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1、Global Innovation Index 2024Unlocking the Promise of Social Unlocking the Promise of Social Unlocking the EntrepreneurshipGlobal Innovation Index 2024Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship17th EditionSoumitra Dutta,Bruno Lanvin,Lorena Rivera Len and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent EditorsThis work is
2、 licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.The user is allowed to reproduce,distribute,adapt,translate and publicly perform this publication,including for commercial purposes,without explicit permission,provided that the content is accompanied by an acknowledgement that WIPO is t
3、he source and that it is clearly indicated if changes were made to the original content.Suggested citation:World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)(2024).Global Innovation Index 2024:Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship.Geneva:WIPO.10.34667/tind.50062For any derivative work,please
4、include the following disclaimer:“The Secretariat of WIPO assumes no liability or responsibility with regard to the transformation or translation of the original content.”When content published by WIPO,such as images,graphics,trademarks or logos,is attributed to a third party,the user of such conten
5、t is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the right holder(s).To view a copy of this license,please visit https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Any dispute arising under this license that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitration in accordance with Arbitration Rules
6、of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL)then in force.The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publi
7、cation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WIPO concerning the legal status of any country,territory or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This publication is not intended to reflect the views of the Member States
8、 or the WIPO Secretariat.The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WIPO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Cover:Getty Images/Floriana,SeventyFour WIPO,2024First published 2024World Intellect
9、ual Property Organization 34,chemin des Colombettes,P.O.Box 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20,SwitzerlandISBN:978-92-805-3680-5(print)ISBN:978-92-805-3681-2(online)ISSN:2263-3693(print)ISSN:2788-6972(online)3ContentsIndex to Economy Profiles 5Foreword 6Acknowledgments 8Advisory Committee 11Advisory Committee mem
10、bers 11Industry Association Network 12Academic Network 13The GII Partners 14Preface 14GII 2024 at a glance 16Global leaders in innovation,2024 17Global Innovation Index 2024 rankings 18Innovation performance at different income levels,2024 19Key takeaways 20Global Innovation Tracker 26Global Innovat
11、ion Tracker Dashboard 27Science and innovation investment 28Technological progress 39Technology adoption 42Socioeconomic impact 45Conclusion 47Data notes 48GII 2024 results 51Innovation leaders in 2024 52Innovation overperformers 59Efficiency champions:Converting innovation investment into tangible
12、innovation output 62Innovation across the worlds regions 63Conclusion 69Cluster ranking 71The GII 2024 top 100 science and technology clusters 72Special Theme 2024:Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship 85The state of social entrepreneurship 86The origins of social entrepreneurship 89Why i
13、s social entrepreneurship important now?90Global Innovation Index 20244 Innovation and impact in social entrepreneurship 95Policy opportunities to unlock the promise of social entrepreneurship 104Conclusion 111GII 2024 Economy profiles 112Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2024 113How to read
14、the Economy profiles 114Appendices 249Appendix I-Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 250Rationale and origins 250Defining innovation in the GII 250The GII conceptual framework 251Adjustments to the GII model in 2024 253Data limitations and treatment 254Missing values
15、255Treatment of series with outliers 255Normalization 256Weights 256Strengths and weaknesses 256Caveats on the year-to-year comparison of rankings 257Appendix II-Joint Research Centre(JRC)statistical audit of the 2024 Global Innovation Index 258Conceptual and statistical coherence within the GII fra
16、mework 259The impact of modeling assumptions on the GII results 265Uncertainty analysis results 267Sensitivity analysis results 272Best-practice frontier in the GII by data envelopment analysis 275Conclusion 279Appendix III-Sources and definitions 2811.Institutions 2812.Human capital and research 28
17、33.Infrastructure 2864.Market sophistication 2895.Business sophistication 2916.Knowledge and technology outputs 2967.Creative outputs 300Appendix IV-Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 304Bibliography 316References 316 5Albania 116Algeria 117Angola 118Argentina 119Arme
18、nia 120Australia 121Austria 122Azerbaijan 123Bahrain 124Bangladesh 125Barbados 126Belarus 127Belgium 128Benin 129Bolivia(Plurinational State of)130Bosnia and Herzegovina 131Botswana 132Brazil 133Brunei Darussalam 134Bulgaria 135Burkina Faso 136Burundi 137Cabo Verde 138Cambodia 139Cameroon 140Canada
19、141Chile 142China 143Colombia 144Costa Rica 145Cte dIvoire 146Croatia 147Cyprus 148Czech Republic 149Denmark 150Dominican Republic 151Ecuador 152Egypt 153El Salvador 154Estonia 155Ethiopia 156Finland 157France 158Georgia 159Germany 160Ghana 161Greece 162Guatemala 163Honduras 164Hong Kong,China 165Hu
20、ngary 166Iceland 167India 168Indonesia 169Iran(Islamic Republic of)170Ireland 171Israel 172Italy 173Jamaica 174Japan 175Jordan 176Kazakhstan 177Kenya 178Kuwait 179Kyrgyzstan 180Lao Peoples DemocraticRepublic 181Latvia 182Lebanon 183Lithuania 184Luxembourg 185Madagascar 186Malaysia 187Mali 188Malta 1
21、89Mauritania 190Mauritius 191Mexico 192Mongolia 193Montenegro 194Morocco 195Mozambique 196Myanmar 197Namibia 198Nepal 199Netherlands(Kingdom of the)200New Zealand 201Nicaragua 202Niger 203Nigeria 204North Macedonia 205Norway 206Oman 207Pakistan 208Panama 209Paraguay 210Peru 211Philippines 212Poland
22、213Portugal 214Qatar 215Republic of Korea 216Republic of Moldova 217Romania 218Russian Federation 219Rwanda 220Saudi Arabia 221Senegal 222Serbia 223Singapore 224Slovakia 225Slovenia 226South Africa 227Spain 228Sri Lanka 229Sweden 230Switzerland 231Tajikistan 232Thailand 233Togo 234Trinidad and Tobag
23、o 235Tunisia 236Trkiye 237Uganda 238Ukraine 239United Arab Emirates 240United Kingdom 241United Republic of Tanzania 242United States of America 243Uruguay 244Uzbekistan 245Viet Nam 246Zambia 247Zimbabwe 248Index to Economy ProfilesPhoto:WIPO/Emmanuel Berrod6 Welcome to the 17th edition of WIPOs fla
24、gship Global Innovation Index(GII),our guide to the innovative performance of 133 countries,as well as the worlds top 100 science and technology clusters.This years special theme,Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship,explores the link between innovation and social enterprises,and the impa
25、ct this delivers for our world.Looking at the global landscape in 2023,we find cloudy skies and gloomy weather.Following boom years between 2020 and 2022,R&D expenditures decelerated,the number of scientific publications fell,and venture capital investments returned to pre-pandemic levels,including
26、in Africa and Latin America.If tighter financial conditions persist,this will hinder needed innovation investments in the near term.Amidst these gray clouds and headwinds,we can see some rays of light.New innovation in Digital and Deep Science highlighted in GII 2022 continue to power progress,with
27、significant developments in areas like genome sequencing,computer power,and electric batteries.There are also improvements in what we term the socio-economic impact of innovation,with positive trends in key indicators,including a decline in global poverty and rises in labor productivity and life exp
28、ectancy.In terms of rankings,we see that the top spots have remained quite stable.I think this reflects the fact that innovation ecosystems take time to build and those that already have strong foundations in place are reaping the benefits.But we are seeing a continued trend of strong progress from
29、emerging economies.Indonesia,Mauritius,Saudi Arabia,Qatar and Brazil have climbed the most in the GII over the past five years,with China,India,Iran,Morocco,the Philippines and Trkiye the highest risers over the past 10 years.A further 19 economies,primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia,
30、are outperforming their development levels in innovation.While these trends are promising,many of these innovation ecosystems still require careful nurturing.WIPO will continue to support countries at all stages of development to seize opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation-driven growth.
31、ForewordForeword 7The GII tends to be centered around innovation for economic growth and development.We have broadened our scope this year and chosen the theme of social innovation.Estimates suggest there are up to 11 million social enterprises and 30 million social entrepreneurs globally,contributi
32、ng around USD 2 trillion to global GDP.Often these organizations are at the forefront of addressing critical issues like poverty,environmental sustainability,and social injustice.Despite their undeniable impact,social enterprises have often been on the margins of traditional innovation models and po
33、licies.This 2024 GII edition brings the topic to center stage,highlighting the state of social entrepreneurship globally and offering policy recommendations to unlock the sectors innovation potential.We hope that these insights,alongside the GIIs wealth of data and analysis,serve as a powerful tool
34、for pro-innovation policymaking globally and the continued development of strong,dynamic innovation ecosystems in all parts of the world.Daren Tang Director General World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)8 The Global Innovation Index 2024 was prepared under the general direction of Daren Tang
35、,Director General,in WIPOs IP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector led by Marco Alemn,Assistant Director General,and in the Department of Economics and Data Analytics led by Carsten Fink,Chief Economist.The report and rankings are produced by a core team managed by Sacha Wunsch-Vincent,Head of Section,c
36、omprising Vanessa Behrens,Project Manager,Davide Bonaglia,Oriol Gisbert Mart,Anmol Kaur Grewal(all GII Fellows),Lorena Rivera Len,Economist,and Jeff Slee,Data Scientist,from the WIPO Composite Indicator Research Section responsible for the GII,and William Becker,consultant in a personal capacity.Sou
37、mitra Dutta(Oxford University and Portulans Institute),Bruno Lanvin(International Institute for Management Development,IMD and Portulans Institute),Lorena Rivera Len(WIPO)and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent(WIPO)serve as co-editors of the GII.The following WIPO colleagues provided substantive inputs to GII ela
38、boration or dissemination:Kyle Bergquist,Ryan Lamb,Bruno Le Feuvre and Hao Zhou,all from the Statistics and Data Analytics Division,as well as colleagues from the External Relations Division,the Information and Digital Outreach Division,the IP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector,the Language Division,t
39、he News and Media Division,the Printing Plant,the Regional and National Development Sector,the WIPO Office in New York,and WIPOs External Offices.A special thank you goes to our partners at the Portulans Institute;in particular,Rafael Escalona Reynoso,Mariam Chaduneli and Sylvie Antal for their cont
40、ributions.We also thank the GIIs Advisory Committee,the GII Industry Association Network,Academic Network and the GII Data Collaborators for their participation,as well as the Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards(COIN)team from the European Commissions Joint Research Centre led
41、my Michaela Saisana that conducted the statistical audit.The report was edited by Richard Cook,Andy Platts and James Cooke at Book Now Ltd.The GII interactive data website was developed by Pere Rovira and Vctor Pascual at OneTandem.We are grateful to the following individuals and institutions for co
