo

326、ng homeowners and businesses.Recent analysis covering the period 19982022(Stechemesser et al.2024),showed that the most numerously adopted policies to address mitigation in the buildings sector include:building codes,labels and performance standards for appliances,subsidies,financing,carbon taxes an

327、d fossil heating bans(Figure 9).The analysis showed the importance of combining policy efforts with combinations of regulations and bans with subsidies and pricing incentives.Figure 9.a)Policy instruments adopted for mitigation impact in the buildings sector;b)Effective policies and policy mixes(Ste

328、chemesser et al.2024)Chapter 3 Sustainable buildings and construction policies39GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2024/20253.1 National policy efforts for decarbonizing and adapting the buildings sectorAs countries intensify their efforts to reduce emissions in the buildings and co

329、nstruction sector and strengthen commitments through international collaborations like the Buildings Breakthrough and the Chaillot Declaration(COP26 Presidency 2021;Building and Climate Forum 2024),it becomes essential to track and evaluate how detailed and well-integrated these country-level polici

330、es are.The following countries are highlighted to showcase the existing policy landscape of the sector in terms of mitigation,adaptation and recent efforts to support sustainability of the buildings sector through enabling actions such as funding or incentives.South Africa has introduced several pol

331、icies and initiatives to promote building decarbonization and energy efficiency.Its National Building Regulations mandate energy efficiency standards for new buildings and renovations,requiring measures such as insulation to meet specific performance criteria(South African Bureau of Standards SABS 2

332、021).Additionally,the voluntary SANS 204 standard outlines higher energy efficiency requirements for green building certification(SABS 2011).The National Energy Efficiency Strategy targets a 15 per cent improvement in commercial building efficiency,supported by tax incentives for verified energy sav

333、ings(South Africa 2008).Decarbonization efforts in the construction sector include reducing reliance on emissions-intensive materials like steel and cement through improved spatial planning and material reuse.Supply-side measures,such as renewable energy-based electrification and retrofitting existing buildings,are prioritized to lower operational emissions.These strategies align with South Africa