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1、Release Date:May 2022SENSING CHANGE How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsFOREWORD Air pollution is a global health crisis and the largest environmental health threat the world currently faces.Nearly 13 people every minute die due to exposure to air pollution,maki

2、ng it the worlds fourth-leading risk factor for early death.Despite improvements in air quality in some countries,pollution levels remain far too high in many of the worlds most-populous and fastest-growing cities.In September 2021,when the World Health Organisation(WHO)updated its Air Quality Guide

3、lines,it spoke loudly and clearly on the profoundly harmful effects of air pollution,even at very low levels.Over the past few decades,a growing body of literature has reinforced how poor air quality negatively affects people of all ages,leading to ill health,increased hospital admissions and reduce

4、d life expectancy.This research underscores the public health imperative of actions to end our reliance on fossil fuels.The only pathway to creating breathable air in our cities is by decarbonising all sectors of our economy and eliminating fossil fuel combustion.Fortunately,the solutions to improve

5、 air quality already exist,and have proven to be effective in many of the worlds leading cities.To date,38 C40 mayors have signed the C40 Clean Air Cities Declaration,committing to take bold action on sources of air pollution within their cities to bring levels in line with World Health Organisation

6、 Air Quality Guidelines.Air quality monitoring is a fundamental tool to ensure clean air in our cities.As well as providing data to understand pollution risk and information on sources and location of pollution,it can also evaluate how well policies are working and empower residents with information

7、 on their own exposure levels.Expanding pollution monitoring is a valuable tool for designing and implementing impactful and equitable climate solutions.Over the past few years there has been an increase in new technologies available for air pollution monitoring,creating new opportunities for cities

8、 of all resource levels to better develop and implement clean air actions.This report highlights the innovative ways leading cities are using new technologies to achieve a range of air quality goals.We hope its findings provide valuable insights into how cities can improve the design and implementat

9、ion of their monitoring plans,while simultaneously helping guide the wider air quality community through highlighting key questions and needs relevant to cities across the globe.Mark Watts C40 Cities DirectorTO DATE,38 C40 MAYORS HAVE SIGNED THE C40 CLEAN AIR CITIES DECLARATION,COMMITTING TO TAKE BO

10、LD ACTION ON SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION WITHIN THEIR CITIES TO BRING LEVELS IN LINE WITH WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES.3Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals2Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve a

11、ir quality goalsACKNOWLEDGEMENTSC40 Cities Authors:Dolly OladiniHelen HoIyad KheirbekMiranda JakubekZo ChafeBloomberg Philanthropies invests in 941 cities and 173 countries around the world to ensure better,longer lives for the greatest number of people.The organisation focuses on five key areas for

12、 creating lasting change:the Arts,Education,Environment,Government Innovation,and Public Health.Bloomberg Philanthropies encompasses all of Michael R.Bloombergs giving,including his foundation,corporate,and personal philanthropy as well as Bloomberg Associates,a pro bono consultancy that works in ci

13、ties around the world.In 2021,Bloomberg Philanthropies distributed$1.66 billion.For more information,please visit bloomberg.org or follow us on Facebook,Instagram,YouTube,and Twitter.The Clean Air Fund is a global philanthropic organisation that works with governments,funders,businesses and campaign

14、ers to create a future where everyone breathes clean air.www.cleanairfund.orgFunding for this report,and several of the case studies described here,was provided by Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Clean Air Fund.TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive summary6Glossary and acronyms7 BOX 1/Monitoring Spotlight:C40

15、 Sensor Working Group91.Introduction101.1.C40 Cities:Committed to cleaning the air we breathe1.2.The role of new sensor technologies1.3.Sensor technology and protocol improvements that are critical to increasing city-level deployment BOX 2/Sensor waste and sustainability:Portlands experience12121517

16、2.City case studies 182.1.Addis Ababa2.2.Dar es Salaam2.3.Denver2.4.Lima2.5.Lisbon2.6.London BOX 3/COVID-19 Spotlight:The impact of global shutdown on Londons pollution data2.7.Los Angeles2.8.Mumbai2.9.Paris2.10.Quezon City BOX 4/Wildfires:How can cities improve and expand sensor networks and commun

17、ications(Portland)202124283236414246505457 3.Conclusion and recommendations58City Case Studies:Addis Ababa:Tibebu AssefaDar es Salaam:Juma HauleDenver:Michael OgletreeLima:Doroti Cuestas and George CastelarLisbon:Pedro OliveiraLondon:Sara-Jane MillarLos Angeles:Irene BurgaMumbai:S.N.TripathiParis:Ai