42、llaborating with data requests,and without whom the Index would not be what it is:AcknowledgmentsAlpInvest:Peter CorneliuBloombergNEF:Evelina StoikouBrand Finance:Areeb Arshad,Annie Brown,Artur Bryzghalov,David Haigh,Bethany Johnson,Thulith Perera and Binuri RanasingheCB Insights:Matthew Rados and A
43、aron WinklerCentre for Science and Technology Studies(CWTS),Leiden University:Robert Tijssen and Alfredo YegrosClarivate Analytics:Joseph Brightbill and Uwe Wendlanddata.ai(a Sensor Tower Company):Donny Kristianto and Lexi SydowEnergy Institute:Ian Jones,Ololade Osifala and Sneha ThomasAcknowledgmen
44、ts 9European Commission Joint Research Centre:Jaime Lagera Gonzlez,Panagiotis Ravanos,Michaela Saisana,Oscar Smallenbroek and Carlos Tacao Moura from COIN;and Elisabeth NindlGitHub:Peter Cihon,Mike Linksvayer and Kevin XuGlobal Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM):Niels Bosma,Alicia Coduras and Aileen Ione
45、scu-SomersGrowth Lab at Harvard University:Sebastian Bustos,Timothy Paul Cheston and Annie WhiteHarvard Business School(HBS):Josh LernerInternational Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA):Mauro Carrara and Egor TitovichInternational Energy Agency(IEA):Aidan Kennedy,Taylor Morrison and Roberta QuadrelliInternat
46、ional Federation of Robotics(IFR):Susanne Bieller and Nina KutzbachInternational Labour Organization(ILO):Horacio Barra,Roger Gomis,Steven Kapsos and Yves PerardelInternational Monetary Fund(IMF):Andrea Quevedo and Kazuko ShironoInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO):Laurent Charlet and
47、 Cristina DraghiciInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU):Nehal Desai,Thierry Geiger,Esperanza Magpantay,Nathan Menthon,Martin Schaaper and Daniel VertesyIQVIA institute for Human Data Science:Murray AitkenLSEG Data&AnalyticsLUISS Guido Carli University:Cecilia Jona-LasinioMoodys Analytics:Renato
48、 Ferrigno,Kirill Katschura,Santhosh Metri and Sasha UvarovaNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies(NASA GISS):Reto RuedyNational Institutes of Health:Kris WetterstrandOmdia:David HancockOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD):Fernando Galindo-Rueda,Tue Halgreen,Corinne Heckmann
49、,Miyako Ikeda,Simon Normandeau and Fabien VergerPricewaterhouseCoopers(PwC):Kamlesh Balasubramanian and Shreeta SenQS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd:Andrew MacFarlane and Samuel WongRed de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa(RICYT):Rodolfo Barrere and Laura TramaS&P Global Market Intelligence:Mohsen Bonakd
50、arpour and Karen CampbellSCImago:Flix de Moya AnegnStatistical Office of the European Communities(Eurostat):Malgorzata StadnikStatistics Netherlands:Klaas De VriesThe Conference Board:Dana Peterson and Markus SchomerGlobal Innovation Index 202410 Trade Data Monitor LLC:C.Donald Brasher Jr.,John Mill
51、er,Maria Vretenicic and Altan YurdakulTU Wien:Karl RuppUNESCO Institute for Statistics(UIS):Adolfo Gustavo Imhof,Olivier Lab,Patrick Montjourids,Rohan Pathirage and Jos PessoaUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO):Fernando Cant Bazaldua and Vladimir LukicUnited Nations Internation
52、al Childrens Emergency Fund(UNICEF):Tom SlaymakerUnited Nations Population Division:Patrick GerlandUnited Nations Public Administration NetworkWorld Bank:Jean-Franois Arvis,Tony Fujs,Aart Kraay,Hiroko Maeda,Eric Roland Metreau,Frederic Meunier,Florina Pirlea,Jorge Luis Rodriguez Meza and Christina W
53、iedererWorld Economic Forum:Roberto Crotti,Philipp Grosskurth,Ricky Li and Vesselina Stefanova RatchevaWorld Federation of Exchanges:Mihaela CroitoruWorld Health Organization(WHO):Richard JohnstonWorld Trade Organization(WTO):Shradha Bhatia,Barbara Carmelina DAndrea Adrian,Yu Dayong,Florian Eberth,M
54、onia Snoussi-Mimouni,Janvier Usanase and Ying YanYale University:Sebastin BlockZookNIC Inc:Matthew Zook 11Advisory Committee membersRobert D.Atkinson President,Information Technology and Innovation Foundation(ITIF),United StatesAudrey Azoulay Director-General,United Nations Educational,Scientific an
55、d Cultural Organization(UNESCO)Doreen Bogdan-Martin Secretary-General,International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Tan Chorh Chuan Permanent Secretary,National Research and Development,The National Research Foundation,SingaporePhilippe Varin Chair,International Chamber of Commerce(ICC),FranceFabiola Gi
56、anotti Director-General,European Organization for Nuclear Research(CERN)John Kao Chair,Institute for Large Scale Innovation,and former Harvard Business School Professor,United StatesRaghunath Anant Mashelkar Former Director-General,Council of Scientific&Industrial Research(CSIR),former President,Glo
57、bal Research Alliance,and former Chair,National Innovation Foundation,IndiaPhilippe Kuhutama Mawoko Professor,Universit du Kwango,Democratic Republic of the Congo,and former Executive Secretary,African Observatory for Science,Technology and Innovation(AOSTI),African Union CommissionKen Moore Chief I
58、nnovation Officer,MastercardSergio Mujica Secretary-General,International Organization for Standardization(ISO)Monika Schnitzer Chairwoman,German Council of Economic Experts,and Professor,Ludwig-Maximilians-University(LMU)Munich,GermanyHeizo Takenaka Professor Emeritus,Keio University,Japan;former M
59、inister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy,and Member of the World Economic Forum Board of TrusteesBlanca Trevio President,Softtek,MexicoPedro Wongtschowski Coordinator,Brazilian Entrepreneurial Movement for Innovation(MEI),Brazilian National Confederation of Industry(CNI),BrazilSince 2011,the
60、Advisory Committee has been guiding the strategic trajectory of the Global Innovation Index(GII).The Committees purpose is to underscore the significance of innovation in both economic and social progress and to facilitate the dissemination of GII findings across every economy and region the world o
61、ver.Consisting of a diverse array of international policymakers,thought leaders and corporate executives,members of the Advisory Committee are chosen from a variety of geographical and institutional contexts and make their contribution in an individual capacity.We extend our gratitude to all members
62、 of the Advisory Committee for their ongoing dedication and cooperation.Advisory Committee12 The Global Innovation Index Industry Association Network(GIIIAN)is made up of well-established organizations representing a dynamic consortia of firms and private sector entities,all dedicated to advancing i
63、nnovation.Building on 15 years of robust support from the GIIs Corporate Network,this initiative has been rebranded as GIIIAN in 2024.Currently comprising three associations,the number of network partners will be continually expanded over time.Companies in the Network lead in innovation and competit
64、iveness across sectors,nations and regions,offering invaluable insights into the best ways of measuring and fostering innovation.They partner with WIPO to co-organize GII events and promote the GIIs mission to enhance innovation measurement and growth.Brazilian National Confederation of Industry(CNI
65、)Antonio Ricardo Alvarez Alban,PresidentConfederation of Indian Industry(CII)Chandrajit Banerjee,Director GeneralInternational Chamber of Commerce(ICC)Philippe Varin,ChairIndustry Association Network 13Established in 2011,the GII Academic Network facilitates collaboration between leading global univ
66、ersities,their students and faculty members to conduct research and disseminate findings related to the Global Innovation Index(GII).Hosted by the Portulans Institute,this network currently comprises 12 institutions which play a crucial role in advancing academic discourse and knowledge exchange wit
67、hin the innovation domain.We express our sincere gratitude to all partners in the GII Academic Network for their invaluable contribution and support.Brazil:University of So Paulo(USP),School of Economics,Management,Accounting and Actuarial Sciences;Moacir de Miranda Oliveira Jnior,Full Professor,Bus
68、iness Administration DepartmentChina:Peking University,Office of Science and Technology Development;Weihao Yao,DirectorColombia:Universidad de los Andes,School of Management;Veneta Stefanova Andonova Zuleta,Associate Professor,and Carolina Dvila Aranda,International Office DirectorEgypt:The American
69、 University in Cairo(AUC),School of Business;Sherif Kamel,Dean,and Nagla Rizk,Professor and Director,Access to Knowledge for Development CenterFrance:Institut Europen dAdministration des Affaires(INSEAD),Bruno Lanvin,Distinguished FellowMexico:EGADE Business School at Tecnolgico de Monterrey,Horacio
70、 Arredondo,Dean,and Jos Ernesto Amors,Professor and Research Group Leader,Entrepreneurship&InnovationNigeria:Lagos Business School(LBS)Pan-Atlantic University,Chris Ogbechie,Dean,and Olayinka David-West,Associate DeanRussian Federation:National Research University Higher School of Economics(HSE Univ
71、ersity),Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge;Leonid Gokhberg,First Vice-Rector and DirectorSouth Africa:University of Johannesburg,College of Business and Economics,Erika Kraemer-Mbula,Professor of EconomicsUnited Kingdom:University of Oxford,Sad Business School,Soumitra Dutt
72、a,DeanUnited States of America:Cornell SC Johnson College of Business,Ravi Kanbur,Professor,Charles H.Dyson School of Applied Economics and ManagementViet Nam:VinUniversity,Phan Thi Thuc Anh,Associate Vice ProvostAcademic Network14 PrefaceThe goal of the Global Innovation Index(GII)is to be a holist
73、ic and flexible measure of the innovation happening all around the world today.To achieve this goal,the GII needs to go beyond capturing technological breakthroughs.It has also to account for the pioneering business models and social innovations driving positive change.The 2024 edition of the GII fo
74、cuses on social entrepreneurship,a model gaining prominence for its role in spearheading innovation aimed at addressing critical societal challenges.In recent years,an increasing cohort of entrepreneurs has embarked upon ventures that not only strive to achieve meaningful social impact,but also to b
75、e sustainable through market-based mechanisms.This innovative paradigm presents novel solutions in domains where traditional commercial enterprises have failed.When executed aptly,social entrepreneurship promises shared value across communities and nations,facilitating the type of multidimensional v
76、alue creation able to harmonize societal advancement with financial sustainability.Yet,despite its burgeoning significance,social entrepreneurship remains relatively unexplored within the traditional spheres of innovation research.With this in mind,this 2024 edition of the GII sets out to provide an
77、 evidence-based foundation for advancing our understanding of social entrepreneurship as a significant driver of innovation.Rigorous research is now needed into how to cultivate an environment able to unleash the full innovation potential of social entrepreneurship.As co-editors of the GII,we remain
78、 committed to precise data and analytical rigor principles with immense value that have been the cornerstone of the GII since its inception and are proud to mobilize in order to cast additional light on the promising linkages between social entrepreneurship and innovation.Developing comprehensive in
79、sights into the socioeconomic implications of social entrepreneurship empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions and implement strategic initiatives with a long-term impact,rather than resorting to sporadic actions yielding only anecdotal and short-lived effects.Within this context,the GII has
80、 a pivotal role to play as a catalyst for progress within both the public and private sectors.By objectively evaluating policies,initiatives,and the ecosystems that foster innovation,the GII can be instrumental in helping shape an informed landscape of global innovation practices,including social en
81、trepreneurship.Published annually by the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO),the GII has consolidated its position as the worlds leading benchmark study of innovation.This authoritative report is enriched by valuable insights drawn from Academic Network partners across 13 countries that f
82、urther contribute to the GIIs status as the worlds leading innovation study.With steadfast support from the leadership at WIPO,including Director General Daren Tang and Assistant Director General Marco Alemn,the dedicated team behind the GII continues in its effort to advance the quantification of i
83、nnovations crucial role as an engine for sustainable and The GII PartnersThe GII Partners 15inclusive development.It is our hope that the 2024 edition of the GII will prove to be a seminal contribution in highlighting the significant potential of social entrepreneurship as a powerful catalyst for in
84、novation and for global good.Soumitra Dutta Founder and co-editor of the Global Innovation Index Co-founder of the Portulans InstituteBruno Lanvin Co-editor of the Global Innovation Index Co-founder of the Portulans Institute16 GII 2024 at a glanceThe Global Innovation Index 2024 captures the innova
85、tion ecosystem performance of 133 economies and tracks the most recent global innovation trends.GII 2024 at a glance 17Global leaders in innovation,2024Indicates a new entrant into the top three in 2024.*Top three in Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)excluding island economies.The top five in the region,includ
86、ing all economies,comprise Mauritius(1st),South Africa(2nd),Botswana(3rd),Cabo Verde(4th)and Senegal(5th).Top three in Northern Africa and Western Asia(NAWA)excluding island economies.The top four in the region,including all economies,are asfollows:Israel(1st),Cyprus(2nd),United Arab Emirates(3rd)an
87、d Trkiye(4th).Top three in the Low-income group excluding island economies.The top four in the low-income group,including all economies are as follows:Rwanda(1st),Madagascar(2nd),Togo(3rd)and Uganda(4th).Top three innovation economies by income groupHigh-income1Switzerland2Sweden3UnitedStatesUppermi
88、ddle-income1China2Malaysia3TrkiyeLowermiddle-income1India2VietNam3PhilippinesLow-income1Rwanda2Togo3UgandaTop three innovation economies by regionLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean1Brazil2Chile3MexicoNorthernAmerica1UnitedStates2CanadaEurope1Switzerland2Sweden3UnitedKingdomSub-SaharanAfrica*1SouthAfrica2Bo
89、tswana3SenegalNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia1Israel2UnitedArabEmirates3TrkiyeSouthEastAsia,EastAsia,andOceania1Singapore2RepublicofKorea3ChinaCentralandSouthernAsia1India2Iran(IslamicRepublicof)3KazakhstanNotes:World Bank Income Group Classification(July 2023).Year-on-year changes in GII rank are infl
90、uenced by performance and methodological considerations(see Appendix I).Source:Global Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.Global Innovation Index 202418 Global Innovation Index 2024 rankingsHigh-incomeUpper middle-incomeLower middle-incomeLow-incomeEuropeNorthern AmericaLatin America and the Caribbe
91、anSouth East Asia,East Asia,and OceaniaNorthern Africa and Western AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaCentral and Southern AsiaGII rankEconomyScoreIncome group rankRegion rank1Switzerland67.5112Sweden64.5223United States of America62.4314Singapore61.2415United Kingdom61.0536Republic of Korea60.9627Finland59.4748
92、Netherlands(Kingdom of the)58.8859Germany58.19610Denmark57.110711China56.31312France55.411813Japan54.112414Canada52.913215Israel52.714116Estonia52.315917Austria50.3161018Hong Kong,China50.117519Ireland50.0181120Luxembourg49.1191221Norway49.1191222Iceland48.5211423Australia48.122624Belgium47.7231525N
93、ew Zealand45.924726Italy45.3251627Cyprus45.126228Spain44.9271729Malta44.8281830Czech Republic44.0291931Portugal43.7302032United Arab Emirates42.831333Malaysia40.52834Slovenia40.2322135Lithuania40.1332236Hungary39.6342337Trkiye39.03438Bulgaria38.542439India38.31140Poland37.0352541Thailand36.95942Latv
94、ia36.4362643Croatia36.3372744Viet Nam36.221045Greece36.2382846Slovakia34.3392947Saudi Arabia33.940548Romania33.4413049Qatar32.942650Brazil32.76151Chile32.643252Serbia32.373153Philippines31.131154Indonesia30.681255Mauritius30.68156Mexico30.410357Georgia30.410758North Macedonia29.9123259Russian Federa
95、tion29.7133360Ukraine29.543461Colombia29.214462Uruguay29.144563Armenia29.015864Iran(Islamic Republic of)28.95265Montenegro28.9163566Morocco28.86967Mongolia28.7713GII rankEconomyScoreIncome group rankRegion rank68Republic of Moldova28.7173669South Africa28.318270Costa Rica28.318671Kuwait28.1451072Bah
96、rain27.6461173Jordan27.581274Oman27.1471375Peru26.720776Argentina26.421877Barbados26.148978Kazakhstan25.722379Jamaica25.7221080Bosnia and Herzegovina25.5243781Tunisia25.491482Panama24.7491183Uzbekistan24.710484Albania24.5253885Belarus24.2263986Egypt23.7111587Botswana23.127388Brunei Darussalam22.8501
97、489Sri Lanka22.612590Cabo Verde22.313491Pakistan22.014692Senegal22.014593Paraguay21.9281294Lebanon21.5161695Azerbaijan21.3291796Kenya21.017697Dominican Republic20.8301398El Salvador20.6311499Kyrgyzstan20.4187100Bolivia(Plurinational State of)20.21915101Ghana20.0207102Namibia20.0327103Cambodia19.9211
98、5104Rwanda19.719105Ecuador19.33316106Bangladesh19.1228107Tajikistan18.6239108Trinidad and Tobago18.45117109Nepal18.12410110Madagascar17.9210111Lao Peoples Democratic Republic17.82516112Cte dIvoire17.52611113Nigeria17.12712114Honduras16.72818115Algeria16.22918116Zambia15.73013117Togo15.6314118Zimbabw
99、e15.63114119Benin15.43216120United Republic of Tanzania15.33317121Uganda14.9418122Guatemala14.63419123Cameroon14.43419124Nicaragua14.03520125Myanmar13.83617126Mauritania13.23720127Burundi13.2520128Mozambique13.1622129Burkina Faso12.8723130Ethiopia12.3824131Mali11.8925132Niger11.21026133Angola10.2382
100、7Source:Global Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.GII 2024 at a glance 19Innovation performance at different income levels,2024Low-income groupLower middle-income groupHigh-income groupPerformance aboveexpectation for level ofdevelopmentPerformance in line withlevel of developmentAll other economie
101、sIndiaViet NamPhilippinesUkraineMoroccoMongoliaJordanRwandaMadagascarBurundiSwitzerlandSwedenUnited States of AmericaSingaporeUnited KingdomRepublic of KoreaFinlandNetherlands(Kingdom of the)GermanyDenmarkFranceJapanCanadaIsraelEstoniaAustriaHong Kong,ChinaNorwayIcelandAustraliaBelgiumNew ZealandIta
102、lyCyprusSpainMaltaCzech RepublicPortugalSloveniaLithuaniaHungaryLatviaGreeceChileBarbadosIrelandLuxembourgUnited Arab EmiratesPolandCroatiaSlovakiaSaudi ArabiaRomaniaQatarUruguayKuwaitBahrainOmanPanamaBrunei DarussalamTrinidad and TobagoUpper middle-income groupChinaThailandBrazilIndonesiaRepublic o
103、f MoldovaSouth AfricaJamaicaUzbekistanPakistanSenegalMalaysiaTrkiyeBulgariaSerbiaMauritiusMexicoGeorgiaNorth MacedoniaColombiaArmeniaPeruBosnia and HerzegovinaAlbaniaEl SalvadorNigeriaZambiaZimbabweUnited Republic of TanzaniaRussian FederationMontenegroCosta RicaArgentinaKazakhstanBelarusBotswanaPar
104、aguayAzerbaijanDominican RepublicNamibiaEcuadorGuatemalaIran(Islamic Republic of)TunisiaEgyptSri LankaCabo VerdeLebanonKenyaKyrgyzstanBolivia(Plurinational State of)GhanaCambodiaBangladeshTajikistanNepalLao Peoples Democratic RepublicCte dIvoireHondurasAlgeriaBeninCameroonNicaraguaMyanmarMauritaniaA
105、ngolaTogoUgandaMozambiqueBurkina FasoEthiopiaMaliNigerSource:Global Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.Global Innovation Index 202420 Key takeawaysWhat is the current state of global innovation?Is innovation accelerating or slowing down?How is innovation coping in the face of higher interest rates
106、and geopolitical conflicts?Results of the Global Innovation Tracker 2024The Global Innovation Tracker 2024 provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of global innovation.Findings highlight progress as well as challenges across four key stages of the innovation cycle:science and innovati
107、on investment,technological progress,technology adoption,and the socioeconomic impact of innovation.1.Innovation investments witnessed a major downturn in 2023,a reversal of the 20202022 boomFollowing a boom between 2020 and 2022,science and innovation investment experienced a significant downturn i
108、n 2023(see the Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard).Global Innovation Tracker DashboardScience and innovation investmentTechnological progressSocioeconomic impactScientific publicationsR&D investmentsVenture capitalInternational patent filingsTop corporate R&D spendersDeal numbersDeal valuesShort te
109、rm5.3%6.1%*9.5%39.7%1.8%2022 20232022 20232022 20232022 20232022 2023Labor productivityPovertyLife expectancyGlobal warmingShort term1%5%0.9%+1.17C2022 20232021 20222021 20222023Technology adoptionSafe sanitationConnectivityRobotsElectric vehiclesCancer radiotherapy Fixed broadband5GShort term1.4%4.
110、5%22.6%12.2%53.8%2.7%2021 20222022 20232022 20232021 20222022 20232022 2023Computing power Costs of renewable energy Electric battery priceCost of genome sequencingDrug approvalsMoores LawGreen supercomputersSolar photovoltaicWindShort term60.0%13.6%3.9%3.5%13.7%8.1%*9.5%2021 20232022 20232021 20222
111、021 20222022 20232021 20232022 2023Global total5%2021 20222.9%*2022 2023Notes:See the Data notes at the end of this section for a definition of the indicators and their data sources.Long-term annual growth refers to the compound annual growth rate(CAGR)over the indicated period.Historic data may hav
112、e been updated and might differ from last years Global Innovation Tracker.Figures are rounded.Estimates or incomplete data are indicated by an asterisk(*).n.a.indicates not available.Short-term rates for Moores Law and the Cost of genome sequencing refer to the CAGR between 2021 and 2023.Source:Glob
113、al Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.GII 2024 at a glance 21 Scientific publications dropped by 5 percent in 2023,following growth rates above 8 percent annually in 2020 and 2021,and a slowdown in 2022.Global R&D grew at a rate of 5 percent in 2022 slightly down from 2021 but is projected to slow
114、to about 3 percent in 2023(all in real terms).Worldwide,R&D expenditure by the highest R&D-spending corporations grew by around 6 percent in real terms in 2023,below the long-term growth rate for the last 6 years(around 8 percent)and down strongly from peaks of 10 to 13 percent between 20192021,and
115、also from pre-pandemic growth rates(all in real terms).Venture capital(VC)and scientific publications have declined sharply back to pre-pandemic levels,with a pronounced impact on emerging regions such as Latin America and Africa.Reflecting a deteriorating climate for risk finance,the value of VC in
116、vestments has been falling from the exceptionally high levels of 2021,with a 36 percent drop in 2022 followed by a further 39 percent drop in 2023.The number of VC deals has also decreased,experiencing a downturn of 9.5 percent in 2023.International patent filings which had stagnated since 2021 saw
117、a decline of 1.8 percent in 2023,marking the first such decline since 2009.Looking forward,while some central banks have started cutting interest rates,tighter conditions for innovation finance might continue to weigh on innovation investment in the near term.2.Technology continues to progress rapid
118、ly,technology adoption is growing,and the socioeconomic impact of innovation has mostly turned positive again.However,green technology and environmental indicators have either been progressing more slowly than before or have declined.Technological progress remained strong in 2023,particularly in hea
119、lth-related fields such as genome sequencing,as well as computing power and electric batteries.However,the rate of progress in green technologies lagged behind average growth for the decade,highlighting the challenge in reducing supercomputers energy consumption and a slower reduction in renewable e
120、nergy prices.Technology adoption increased across all indicators in 2023,especially in 5G,robotics,and electric vehicles.Overall penetration levels have increased compared to a decade ago,but there are exceptions,for example,the rate of adoption of safe sanitation has also significantly slowed.In te