18、rparifPortland:Christine KendrickQuezon City:Patrick AlzonaC40 is a network of nearly 100 mayors of the worlds leading cities who are working to deliver the urgent action needed right now to confront the climate crisis and create a future where everyone,everywhere can thrive.Mayors of C40 cities are

19、 committed to using a science-based and people-focused approach to help the world limit global heating to 1.5C and build healthy,equitable and resilient communities.Through a Global Green New Deal,mayors are working alongside a broad coalition of representatives from labour,business,the youth climat

20、e movement and civil society to go further and faster than ever before.The current Chair of C40 is Mayor of London Sadiq Khan;and three-term Mayor of New York City Michael R.Bloomberg serves as President of the Board.C40s work is made possible by our three strategic funders:Bloomberg Philanthropies,

21、Childrens Investment Fund Foundation(CIFF),and Realdania.To learn more about the work of C40 and our cities,please visit www.c40.org,or follow us on LinkedIn,Twitter,Instagram and Youtube.5Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals4Sensing change:How ci

22、ties are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsEXECUTIVE SUMMARYCities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of air pollution.They are often locations of high pollution exposure and settings of extreme disparities in wealth,health and vulnerability to the effects of air qua

23、lity and climate change.Expanding air pollution monitoring is an important element of cities commitments and efforts to develop and support control policies that address the complexity and variety of pollution sources that exist in cities.For cities new to air pollution monitoring,sensors can provid

24、e an affordable option to understanding basic information on their air pollution levels.Cities with existing monitoring networks can use sensors to expand spatial coverage,measure the impact of interventions,identify hotspots and engage local communities and raise public awareness.These networks can

25、 also be valuable for evaluating localised exposure and risk among vulnerable and marginalised communities,providing important information to advance solutions that mitigate inequities and protect historically disadvantaged communities.The rapidly expanding lower-cost air quality sensor market prese

26、nts valuable opportunities for urban air quality work,but requires that city staff navigate a plethora of options around network installation,data management and communication processes.Without clear information or guidance on characteristics such as data reliability,total project cost and product l

27、ifetime,city staff and other end users may face hurdles in successfully deploying new sensors.Improving dialogue and collaboration between cities and technology providers can help ensure that new sensor technologies and data management platforms can be efficiently applied to solving urban issues.The

28、 following recommendations for sensor technology improvements draw on and respond to technical challenges identified by city staff in C40s Air Quality Network:Clear protocols on co-location methods and frequency of co-location studies Recent and reliable data on sensor accuracy,under local condition

29、s,and reliable information on the useful lifetime of sensors Solutions to energy supply disruptions and city-specific conditions Robust and responsive customer support Training to build city staff capacity in sensor deployment and data analysis Solutions that anticipate and reduce e-waste from senso

30、rs Support with project-level budgeting Guidance on data sharing and data management platforms By addressing city concerns and desires around issues from sensor design and specific operating conditions to costing,longevity,waste mitigation,data management and training sensor manufacturers have the o

31、pportunity to help cities better understand their air quality and also better serve an emerging,powerful market.GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS Air Quality Management Plan(AQMP)Air quality management plans(AQMPs)typically include a series of measures designed to manage and reduce air pollutants.These measures

32、 are based on an assessment of air quality and trend forecasts for the future,and detailed analysis of the level of concentrations,including the sources responsible.Baseline dataRobust,sustained and accurate air pollution monitoring within a city to characterise city-wide air pollution levels.Benzen

33、e(C6H6)Benzene(C6H6)is a chemical compound that is harmful to human health.As an air pollutant,benzene can be emitted from domestic and industrial combustion processes,as well as vehicles.Carbon monoxide(CO)Carbon monoxide(CO)is a colourless,odourless gaseous air pollutant that can be harmful when i

34、nhaled in large amounts.CO is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood,petrol,coal,natural gas and kerosene.Community engagementThe practice of including relevant stakeholders and communities,particularly marginalised groups,in the policy-making and urban governance proce

35、ss,in order to ensure a fair policy process with equitable outcomes.Emissions vs concentrationsA citys air quality is affected by a number of factors.These include the weather,local geography and emissions sources from both within and outside a city.Emissions are measured in mass of a pollutant(or p

36、recursor pollutant)that is created or released through a certain activity.Some air pollutants of concern are not directly emitted,but form in the atmosphere through chemical reactions.Air quality is measured in concentrations,which are specific levels of a pollutant in a given area.Legal limits are

37、set in relation to concentrations.Health impact assessmentA practical approach used to judge the potential health effects of a policy,programme or project on a population,particularly on vulnerable or disadvantaged groups.Lower-cost sensorsRange from simple single-pollutant sensors to multi-pollutan