121、rms of the socioeconomic impact of innovation,the situation is starting to look more positive again.Many indicators have returned to growth relative to what was reported in the 2023 GII edition,but some have yet to return to pre-pandemic levels.Labor productivity has seen an increase,albeit at a rat
122、e below the average for the past decade.Significant progress has been made in reducing poverty,with the number of people in extreme poverty in 2022 being half what is was in 2005.However,levels of poverty are still higher than those recorded in 2018.Life expectancy saw a rise in 2022,but nonetheless
123、 remains at 2015 levels.On environmental impact,though,the world is falling behind.Carbon emissions are growing once again after a temporary COVID-19 hiatus.2023 was the hottest year on record,underlining the need for urgent and effective climate action.Results of the Global Innovation Index 2024 ra
124、nkings3.Switzerland,Sweden,the United States,Singapore,and the United Kingdom lead the GII 2024;China,Trkiye,India,Viet Nam,the Philippines,Indonesia,the Islamic Republic of Iran and Morocco are the middle-income economies that have climbed the fastest in the GII ranking since 2013.Switzerland ranks
125、 first in the GII for the 14th consecutive year.Sweden and the United States (US)maintain 2nd and 3rd positions,respectively.Singapore(4th)moves further into the top 5,followed by the United Kingdom(UK)(5th).China still the only middle-income economy within the GII top 30 moves up the ranking to edg
126、e closer to the top 10,reaching 11th position.Global Innovation Index 202422 Japan remains firm in 13th a position it has held since 2021.Canada rises up the rankings to 14th position,its best rank since 2014,and representing a comeback.Ireland(19th)and Luxembourg(20th)enter the top 20,climbing thre
127、e ranks and one rank,respectively.Australia(23rd)and New Zealand(25th)continue moving ahead within and,respectively,towards the top 25.European Union(EU)economies the Czech Republic(30th)enters,and Cyprus(27th)and Spain(28th)move up within the top 30,while Poland(40th)enters the top 40.There are onl
128、y four other middle-income economies,apart from China,among the top 40 economies,namely,Malaysia(33rd),Trkiye(37th),Bulgaria(38th),and India(39th).However,Thailand(41st)and Viet Nam(44th)move closer too.Brazil(50th)remains in the top 50 in 2024.Saudi Arabia(47th)and Qatar(49th)continue climbing up i
129、n the top 50;the two economies in the Middle East that have moved up the rankings this year.The Philippines(53rd)and Indonesia(54th)move closer to the top 50,with Indonesia making one of the strongest GII upward spurts recorded over the last three years.Morocco(66th)in Northern Africa and Western As
130、ia moves ahead in the top 70.Beyond the top 100,Tajikistan(107th),Algeria(115th)and Burundi(127th)have progressed the most in the rankings.In the last five years,Indonesia,Mauritius(55th),Saudi Arabia,Qatar,Brazil and Pakistan(91st)have climbed most in the GII,in terms of rank progression.China,Indi
131、a,Indonesia,the Islamic Republic of Iran(64th),the Philippines,Trkiye,Viet Nam and Morocco are the middle-income economies within the GII top 70 that have climbed the most in the GII ranking since 2013.4.Singapore,the United States and China score best in particular innovation indicators Singapore t
132、akes the lead in 2024 in terms of number of GII innovation indicators for which it ranks top globally,ranking 1st in the world on 14 out of 78 indicators.The United States(9 out of 78 indicators)and China(8 out of 78)follow.Select middle-and low-income economies excelled in various domains.Relative
133、to GDP,trade or population,the Plurinational State of Bolivia,Cambodia and Nepal,for example,rank 1st in Loans from microfinance institutions,Malaysia in Graduates in science and engineering,and Mexico in Creative goods exports.Relatively,Morocco leads in Industrial designs,the Islamic Republic of I
134、ran in Trademarks,and Namibia in Expenditure on education.5.The regional GII leaders in innovation are Switzerland,the United States,Brazil,India,Singapore,Israel,and Mauritius;India and Rwanda continue to lead their income groups.Trkiye and the Philippines are newcomers to the top 3 for their incom
135、e group.In the South East Asia,East Asia and Oceania(SEAO)regions,Singapore,the Republic of Korea(6th)and China(11th)lead.Four additional SEAO economies are world innovation leaders ranking in the top 25,namely,Japan(13th),Hong Kong,China(18th),Australia(23rd)and New Zealand(25th).In Northern Africa
136、 and Western Asia,Israel(15th)leads the region and is followed by Cyprus(27th),the United Arab Emirates(32nd)and Trkiye(37th).Eight economies within the region move up the ranking.Saudi Arabia(47th)and Qatar(49th)each move ahead one spot to consolidate themselves in the top 50.Georgia moves up to 57
137、th place,entering the top 60,while Armenia(63rd)enters and Morocco(66th)consolidates its position in the top 70.In Latin America and the Caribbean,the regional top three remains unchanged:Brazil(50th)maintains top position,followed by Chile(51st,up by one rank)and Mexico(56th,up by two ranks).Seven
138、additional economies within the region also improved their ranking:Colombia(61st)one of the largest jumps in the region,matched only by Paraguay(93rd),Uruguay(62nd),Costa Rica(70th),Peru(75th),Panama(82nd)and Honduras(114th).In Central and Southern Asia,India continues to lead,moving one place forwa
139、rd to 39thposition,the Islamic Republic of Iran(64th),Kazakhstan(78th)and Uzbekistan(83rd)come next.In addition to India and Kazakhstan,three additional economies within the region go up in the ranking:Sri Lanka(89th),Kyrgyzstan(99th)and Tajikistan(107th).GII 2024 at a glance 23 In Sub-Saharan Afric
140、a,Mauritius(55th)is followed by South Africa(69th),Botswana(87th),Cabo Verde(90th)and Senegal(92nd).Kenya(96th)gains four places in the ranking,consolidating its position within the top 100.Zambia(116th),Benin(119th),Mauritania(126th),and Burundi(127th)also move up the GII ranking.In the GII 2024,Tr
141、kiye enters the top 3 for the upper middle-income group,behind China and Malaysia(33rd).India leads the lower middle-income group,followed by Viet Nam(44th)and the Philippines(53rd)a newcomer to this income groups top 3.Rwanda(104th)leads the low-income group,followed by Madagascar(110th),Togo(117th
142、)and Uganda(121st).6.Several developing economies are performing above expectation on innovation relative to their level of economic development.In the GII 2024,19 economies outperform on innovation relative to their level of development,the majority still located in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Eas
143、t Asia,East Asia,and Oceania.India,the Republic of Moldova(68th),and Viet Nam continue to lead as the longest-standing innovation overperformers,for a 14thconsecutive year.Indonesia,Pakistan,and Uzbekistan maintain their overperformer status for a third consecutive year,and Brazil for a fourth.Conve
144、rsely,41 economies are performing below expectation on innovation,the majority from Latin America and the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.Results of the global top 100 S&T cluster rankings7.The worlds five biggest science and technology clusters are all located in East Asia;TokyoYokohama is the big
145、gest S&T cluster globally,Cambridge the most S&T-intensive TokyoYokohama(Japan)continues to lead,followed by ShenzhenHong KongGuangzhou(China and Hong Kong,China),Beijing(China),Seoul(Republic of Korea)and ShanghaiSuzhou(China).China,for a second consecutive year,leads with the most clusters(26)in t
146、he top 100.The United States follows,with 20 clusters,then Germany with eight.So Paulo(Brazil);newcomer Cairo(Egypt);Bengaluru,Delhi,Chennai and Mumbai(India);Tehran(Islamic Republic of Iran);Kuala Lumpur and Singapore;Istanbul and Ankara(Trkiye);and Moscow(Russian Federation)are the only middle-inc
147、ome economy clusters outside of China.Cambridge in the United Kingdom and San JoseSan Francisco,CA,in the United States are the two most S&T-intensive clusters relative to population density.Eindhoven(Kingdom of the Netherlands),Oxford(United Kingdom)and BostonCambridge,MA(United States)follow.In th
148、e Republic of Korea,Daejeon ranks the seventh most S&T-intensive cluster and is the only Asian cluster in the top 10 by intensity.Munich(Germany)maintains its rank as the 10th most S&T-intensive cluster globally.The GII 2024 identifies the top African S&T clusters within Africa beyond the global top
149、 100.Egypt has the most clusters(11),followed by South Africa(8),Morocco(5),Nigeria(4),Tunisia(4),Ethiopia(2),Ghana(2)and Kenya(1),with others following.These clusters are strong in scientific publications but weaker in international patenting,thus they continue to be more science rather than full-b
150、lown S&T clusters.Global Innovation Index 202424 Top S&T cluster by economy or cross-boarder region ranked among the top 100,2024123461221222526303133384044485052535456575971737490939596TokyoYokohamaShenzhenHong KongGuangzhouBeijingSeoulSan JoseSan Francisco,CAParisLondonMunichTaipeiHsinchuAmsterdam
151、RotterdamTel AvivJerusalemMoscowSingaporeTehranStockholmSydneyMadridZrichMilanBrusselsAntwerpToronto,ONBengaluruCopenhagenIstanbulHelsinkiSo PauloViennaWarsawKuala LumpurCairoBasel403831571444225TokyoYokohamaTehran30Tel AvivJerusalemMoscowStockholm21LondonCopenhagen22MunichSeoul6San JoseSan Francisc
152、o,CA73So PauloSydney93Kuala Lumpur48Madrid59Istanbul95Cairo50ZrichTaipeiHsinchuShenzhenHong KongGuangzhou33Singapore56Bengaluru54Toronto,ON26AmsterdamRotterdam53BrusselsAntwerp96Basel90Warsaw71Helsinki12Paris52Milan74ViennaNote:Circles with dotted borders indicate the number of total clusters in tha
153、t economy,for economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters.Source:Global Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.Results of the Special theme Unlocking the promise of social entrepreneurship8.This years special GII theme looks to the future of social entrepreneurship and asks:What will it take for
154、social entrepreneurship to catalyze transformative innovation and societal impact?The special theme Unlocking the promise of social entrepreneurship emphasizes the rise and significance of social entrepreneurship as a global phenomenon aimed at addressing critical social and environmental issues thr
155、ough innovative business models.Social entrepreneurs aim to develop and fund solutions that address societal challenges while generating revenue within the confines of a market economy.This approach has gained momentum among young inventors and innovators seeking to align their work with positive so
156、cial change,especially in areas overlooked by traditional businesses and governments.GII 2024 at a glance 25 Current estimates suggest there are between 10 and 11 million social enterprises and up to 30 million social entrepreneurs globally,contributing roughly USD 2 trillion to global GDP.Social en
157、terprises tackle various issues that include poverty,environmental sustainability and social injustice.For instance,Bandhu Tech in India provides housing for migrant workers using an AI-enhanced platform;Green Bio Energy in Uganda produces eco-friendly briquettes;Peek Vision offers mobile eye-health
158、 services in low-resource settings;Thaki refurbishes laptops for refugee education;and in India the Community Design Agency involves low-income communities in housing projects.Despite their impact made by these enterprises,traditional innovation models and policies have largely ignored such communit
159、y-based ventures.Social entrepreneurship operates within diverse definitions and legal frameworks,reflecting the regional histories and policy environments in which they exist.These enterprises often face competing demands between social impact and financial success,beneficiaries and investors,and l
160、ong-term systemic change versus short-term survival.However,such tensions also serve to drive their innovation potential,by combining aspects of the social sector and the market.Social enterprises create impact through various pathways,including customer-focused models that provide essential service
161、s to underserved populations,employee-focused models that hire and train marginalized individuals,product/service-focused models that develop sustainable products,and ecosystem-focused models that mobilize diverse stakeholders in order to effect systemic change.Examples include SOIL in Haiti,which p
162、rovides sanitation services;iKure in India,offering primary health care through a hub-and-spoke model;Eco Femme in India,producing reusable menstrual pads;and WeRobotics in Switzerland,which connects local drone and AI experts with global organizations.Innovation in social entrepreneurship often inv
163、olves process and product innovations tailored to fit local contexts,emphasizing collaboration and open-source strategies.Intellectual property(IP)activity varies,with some enterprises securing patents and trademarks.The report identifies several barriers to social entrepreneurship,including limited
164、 legal frameworks,financing challenges,and inadequate impact measurement.Policy recommendations include developing supportive legal and regulatory environments,investing in education and training programs,promoting data collection,assisting social entrepreneurs in reaching underserved communities,in
165、cubating social enterprise networks,and creating incentives for private investment.Public and private sector collaboration is crucial for addressing these barriers and unlocking the full potential of social entrepreneurship.At the same time,the onus for action and change is not only on the actors th
166、at surround social entrepreneurs.There is also scope for social entrepreneurs themselves to more actively drive innovation in their ventures.To some extent,this is a matter of social entrepreneurs recognizing the critical role that innovation plays and directing their attention toward key activities
167、 such as R&D,process innovation,and patenting and trademarking.But it also involves social entrepreneurs taking concrete actions to embed their enterprises in existing innovation ecosystems.They can do this,by tapping existing sources of scientific and technological knowledge,as well as venture capi
168、tal,R&D tax credits,and other innovation finance tools,and by collaborating with universities,public research organizations and other entrepreneurs.Ultimately,social entrepreneurship offers a transformative approach to tackling global challenges,by merging business innovation with social goals.By in
169、vesting in supportive policies,infrastructure and financing,it is possible to create an environment where social enterprises thrive,driving sustainable development and creating lasting positive impacts on a global scale.Innovation policy needs to be better designed to support social entrepreneurship
170、,which requires a focus on institutional frameworks,human capital,infrastructure,networks,financing,and measurement.The 2024 edition of the GII addresses these gaps by highlighting the state of social entrepreneurship globally and the role of innovation in creating positive impacts,and offers policy
171、 recommendations for unlocking the sectors potential.Note:Circles with dotted borders indicate the number of total clusters in that economy,for economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters.Source:Global Innovation Index Database,WIPO,2024.26 Global Innovation TrackerWhat is the current state of
172、 innovation?How rapidly is technology progressing and being embraced?What are the resulting societal impacts?Global Innovation Tracker 27Global Innovation Tracker DashboardScience and innovation investmentTechnological progressSocioeconomic impactScientific publicationsR&D investmentsVenture capital
173、International patent filingsGlobal totalTop corporate R&D spendersDeal numbersDeal valuesShort term5.3%5%2021 20222.9%*2022 20236.1%*9.5%39.7%1.8%2022 20232022 20232022 20232022 20232022 2023Long term(annual growth)3.9%5.1%9.7%*9.7%13.8%2.9%2013 20232012 20222017 20232013 20232013 20232013 2023Labor
174、 productivityPovertyLife expectancyGlobal warmingShort term1%5%0.9%+1.17C2022 20232020 20212020 20212023Long term(annual growth)2.2%2.7%0.1%+0.68C2013 20232012 20222012 20222013LevelUSD 51,450in 2023(43,260 in 2013)712 millionin 2022(934 in 2012)72 yearsin 2022(71 in 2012)n.a.Technology adoptionSafe
175、 sanitationConnectivityRobotsElectric vehiclesCancer radiotherapy Fixed broadband5GShort term1.4%4.5%22.6%12.2%53.8%2.7%2021 20222022 20232022 20232021 20222022 20232022 2023Long term(annual growth)2.4%6.7%45.3%12.2%58.9%1.6%2012 20222013 20232021 20232012 20222013 20232013 2023Penetration57 of 100
176、inhabitants in 2022 (45 in 2012)19 per 100 inhabitants in 2023(10 in 2013)38%of global population in 2023 (18%in 2021)n.a.3 out of 100 carsin 2023(0.04 in 2013)21 out of 100 countries met requirements in 2023Computing power Costs of renewable energy Electric battery priceCost of genome sequencingDru
177、g approvalsMoores LawGreen supercomputersSolar photovoltaicWindShort term60.0%13.6%3.9%3.5%13.7%8.1%*9.5%2021 20232022 20232021 20222021 20222022 20232021 20232022 2023Long term(annual growth)42.3%30.6%15.0%9.1%15.8%20.1%*3.7%2013 20232013 20232012 20222012 20222013 20232013 20232013 2023Notes:See t
178、he Data notes at the end of this section for a definition of the indicators and their data sources.Long-term annual growth refers to the compound annual growth rate(CAGR)over the indicated period.Historic data may have been updated and might differ from last years Global Innovation Tracker.Figures a
179、re rounded.Estimates or incomplete data are indicated by an asterisk(*).n.a.indicates not available.Short-term rates for Moores Law and the Cost of genome sequencing refer to the CAGR between 2021 and 2023.Global Innovation Index 202428 What is the current state of global innovation?Is innovation ac
180、celerating or slowing down?How is innovation coping in the face of higher interest rates and geopolitical conflicts?The Global Innovation Tracker 2024 addresses these crucial questions.It takes the pulse of four key stages in the innovation cycle:(1)science and innovation investment;(2)technological
181、 progress;(3)technology adoption;and(4)the socioeconomic impact of innovation.The main findings are as follows:1.Science and innovation investment:Following a boom between 2020 and 2022,investment in science and innovation experienced a significant downturn in 2023,marking a notable reversal from pr
182、evious years.Venture capital and scientific publications declined sharply back to pre-pandemic levels,the impact being most pronounced in emerging regions such as Latin America and Africa.Corporate R&D spending also slowed,mirroring stagnant revenue growth and resembling the post-2009 crisis deceler
183、ation.Despite high R&D levels and stable intensities,international patenting has decreased.Looking forward,while some central banks have started cut interest rates,the tighter conditions for innovation finance,might continue to weigh negatively on innovation investments in the near term.The outlook
184、for 2024 and 2025 is unusually uncertain.2.Technological progress:Technological advancements remained strong in 2023,particularly in health-related fields such as genome sequencing,as well as computing power and electric batteries.However,progress in green technologies lagged behind average growth f
185、or the decade,highlighting the difficulty in reducing the energy consumed by supercomputers and a slower than previously common declines in renewable energy prices.3.Technology adoption:The adoption of technology saw positive growth across all indicators in 2023,especially in 5G,robotics,and electri
186、c vehicles.While overall penetration levels increased compared to a decade earlier,there are exceptions,such as the slower penetration rate of cancer radiotherapy equipment.The adoption of safe sanitation has also slowed significantly.4.Socioeconomic impact:Many socioeconomic indicators have returne
187、d to positive growth,representing a return to normalcy post-COVID-19.However,several metrics,such as poverty rates and life expectancy,have not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels.Productivity has increased but still lags,in terms of overcoming the structural slowdown identified in the Special theme
188、 of the GII 2022 the effective deployment of a new Digital Age and a Deep Science innovation wave is still work in progress,it would seem.Environmental impact indicators,including carbon emissions and global temperatures,continue to rise,underscoring the need for further action to combat climate cha
189、nge.Technological innovation plays a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges;yet,it is clear that technology is only one part of the solution.Science and innovation investmentInnovation investment remained resilient throughout the 20202021 COVID-19 period and the associated downturn.Inde
190、ed,many innovation investment variables including scientific publications,R&D and venture capital boomed.However,the first signs of weakness in innovation investment appeared in 2022,although returning from a historic high.This slowdown intensified in 2023,making the outlook for 2024 and 2025 uncert
191、ain.Scientific publicationsThe scientific landscape experienced a significant shift,a 5 percent decrease in publications between 2022 and 2023 deviating from the decade-long average increase of around 4 percent.However,this represents nothing other than a return to the pre-pandemic growth trend(Figu
192、re 1).Indeed,the period between 2019 and 2021,just prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic,witnessed an acceleration in new publications,with exceptional growth in 2020(8.7 percent)and 2021(8.4 percent).This period was followed by a deceleration in 2022(3.4 percent),linked to a decrease in researc
193、h output in environmental sciences and COVID-19-related fields.Yet,despite this decline,the number of publications in 2023 remained above the 20132019 trend.Global Innovation Tracker 29Figure 1 Number of scientific publications(millions),20132023201320142015201620172018201920202021202220231.31.41.51
194、.61.71.81.9 millionTrendTrend2013201920132019Trend20132019Number ofNumber ofpublicationspublicationsNumber ofpublicationsSource:WIPO,based on data published by Clarivate,Web of Science,accessed April 2024.Research and development(R&D)Total R&D expenditureThe most recently available data show that gl
195、obal R&D investment growth in 2022 slowed to 5 percent(in real terms).This is down from 6.6 percent in 2021,1 and slightly below the pre-pandemic growth rate of 6.2 percent in 2019.The growth of business R&D expenditure the most significant component of total global R&D,representing 70 percent of to
196、tal global R&D likewise slowed to 6 percent in 2022(compared to 8.5 percent growth in 2021),yet is still comparable to the pre-pandemic rate of 6.6 percent in 2019(Figure 2).2Estimates for 2023,based on projected GDP growth,paint a potentially unhappier scenario,with global R&D growth expected to sl
197、ow again to less than 3 percent in 2023,and business R&D to 2.8 percent(1.7 percent and 1.4 percent,respectively,excluding the United States and China).3 If estimates prove correct,these would be the lowest growth rates on record since 2010.Moreover,this would mean that the growth rate for business
198、R&D growth would be at the same level as the growth rate for total gross domestic R&D expenditure(business plus private);a situation that has been observed before,but never at such comparatively low rates(see Figure 2).1 Estimates of growth in 2021 were also revised up to 6.6 percent,compared to 5.2
199、 percent reported in the GII 2023,as several economies subsequently reported more complete and up-to-date estimates.2 The top 5 economies in R&D spending all saw growth in 2022,though it was slower than in 2021 for most,except for Japan and the Republic of Korea.The United States spent 4.9 percent(d
200、own from 7.7 percent),China 7.7 percent(down from 9.6 percent),Japan 4.9 percent(up from 2.9 percent),Germany 1.9 percent(down from 3 percent),and the Republic of Korea 8.9 percent(up from 6.8 percent).3 The OECD has found similar slowdown scenarios for 2023 for the OECD area(OECD,2024).Global Innov