38、t devices that include communications and meteorological monitoring capabilities.While they range in price,they tend to be lower cost than equipment that collects data at a quality that is certified for use in assessing regulatory compliance.Lower-cost sensors have great potential for real-time air

39、quality monitoring in dense networks,and are in an early stage of development with rapid changes in technologies and providers.67Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air qualit

40、y goalsMonitoringAn important part of air quality management is establishing,maintaining and increasing reliable city-wide air quality monitoring,and making data publicly available in an accessible format,in a timely manner or as close to real-time as possible.Nitrogen oxide(NO),nitrogen dioxide(NO2

41、),and nitrogen oxides(NOx)All combustion processes produce nitrogen oxides(NOx).In many cities,road transport and heating systems are the main sources of these emissions.NOx is primarily made up of two pollutants:nitric oxide(NO)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2).NO2 is of most concern due to its impact on h

42、ealth.However,NO easily converts to NO2 in the air,so to reduce concentrations of NO2 it is essential to control emissions of NOx.Ozone(O3)Ozone(O3)is not emitted directly into the atmosphere.It is a secondary pollutant generated by the reaction between NOx,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and sunli

43、ght.At high levels of NOx near fresh sources of emissions,the reverse reaction occurs,where NOx reacts with ozone and acts as a local sink(NOx-titration).For this reason,sometimes O3 concentrations are not as high in urban areas(where high levels of NO are emitted from vehicles)as in rural areas.Amb

44、ient concentrations are usually highest in areas downwind of major sources or in settings where air is trapped due to topographical features-particularly in hot,still and sunny weather conditions that give rise to summer smog.Particulate matter(PM)Particulate matter(PM)is a complex mix of non-gaseou

45、s material of varied chemical composition.It is categorised by the size of its particles.For example,PM10 is composed of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than ten micrometres(g)and PM2.5 is composed of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 g.PM2.5 is a component of PM

46、10.PM2.5 is thought to be the air pollutant that has the greatest impact on human health,based on current evidence.Regulatory(or reference grade)moni-toring stationsHighly accurate monitoring equipment that is expensive,and requires significant infrastructure and trained personnel to operate.This eq

47、uipment is often certified by regulatory agencies to meet the standard for use in determining whether air quality levels comply with regulatory standards.Source apportionmentThe practice of obtaining information about pollution sources and the amount they contribute to ambient air pollution levels w

48、ithin a particular region.Sulphur dioxide(SO2)Sulphur dioxide(SO2)is a gaseous air pollutant composed of sulphur and oxygen.SO2 forms when sulphur-containing fuel such as coal,oil or diesel is burned.Sulphur dioxide also reacts with other pollutants in the atmosphere to form sulphate particles,a maj

49、or part of fine particle pollution in many global cities.BOX 1/MONITORING SPOTLIGHT:C40 SENSOR WORKING GROUPCity-to-city sharing is the basis on which C40 was founded and it continues to be at the heart of our mission:collaboration moves cities farther,faster.Mayors and city officials understand tha

50、t by working together they can advise each other on what does and does not work,accelerating implementation of ambitious and effective air quality and climate solutions.The C40 Air Quality Network brings together air quality management officials from 50 cities working towards shared goals.Peer-to-pe

51、er collaboration benefits city staff by cutting costs,preventing mistakes and building capacity to deliver action.Positive peer pressure also drives accelerated and scaled-up action.Once one city delivers a higher ambition policy or programme,it sets a new standard for all cities.The network is buil

52、t on the principle that,while each city is unique,there are sets of commonly-applicable best practices that can be enacted with sensitivity to local context and circumstance.In 2019,the C40 Air Quality Network established a Sensor Working Group to provide a unique platform for collaboration and shar

53、ing of best practice in deploying and using data from sensor monitoring networks.The cities in the working group have developed a high level of trust around a shared purpose,which has accelerated learning,allowing practitioners to rapidly deploy sensor networks that are better and cheaper.City staff

54、 from the Sensor Working Group have contributed to this report,which provides case studies on urban approaches to sensor-based air quality monitoring studies.The document is meant as a resource for all cities,to improve the design and implementation of monitoring plans by leveraging the experiences

55、of a diverse network of cities.89Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals1INTRODUCTIONMumbai Peter Adams/Getty Images1.1.C40 Cities:Committed to cleaning the air

56、we breatheC40s vision is for all cities to achieve healthy levels of air quality(by meeting or surpassing World Health Organization(WHO)Air Quality Guideline levels)in the shortest possible time,while meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.To help meet this goal,in 2019,35 cities launched the C40