201、ation Index 202430 Figure 2 GDP growth and total and business R&D growth rates,200720252008201020122014201620182020202220244202468%Total R&DTotal R&D(estimates)Business R&DBusiness R&D(estimates)GDP growthGDP growth(estimates)Source:WIPO estimates,based on the UNESCO Institute for Statistics databas
202、e,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Main Science and Technology Indicators(March 2024);Eurostat;Ibero-American and Inter-American Network of Science and Technology Indicators(RICYT);and the International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Update,April 2024.Top corporate R
203、&D spendersOn the corporate side,20232024 R&D data is available for around 1,700 of the top 2,500 biggest corporate R&D spenders globally(Nindl et al.,2023).4 In 2023,corporate R&D expenditure stood at around USD 1.2 trillion,up by around 8.3 percent in nominal terms and around 6.1 percent in real t
204、erms5 these figures,derived from the weighted averages of national growth rates,represent a decline from the 2022 real growth of 7.5 percent and a decline form the long-term real growth rate.Compared to the pre-pandemic 2019 and pandemic period,there has been up to a halving of real top corporate R&
205、D growth in 2020 and 2021(see Table 1).Interestingly,however,R&D intensity that is,R&D expenditure as a percentage of total revenue of the top corporate R&D spenders,has remained constant.4 It is important to acknowledge that the data presented focuses on top R&D performers,often referred to as“R&D
206、superfirms.”A comprehensive evaluation of corporate R&D performance for 2023 would require additional data,including information from small and medium-sized enterprises that may have found obtaining innovation finance challenging in an environment where R&D is becoming both costlier and riskier.5 Co
207、nverting the R&D figures to constant 2015 PPP prices helps to isolate the changes in R&D spending by eliminating the effects of price fluctuations and exchange rate variations,assuming all other conditions remain constant.Setting the PPP constant to a specific year,such as 2015,indicates the amount
208、of R&D that one could purchase for 1 USD in the US in 2015.Global Innovation Tracker 31Table 1 R&D growth rates of top global corporate R&D spenders,20192023201989410.510.45.6202098212.710.76.020211,08915.212.85.720221,1748.87.55.820231,2438.36.15.7R&DYearNominal(billionUSD)Weighted nominalgrowth(%)
209、Weighted realgrowth(%)Weighted R&Dintensity(%)Notes:Real growth refers to the growth of variables in USD PPP 2015.R&D intensity refers to the ratio of the level of real R&D PPP 2015 expenditure to real revenue PPP 2015.Source:WIPO,based on Bureau van Dijk(BvD)Orbis database.In terms of unweighted no
210、minal growth(Figure 3),the ICT hardware and electrical equipment,and the software and ICT services sector,saw their growth rates divided by two between 2022 and 2023.In contrast,the pharmaceutical sector experienced a significant rebound in R&D expenditure,with growth increasing more than threefold,
211、from 3 percent in 2022 to 10 percent in 2023.In 2023,the pharmaceutical sector led in R&D intensity at 19 percent,followed by Software and ICT services with 14 percent.Figure 3a Nominal R&D expenditure of top R&D spenders by industry and year,201920232019202020212022202350100150200250USD 300 billion
212、Pharmaceuticals andPharmaceuticals andbiotechnologybiotechnologyPharmaceuticals andbiotechnologySoftware and ICT servicesSoftware and ICT servicesSoftware and ICT servicesConstruction and industrialConstruction and industrialmetalsmetalsConstruction and industrialmetalsAutomobilesAutomobilesAutomobi
213、lesICT hardware and electricalICT hardware and electricalequipmentequipmentICT hardware and electricalequipmentHealth care equipment andHealth care equipment andservicesservicesHealth care equipment andservicesTravel,leisure and personalTravel,leisure and personalgoodsgoodsTravel,leisure and persona
214、lgoodsSource:WIPO,based on Bureau van Dijk(BvD)Orbis database.Global Innovation Index 202432 Figure 3b Intensity of top R&D spenders by industry and year,20192023201920202021202220235101520%Pharmaceuticals andPharmaceuticals andbiotechnologybiotechnologyPharmaceuticals andbiotechnologySoftware and I
215、CT servicesSoftware and ICT servicesSoftware and ICT servicesConstruction and industrialConstruction and industrialmetalsmetalsConstruction and industrialmetalsAutomobilesAutomobilesAutomobiles4%4%4%ICT hardware and electricalICT hardware and electricalequipmentequipmentICT hardware and electricaleq
216、uipmentHealth care equipment andHealth care equipment andservicesservicesHealth care equipment andservicesTravel,leisure and personalTravel,leisure and personalgoodsgoodsTravel,leisure and personalgoodsSource:WIPO,based on Bureau van Dijk(BvD)Orbis database.Figure 4 shows the nominal percentage chan
217、ge in R&D expenditure for 2023 among the top 15 firms in the top seven industries.In 2023,most of the top 15 R&D spenders across various industries increased investment,continuing a positive trend.However,25 firms did the opposite and reduced investment.Notably,four of the top R&D investors in ICT h
218、ardware reduced expenditure,in contrast to the year before,when all ICT top R&D investors increased R&D expenditure.In software,two firms decreased spending,while in pharmaceuticals,four firms did so.A few highlights:In the ICT hardware sector,a slowdown was evident,with Nvidias R&D growth rate dece
219、lerating from around 35 percent in 2022 to 18 percent in 2023.Metas and Ubers R&D which jointly recorded the highest growth rate last year at 30 percent fell substantially to around 10 and 13 percentage points,respectively.In contrast,the pharmaceuticals sector experienced an accelerated growth,with
220、 Eli Lilly,Novartis,and Merck US all recording an R&D growth rate exceeding 20 percent.The automotive industry reported a substantial rise in R&D expenditure,particularly by Tesla(by around 30 percent).Global Innovation Tracker 33Figure 4 Top R&D spenders by industry,growth rate 20222023ICT hardware
221、 and electrical equipmentICT hardware and electrical equipmentNvidiaNvidiaAdvanced Micro DevicesAdvanced Micro DevicesSamsung ElectronicsSamsung ElectronicsAppleAppleTaiwan SemiconductorTaiwan SemiconductorCisco SystemsCisco SystemsSiemensSiemensQualcommQualcommEricssonEricssonHuawei Investment&Hold
222、ingHuawei Investment&HoldingBroadcomBroadcomHon HaiHon HaiNokiaNokiaMediatekMediatekIntelIntelIndustry meanIndustry mean15%10%5%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%18.2%17.3%14.4%14.0%11.8%11.7%10.6%7.6%7.1%7.0%6.8%3.6%4.1%4.6%8.5%Software and ICT servicesSoftware and ICT servicesAdobeAdobeUber TechnologiesUber T
223、echnologiesIBMIBMAlphabetAlphabetMetaMetaOracleOracleWorkdayWorkdayTencentTencentBaiduBaiduIntuitIntuitElectronic ArtsElectronic ArtsMicrosoftMicrosoftSAPSAPSalesforceSalesforceAlibaba Group HoldingAlibaba Group Holding15%10%5%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%16.3%13.1%12.5%10.7%9.8%9.7%8.5%5.7%5.1%5.0%4.0%3.4
224、%3.4%3.0%3.0%3.0%7.6%Global Innovation Index 202434 AutomobilesAutomobilesZF FriedrichshafenZF FriedrichshafenTeslaTeslaNissan MotorNissan MotorMercedes-BenzMercedes-BenzVolkswagenVolkswagenBMWBMWStellantisStellantisFord MotorFord MotorHonda MotorHonda MotorContinentalContinentalGeneral MotorsGenera
225、l MotorsToyota MotorToyota MotorDensoDensoRobert BoschRobert BoschSAIC MotorSAIC Motor15%10%5%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%33.1%29.1%17.5%17.0%15.2%13.8%8.1%5.1%4.9%4.8%1.0%0.6%0.6%2.0%10.9%Note:Vertical lines represent the sample average R&D growth for a specific industry.Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology
226、Pharmaceuticals and biotechnologyEli LillyEli LillyNovartisNovartisMerck USMerck USTakeda PharmaceuticalTakeda PharmaceuticalGilead SciencesGilead SciencesBoehringer SohnBoehringer SohnGSKGSKAstrazenecaAstrazenecaAbbVieAbbVieJohnson&JohnsonJohnson&JohnsonSanofiSanofiRocheRocheBristol-Myers SquibbBri
227、stol-Myers SquibbPfizerPfizerBayerBayer15%10%5%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%29.5%24.0%21.7%15.9%14.5%14.3%13.4%10.0%8.5%3.3%0.3%0.1%2.2%7.4%18.3%Figure 4 ContinuedGlobal Innovation Tracker 35Construction and industrial metalsConstruction and industrial metalsConstruction and industrial metalsChina Energy E
228、ng.China Energy Eng.Xinjiang Tianshan CementXinjiang Tianshan CementChina Comms.Constr.China Comms.Constr.China National Chemical Eng.China National Chemical Eng.Power Constr.Corp.of ChinaPower Constr.Corp.of ChinaChina RailwayChina RailwayShanghai Constr.Shanghai Constr.China Railway Constr.China R
229、ailway Constr.Gree Electrical AppliancesGree Electrical AppliancesSaint-GobainSaint-GobainNippon SteelNippon SteelChina Shenhua EnergyChina Shenhua EnergyChina State Constr.Eng.China State Constr.Eng.Aluminum Corp.of ChinaAluminum Corp.of ChinaBeijing ShougangBeijing ShougangIndustry meanIndustry me
230、an15%5%0%5%15%30%45%28.1%22.6%19.4%16.9%13.0%9.3%8.5%8.2%8.0%7.7%5.8%1.3%1.3%6.1%18.8%21.7%Travel,leisure and personal goodsTravel,leisure and personal goodsTravel,leisure and personal goodsT GroupT GroupNintendoNintendoAirbnbAirbnbLOrealLOrealZhejiang Dahua TechnologyZhejiang Dahua TechnologySega S
231、ammySega SammyGarminGarminPanasonicPanasonicLG ElectronicsLG ElectronicsKaoKaoNikonNikonSonySonyEste LauderEste LauderShanda GamesShanda GamesSF HoldingSF Holding15%5%0%5%15%30%45%45.3%25.9%14.7%12.2%10.5%9.1%8.4%5.2%4.9%3.9%3.9%2.1%2.1%1.0%1.0%0.0%5.2%17.9%Figure 4 ContinuedGlobal Innovation Index
232、202436 Source:WIPO,based on Bureau van Dijk(BvD)Orbis database.Venture capitalAfter experiencing extraordinary growth in 2021,with a 47 percent increase in the number of deals and a 127 percent increase in deal value reminiscent of the pre-dotcom bubble era,the venture capital(VC)landscape faced sig
233、nificant challenges in 2022.Tighter monetary conditions led to a sharp reduction in VC fund inflows,with a 36 percent drop in deal value,even though the number of deals competed continued to rise by 22 percent.This trend continued into 2023.The number of VC deals fell by around 10 percent(see Dashbo
234、ard),while the total amount of money invested in VC dropped further,by around 40 percent(Figure 5).Health care equipment and servicesHealth care equipment and servicesHealth care equipment and servicesShenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical ElectronicsShenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical ElectronicsB.BraunB.BraunEdwar
235、ds LifesciencesEdwards LifesciencesIntuitive SurgicalIntuitive SurgicalOlympusOlympusZimmer BiometZimmer BiometBoston ScientificBoston ScientificDexcomDexcomFreseniusFreseniusMedtronic Public Ltd.Medtronic Public Ltd.EssilorluxotticaEssilorluxotticaBecton DickinsonBecton DickinsonStrykerStrykerTherm
236、o Fisher ScientificThermo Fisher ScientificMicroport ScientificMicroport Scientific15%5%0%5%15%30%45%21.4%17.7%13.4%12.1%11.0%10.1%6.9%4.5%1.5%1.5%1.5%1.5%1.2%4.0%5.4%9.1%9.6%OtherOtherOtherPaypalPaypalPetrochinaPetrochinaBoeingBoeingLeonardoLeonardoGeneral ElectricGeneral ElectricNTTNTTMet.Corp.of
237、ChinaMet.Corp.of ChinaMeituanMeituanPhilipsPhilipsAirbusAirbusRTXRTXNetflixNetflixNestlNestlBASFBASF15%5%0%5%15%30%45%34.5%19.8%18.4%11.4%10.0%8.1%7.5%6.8%3.6%3.5%3.5%1.3%2.4%8.6%Figure 4 ContinuedNote:Vertical lines represent the sample average R&D growth for a specific industry.Source:WIPO,based o
238、n Bureau van Dijk(BvD)Orbis database.Global Innovation Tracker 37In 2023,Africa experienced the steepest decline in VC deals seen at the regional level,dropping by around 25 percent from 471 to 349.Africa was followed by the Asia-Pacific region,which saw an almost 20 percent decrease,from approximat
239、ely 9,600 deals down to 7,700.Northern America,although still leading with around 9,000 deals,experienced a 7 percent decline from the 9,600 recorded in 2022.Latin America also saw a decrease,with deals falling by 7 percent,from 539 to 500.Interestingly,Europe bucked the trend,with the number of dea
240、ls increasing by 7 percent,reaching a historic record of approximately 5,400 deals.The total amount invested in VC dropped significantly,from USD 595 billion in 2021 to USD 379 billion in 2022,and dropped further to USD 228 billion in 2023.This decline is reminiscent of the financial crisis of 2009.
241、Tighter monetary policy is driver behind this slowdown.The Latin America region experienced the steepest decline in VC value,plummeting by 67 percent.This was followed by Northern America,with a 40 percent decrease,Europe at 38 percent,Asia-Pacific at 38 percent,and Africa with the smallest decline
242、at 30 percent.Despite a steep fall in the number of deals,Africas VC values remained relatively robust in 2023.A long-term perspective reveals significant structural changes within the geographical distribution of VC investment(Figure 6).In 1997,the United States and Canada concentrated 86 percent o
243、f VC values,while the Asia-Pacific region attracted only 3 percent.A quarter of a century later,in 2023,the Asia-Pacific region share had increased by 25 percentage points,while that of the United States and Canada had declined by 35 points.Meanwhile,in Latin America,the share has remained stagnant
244、at 1 percent,whereas Africas share has grown from zero in 1997 to 0.8 percent in 2023.Figure 5a Quarterly value of venture capital deals,19972024,3-point moving average19982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020222024020406080100120140USD 160 billionDeal valueDeal value(billion USD)(billion U
245、SD)Deal value(billion USD)Source:WIPO,based on data published by Refinitiv Eikon(private equity screener),accessed March 2024.Global Innovation Index 202438 Figure 5b Number of venture capital deals,19972024,3-point moving average199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202220241,0002,0003,00
246、04,0005,0006,0007,000Number ofNumber ofVC dealsVC dealsNumber ofVC dealsSource:WIPO,based on data published by Refinitiv Eikon(private equity screener),accessed March 2024.Figure 6 Regional distribution of venture capital deal value,1997 and 2023US and CanadaEuropeAsia-PacificLatin AmericaAfrica86%1
247、0%199751%19%28%2023Source:WIPO,based on data published by Refinitiv Eikon(private equity screener),accessed March 2024.International patent filingsIn 2023,international patent filings under the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT)fell by almost 2 percent.This marked the first decline sin
248、ce the financial crisis in 2009,which saw a more significant drop of almost 5 percent.6 The growth of patent filings has progressively slowed since 2011(Figure 7).Despite a minimal reduction in number,China maintained its position as the leading origin of PCT patent filings,in 2023.The United States
249、 and Japan followed,even though they experienced a steeper decline of 5.3 percent and 2.9 percent,respectively.In contrast,India and Trkiye showed substantial growth in PCT filings.Indias PCT applications surged by an impressive 44.6 percent,while Trkiye also experienced a significant increase of 8.
250、5 percent.6 For assessments of how IP filings fared during this and previous crises see,WIPO,2010;WIPO,2023;and Fink et al.,2022.Global Innovation Tracker 39Figure 7 Patent filings growth,200920232009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220238642024681012%Patent filingsPatent filingsgr
251、owth rategrowth ratePatent filingsgrowth rateSource:WIPO,based on the WIPO Statistics Database.Technological progressIndicators capturing technological progress have exhibited mostly positive and sometimes strongly positive performance.The rapid improvement in computing power consistent with Moores
252、Law continues to profoundly shape our world.This is complemented by a swift increase in the availability of drugs,indicating significant progress in health and a consistent reduction in genome sequencing costs,which is critical for advancing medical research.However,indicators relating to progress i
253、n green technologies and the environment showed sub-par progress,as compared to average decade-long growth.Specifically,the speed of making progress in making supercomputers more energy-efficient and renewable energy more affordable is falling behind.Computing powerThe GII Global Innovation Tracker
254、employs two metrics to monitor the balance between technological progress and sustainability:namely,Moores Law(a reliable indicator for tracking advancements in computing power)and supercomputer efficiency,which provides a pathway for tracing progress in computing sustainability.Together,these two m
255、etrics offer a comprehensive perspective on ongoing efforts at integrating computational advancement with environmental sustainability.Moores LawMoores Law,the empirical observation that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years,continues to hold true.B
256、etween 2021 and 2023,the transistor count increased by more than 150 percent,implying a compound annual growth rate of 60 percent.This rate surpasses the long-run rate of around 40 percent annual growth observed over the past decade.Still,the miniaturization of transistors is becoming increasingly c
257、omplex,pushing the boundaries of science and technology.As of now,we have achieved 8-nanometer transistors.The anticipated end of Moores Law is around 1.5nm to 1nm,at which point the fundamental laws of physics begin to constrict transistor packing.Green supercomputing Supercomputers,once confined t
258、o scientific research in fields such as climate prediction,genomics and drug discovery,are rapidly permeating the world of business,particularly with respect to the training of AI neural networks.The fastest supercomputers can execute more Global Innovation Index 202440 than 1 quintillion operations
259、 per second,also referred to as an exaflop,a computational capacity equivalent to that of 100,000 laptops.Despite undergoing an exponential increase in speed over time,these computing systems are notoriously greedy consumers of energy(Figure 8).Efficiency,rather than simply operations per second,is
260、becoming a critical metric for these machines.The GII Tracker assesses performance based on how many Gigaflops are achieved per Watt of energy consumed.Between 2022 and 2023,the average efficiency of the top 50“greenest”supercomputers increased by around 14 percent,well below the decades compound an
261、nual growth rate of 30 percent.Figure 8 Average speed,power and efficiency of top 50 green supercomputers,201320232013201420152016201720182019202020212022202305001,0001,5002,0002,500SpeedSpeed(GFlops)(GFlops)Speed(GFlops)Power(kW)Power(kW)Power(kW)EfficiencyEfficiency(GFlops/Watt)(GFlops/Watt)Effici
262、ency(GFlops/Watt)Notes:Average efficiency is calculated as the ratio of average speed to average power for the top 50 green supercomputers.An increase in efficiency can occur even when both speed and power are decreasing.2013 is the base year and set to 100.Source:WIPO based on data published by TOP
263、500.Costs of renewable energyBetween 2021 and 2022,the global weighted-average levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)from newly commissioned solar photovoltaic(PV)and wind power witnessed a reduction of 3.9 percent and 3.5 percent,respectively.Yet,this rate of reduction is substantially lower than the
264、past decades compound annual rate of 15 percent for solar and 9 percent for wind.In 2010,the global weighted-average cost of onshore wind was 95 percent higher than the lowest cost of fossil fuel-fired power.However,by 2022,it was 52 percent lower than the cheapest fossil fuel-fired solutions.Simila
265、rly,solar PV,which was 710 percent more expensive than the cheapest fossil fuel-fired solution in 2010,became 29 percent less expensive by 2022,marking a remarkable reduction in cost(IRENA,2023).Despite these positive trends,the renewable energy sector faces emerging challenges.The escalating demand
266、 for natural resources and manufactured materials,coupled with a reduction in fossil fuel prices from their 2022 peak,could potentially make renewable energy sources less competitive relative to fossil fuels.Electric battery price Technological progress has persistently driven down the cost of lithi
267、um-ion batteries for over a decade,making electric vehicles(EVs)increasingly affordable.However,2022 marked a key turnaround,with a first-ever increase in the price of electric batteries following upon an increase in production costs.This price reversal ended again in 2023,with lithium-ion battery p
268、rices hitting an unprecedented low of USD 139 per kWh,marking a substantial 13.7 percent reduction from the 7 percent Global Innovation Tracker 41increase seen in 2022(Figure 9).However,the 2023 price reduction is at a lower rate than the long-term price reduction observed over the past decade.The 2
269、023 price reduction reflects falling raw material and component prices,increased production capacity across the battery value chain and weaker-than-expected demand growth.The industry is also shifting toward new lithium iron phosphate cells,which are significantly cheaper than previous technologies.
270、Figure 9 Average lithium-ion battery price,2013202320132014201520162017201820192020202120222023100200300400500600700USD 800/kWhAverage batteryAverage batteryprice(USD/kWh)price(USD/kWh)Average batteryprice(USD/kWh)Note:Prices a shown in real 2023 USD.Source:WIPO,based on data published by BloombergN
271、EF.Cost of genome sequencingDNA sequencing plays a crucial role in the understanding of the human genome,and has numerous potential applications in health care,including the rapid diagnosis of complex diseases.The cost of sequencing an entire genome has fallen dramatically over time.Based on estimat
272、es valid for the United States,it has fallen from approximately USD 100 million in 2001 to just over USD 500 in 2023.This rapid reduction in cost,driven by advancements in next-generation DNA sequencing methods,has far outpaced the expected rate of progress predicated on Moores Law.Between 2021 and
273、2023,there was an annualized reduction of 8 percent in the cost of genome sequencing,falling below the long-term trend of a 20 percent CAGR.7Looking ahead,new metrics will be required in order to assess the cost of more advanced DNA sequencing techniques.Emerging long-read DNA sequencing technologie
274、s allow for the more accurate identification of complex structural variations.But they are more costly and necessitate different metrics in order to track progress.87 This slowdown can be partially attributed to the cessation of funding for the large-scale sequencing program funded by the National H
275、uman Genome Research Institute(NHGRI)and a new cost estimation method,which incorporates additional analysis costs and averages costs across a smaller number of research centers.The earlier cost estimation method represented genome sequencing done by the research center for their own research projec
276、ts.The newer methods represent costs from those centers but made available to external customers.8 Short-read technologies can assess differences in a persons genome that possibly affect risk of disease.In contrast,long-read DNA sequencing produces data that can inform more accurately how the overal
277、l structure of the genome affects biology.Currently,long-read sequencing,costing around USD 3,000,mainly benefits research,but it may eventually be used in health care.Global Innovation Index 202442 Drug approvalsIn this edition of the Tracker,we assess the state of innovation in pharmaceuticals by
278、examining the number of novel active substances(NASs)launched globally.A NAS is defined as a new molecular or biologic entity or combination where at least one element is new(IQVIA,2024).In 2023,a total of 69 NASs were introduced globally,marking a significant 9.5 percent increase on the 63 launched
279、 in 2022.This figure surpasses the average annual growth rate of 3.7 percent observed over the decade.Still,this is lower than during 2020 and 2021,when the number of drugs introduced surged due to the COVID-19 pandemic before returning to the pre-pandemic trend.In contrast to this years use of IQVI
280、A data,last years Global Innovation Tracker relied on Food and Drug Administration(FDA)data for the monitoring of drug approvals.FDA data confirms the positive trend in 2023,with a notable rise of 49 percent in drug approvals after a steep decline in 2022.Figure 10 shows annual NAS launches between
281、2013 and 2023 disaggregated by therapeutic area.Around 30 percent of the drugs introduced relate to oncology,11 percent to neurology and around 10 percent to infectious diseases,together accounting for half of total launches during the period.Figure 10 Number of yearly drug launches,by therapeutic a
282、rea,2013202320132014201520162017201820192020202120222023484848545454414141414141484848626262565656818181939393636363696969Oncology,incl.supportive careOncology,incl.supportive careOncology,incl.supportive careNeurologyNeurologyNeurologyInfectious diseasesInfectious diseasesInfectious diseasesHematol
283、ogyHematologyHematologyImmunologyImmunologyImmunologyEndocrinologyEndocrinologyEndocrinologyGastrointestinalGastrointestinalGastrointestinalCOVID-19COVID-19COVID-19CardiovascularCardiovascularCardiovascularAll othersAll othersAll othersSource:WIPO,based on data published by IQVIA Institute for Human
284、 Data Science.Technology adoptionIn 2023,technology adoption was positive across all the indicators considered.Growth was evident in areas such as robotics and EVs.Connectivity is also expanding rapidly with the rise of 5G networks,promising faster data transmission speeds and a more reliable servic
285、e.However,despite long-term growth in safe sanitation,the pace of expansion is currently insufficient to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of universal coverage by 2030.There has been a decline of countries meeting the minimum cancer equipment needs too.The growth rate for the ado
286、ption of safe sanitation has also significantly slowed.Safe sanitationSafe sanitation,that is,the use of improved sanitation facilities,increased by 1.4 percent between 2021 and 2022,representing 57 per 100 inhabitants.This rate of growth is below the decades average annual increase of 2.4 percent f
287、rom 2012 to 2022.A decade ago,under Global Innovation Tracker 43half of the worlds population(45 percent)had access to safe sanitation.This implies that approximately 1.3 billion people have gained access to safe sanitation since 2012.The most significant progress in safe sanitation access since 201
288、2 has been observed in Central and Southern Asia(+6.6 percent),particularly in India,and East and South East Asia(+4.6 percent),with China leading the way.However,current rates of international adoption indicate that only 65 percent of the worlds population will have access to safe sanitation by 203
289、0.This falls short by 35 points of the Sustainable Development Goal of universal coverage(UNICEF and WHO,2023).ConnectivityThis year the Global Innovation Tracker includes for the first time data on the proportion of the worlds population covered by 5G networks.This is part of the GIIs effort to mon
290、itor the spread of cutting-edge communication technologies.In 2023,5G coverage extended to approximately 38 percent of the global population;a notable achievement considering commercial deployment only began in 2019.This represents a close to 25 percent increase on the coverage in 2022 and an annual
291、 compound growth rate of 45 percent since 2021.Furthermore,today,95 percent of the worlds population is covered by at least a 3G network(Figure 11).9Coverage varies according to region.Europe leads in 5G deployment,with 68 percent of the population covered,followed by the Americas at 59 percent and
292、the Asia-Pacific region at 42 percent.The Arab States have 12 percent coverage,while the Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS)region and Africa have 8 percent and 6 percent coverage,respectively(ITU,2023).The fixed broadband subscription rate rose to around 19 per 100 inhabitants,in 2023,a 4 perce
293、nt increase on the previous year.This is,however,below the compound annual growth rate of 7 percent over the past decade.Europe leads with 36 per 100 inhabitants,followed by the Americas at 26,the CIS region at 23,Asia-Pacific at 19,the Arab States at 11.Africa has the lowest coverage of all at just
294、 0.8 per 100 inhabitants.Figure 11 Population coverage by type of mobile network,201520232015201620172018201920202021202220230102030405060708090100%2G2G2G3G3G3G4G4G4G5G5G5GNotes:The values for 2G,3G and 4G represents that proportion of the population that has access to each respective network or a s
295、uperior one.Data pertaining to 5G coverage is unavailable for years prior to 2021.Source:WIPO,based on data published by the International Telecommunication Union.9 Since 2G does not support internet access,we consider 3G coverage.Global Innovation Index 202444 Robots and automatization In 2022,the
296、operational stock of robots increased significantly by 12 percent,mirroring the compound growth rate over the past decade.Growth occurred despite supply chain disruptions,with robot adoption reaching new heights.Over 550,000 new installations were recorded,marking a 5 percent increase on the previou
297、s record set in 2021.The electronics industry emerged as the leading consumer of robots in 2022,accounting for 28 percent of all new installations.The automotive industry closely followed,with a 25 percent share of new installations(Mller,2023).Geographically,the industrial robot market was dominate
298、d by five countries:China,Japan,the United States,the Republic of Korea and Germany.Together,these five countries accounted for 74 percent of the operational stock of robots in 2022.Over time,there has been a noticeable shift in robot adoption.Japan,the United States and Germany have seen a decrease
299、 in their share,whereas Chinas share has increased significantly.Electric vehicles The global EV market experienced substantial growth in 2022.The stock of EVs increased by 54 percent that year,slightly below the 10-year average growth rate of 59 percent.The share of EVs rose to 3 percent,in 2022,up
300、 from 2 percent in 2021 and a mere 0.07 percent a decade ago(IEA,2024).Electric vehicles accounted for 18 percent of global car sales in 2022.The market was dominated by China,Europe and the United States,which together constituted around 95 percent of total EV sales.Emerging markets and developing
301、economies outside China constituted only a small proportion of the global market.Affordability remains a significant barrier,particularly in low-and lower middle-income economies.Challenges such as limited access to charging infrastructure and EV servicing further impede adoption not only in these e
302、conomies but also in high-income regions,too.Nonetheless,2022 saw a significant surge in electromobility within India,Thailand and Indonesia.Electric car sales in these countries tripled compared to 2021,largely driven by Tatas dominance within the Indian market and government incentives aimed at bo
303、lstering EV manufacturing.Cancer radiotherapyTo better capture the adoption of health-related innovations,the Global Innovation Tracker provides information on the availability of cancer therapy equipment,specifically the number of linear accelerators(LINACs)devices for delivering high-energy x-rays
304、 or electrons to cancers for therapeutic or palliative purposes per inhabitant.Data for 2023 shows an around 3 percent rise in the availability of LINACs per capita compared to the previous year,exceeding the average annual global increase in LINAC availability of 1.6 percent over the past decade.In
305、 2023,21 out of 100 countries met the minimum radiotherapy requirements set out by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)DIrectory of RAdiotherapy Centres(DIRAC)(see Data note).Among upper middle-income economies,there has been a notable increase in the percentage of countries meeting radiothe
306、rapy requirements.However,the number of lower middle-and low-income economies meeting radiotherapy technology minimum requirements remains low,indicating a persistent divide in access to adequate radiotherapy services.Global Innovation Tracker 45Socioeconomic impactIn terms of the socioeconomic impa
307、ct of innovation,many indicators have returned to some growth relative to the results of last years 2023 edition of the GII.Labor productivity has seen an increase,albeit at a rate below the average for the past decade,with levels slightly above those of 2021.Significant long-term progress has been
308、made in reducing poverty,with the number of people in extreme poverty in 2022 being half of what it was in 2005.However,levels remain above those recorded in 2018,and thus pre-pandemic levels,indicating that more effort is needed if progress is to be sustained or even accelerated.Life expectancy saw
309、 a rapid rise in 2022,but remains at levels last seen in 2015.Also,the disparity between healthy life expectancy and total life expectancy is still to be addressed.On environmental issues,the world is falling further behind.After a temporary reduction in 2020,carbon emissions are growing once.The ye
310、ar 2023 was the hottest on record,highlighting an urgent need for effective climate action.Labor productivityLabor productivity showed an increase of around 1 percent between 2022 and 2023,an improvement from the sluggish growth of around 0.2 percent observed between 2021 and 2022.In terms of output
311、 per worker,there has been a notable increase,from around USD 43,000 in 2012 to USD 51,000 in 2023.Despite this positive trend,the current growth rate still lags behind the decade average of 2.2 percent productivity growth;a trend further discussed in the context of two possibly new Digital Age and
312、deep Science Innovation waves in the GII 2022 special theme What is the future of innovation-driven growth?PovertyThis year,the Global Innovation Tracker incorporates data on poverty.In 2022,approximately 712 million people were living in extreme poverty,defined as subsisting on less than USD 2.15 a
313、 day(2017 PPP)a 5 percent decrease on the previous year.Comparatively,in 2012,the number of people living in poverty was 936 million,representing a reduction of over 200 million individuals over the decade(Figure 12).Since the 2000s,the share of the global population living below the lower middle-in
314、come(USD 3.65)and the upper middle-income(USD 6.85)poverty line also shrank.Currently,nearly 2 billion people live on under USD 3.65 a day,and more than 3.5 billion people(around half of the worlds population)live below the USD 6.85 threshold.Despite the 2022 improvement,poverty is still greater tod
315、ay than it was before the pandemic struck.Figure 12 Population living in poverty,by income threshold,19812022,USD PPP 2017198519901995200020052010201520200.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0 billion people6.856.85USD/dayUSD/day6.85USD/day3.653.65USD/dayUSD/day3.65USD/day2.152.15USD/dayUSD/day2.15USD/daySourc
316、e:WIPO,based on data published by World Bank,Poverty and Inequality Platform.Global Innovation Index 202446 Life expectancyGlobally,average life expectancy at birth is now around 20 years longer than it was back in 1960,when it stood at 51 years.However,COVID-19 caused a marked decline in life expec
317、tancy,and recovery has been gradual.Following two consecutive periods of unprecedented decline a 1 percent decrease between 2019 and 2020,and a further 1.3 percent decrease between 2020 and 2021 life expectancy rose by around 1 percent in 2022.As of 2022,the life expectancy of a representative indiv
318、idual is 72 years,the same as in 2015.A decade earlier,in 2012,life expectancy was slightly lower,at 71 years(Figure 13).Despite improvements,significant disparities in life expectancy persist.There remains a striking gap of approximately 30 years between the highest and lowest life expectancies.For
319、 instance,in Japan,life expectancy is slightly below 84 years,whereas in some other countries it is around 55 years.This gap has narrowed over time since 1960,when it was 45 years.Additionally,a notable disparity exists between life expectancy at birth and healthy life expectancy at birth(HALE).This
320、 gap has remained fairly constant since the start of the millennium,at around 9.5 years.Figure 13 Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth(years),20002022200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022586062646668707274 yearsLifeLifeexpectancyexpectancyLifeexpectancyHealthyHealthylifeli
321、feexpectancyexpectancyHealthylifeexpectancySource:WIPO,based on data published by World Bank(LE)and World Health Organization(HALE).Global warmingIn an effort to understand both the impact of economic activity on the climate and the potential mitigation strategies through innovation,this years Globa
322、l Innovation Tracker includes data on global warming.This approach aligns with the global commitment made in 2015 under the Paris Agreement,when countries worldwide agreed to a long-term goal of limiting the rise in global surface temperature to no more than 2C above pre-industrial levels,with a pre
323、ferred limit of 1.5C.10Notably,2023 marked a significant milestone in being the hottest year on record,with the global temperature 1.17C above the baseline period(19511980).11 Problematically,the average temperature in 2023 was only 0.13C below the preferred 1.5C target and 0.63C below the maximum 2
324、C target,thresholds that are quite likely to be surpassed in the coming decades(Figure 14).10 See https:/unfccc.int/documents/184656 11 Temperature variations occur within the context of an overall upward trend driven by human activity,with fluctuations due to natural phenomena such as El Nio and La
325、 Nia events or volcanic eruptions.Global Innovation Tracker 47Furthermore,carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions are on the rise.In 2022,CO2emissions returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels,increasing by 0.9 percent compared to 2021.Fossil CO2emissions are expected to have risen further in 2023,to 1.4 percen
326、t above 2019 levels(Figure 15).Figure 14 Global temperature anomaly,19512023 landocean global mean temperature195019601970198019902000201020200.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4CLowessLowesssmoothingsmoothingLowesssmoothing1.01C1.01C1.01CCOP 15COP 15COP 151.3C1.3C1.3CMeanMeantemperaturetemperatureMeantemper
327、ature1.17C1.17C1.17CNotes:COP 15(lower threshold)indicates the lower limit of 1.5C global warming relative to the pre-industrial temperature.This corresponds to a temperature increase of 1.3C with respect to the average temperature from 1951 to 1980.Lowess smoothing denotes Locally Weighted Scatterp
328、lot Smoothing with a fifth-degree polynomial.Source:WIPO,based on data published by NASA GISS GISTEM.Figure 15 Carbon dioxide emissions,20072022(gigatonnes of carbon)200820102012201420162018202020228.68.89.09.29.49.69.810.0 CO2 emissions(GtC/yr)FossilFossilemissionsemissionsexcludingexcludingcarbona
329、tioncarbonation(GtC/yr)(GtC/yr)Fossilemissionsexcludingcarbonation(GtC/yr)Source:WIPO,based on data published by Global Carbon Budget 2023.ConclusionThe Global Innovation Tracker 2024 provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of global innovation,revealing a complex landscape subject to
330、 economic,geopolitical and technological factors.Findings serve to highlight progress,as well as challenges across four key stages of the innovation cycle:science and innovation investment,technological progress,technology adoption,and the socioeconomic impact of innovation.In conclusion,while globa
331、l innovation has remained resilient over the past few years,it faces significant economic and geopolitical headwinds.Despite continued technological progress and growing technology adoption,achieving socioeconomic progress remains a challenge.The path forward requires sustained investment,the enhanc
332、ed adoption of breakthrough technologies,and comprehensive strategies to harness innovation for socioeconomic and environmental benefit.The outlook for 2024 and 2025 remains uncertain,necessitating vigilant monitoring and adaptive strategies to navigate the evolving global landscape.Global Innovatio
333、n Index 202448 At this point,an important reminder is in order:the GII Global Innovation Tracker makes a significant effort to capture innovation investment and technological progress,adoption and impact through a limited set of indicators and to provide high-level trends via the Dashboard.While the indicators for investment impact are quite standard and comprehensive,the other indicators on techn
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