57、Clean Air Cities Declaration,pledging to deliver clean air for the more than 140 million people that live in their cities.By signing this commitment,the mayors recognised that breathing clean air is a human right and committed to work together to form an unparalleled global coalition for clean air.T

58、he commitment creates a best practice framework for clean air in cities,with signatories committing to targets in line with WHO Air Quality Guidelines;implementing new substantive policies to address the top causes of air pollution within city control;expanding air quality management activities,such

59、 as air pollution monitoring and evaluating the health impacts from pollution;and publicly reporting on progress towards air pollution goals.As of May 2022,38 mayors have signed the C40 Clean Air Cities Declaration.More information on the actions cities are taking through these commitments can be fo

60、und on the Declaration page on the C40 website.Cities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of air pollution.They are often locations of high pollution exposures and settings of extreme disparities in wealth,health and vulnerability to effects of air quality and climate change.Currently,56.2%of

61、 the worlds population lives in urban areas,a figure that is expected to increase to 60.4%by 2030,with rapid urbanisation in low-middle income countries where air pollution levels are often the highest.Expanding air pollution monitoring is an important element of cities commitments and efforts to de

62、velop and support control policies that address the complexity and variety of pollution sources that exist in cities.There is growing interest in understanding how pollution varies from neighbourhood to neighbourhood,or even street by street;research has shown that levels can vary considerably withi

63、n cities and the health impacts of air pollution are unequal and disproportionate.Cities are leveraging new technologies,such as distributed networks of lower-cost sensors,to better understand basic trends,assess changes over time,understand exposure hotspots,identify priority sources,engage local c

64、ommunities,empower residents with information and enforce local policies.Strengthening these types of data and evidence can help accelerate meaningful action on the important sources polluting our air.1.2.The role of new sensor technologiesAdequate air quality monitoring is an important element of u

65、rban air quality management and a foundational step to creating clean air through effective control policies.Cities monitor pollution to achieve a range of goals,such as:1.Understanding pollution risk and levels relative to local and international health-based standards and guidelines.2.Understandin

66、g spatial patterns of pollution and locations of high exposures.3.Identifying sources of pollution.4.Expanding awareness and building evidence to support clean air action.5.Tracking policy efficacy and enforcing regulation.Regulatory monitoring sites,when available,provide accurate and detailed data

67、 useful for assessing compliance,tracking trends and informing research on the composition of the atmosphere.However,regulatory-grade monitors are expensive and require significant effort to install and maintain.Cities often have more flexibility to explore new innovations in air quality data collec

68、tion,and are increasingly leveraging these technologies to answer a variety of questions.For cities new to air pollution monitoring,sensors can provide an affordable option to understanding basic information on their air pollution levels.Cities with existing monitoring networks can use sensors to ex

69、pand spatial coverage,measure the impact of interventions,identify hotspots and engage local communities and raise public awareness.These networks can also be valuable for evaluating localised exposure and risk among vulnerable and marginalised communities,providing important information to advance

70、solutions that mitigate inequities and protect historically disadvantaged communities.London Catalin Sandru/Unsplash1213Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsIM

71、PROVING DIALOGUE AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN CITIES AND TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS CAN HELP ENSURE THAT NEW SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND DATA MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS CAN BE EFFICIENTLY APPLIED TO SOLVING URBAN ISSUES.1.3.Sensor technology and protocol improvements that are critical to increasing city-level deployme

72、nt Cities are increasingly interested in deploying lower-cost air quality sensing solutions,a trend that parallels the proliferation of available sensor options.The rapidly expanding lower-cost air quality sensor market presents valuable opportunities for urban air quality work,but requires city sta

73、ff to navigate a plethora of options around network installation,data management and communication processes.Without clear information or guidance on characteristics such as data reliability,total project cost and product lifetime,city staff and other end users may face hurdles in successfully deplo

74、ying new sensors.Improving dialogue and collaboration between cities and technology providers can help ensure that new sensor technologies and data management platforms can be efficiently applied to solving urban issues.Through C40s Air Quality Network,city staff have highlighted common technical ch

75、allenges that prevent them from successfully deploying sensors.The following recommendations for sensor technology improvements draw on and respond to these technical challenges:1.Clear protocols for co-location and frequency of calibration:Cities want to be able to easily compare sensor performance

76、 with reference-grade monitors.To improve sensor performance,city staff request published information about the known accuracy of sensor equipment,including:routinely updated results of calibration studies,and procedures for co-locating sensors and adjusting sensor measurements.2.Recent and reliable

77、 data on sensor accuracy,under local conditions:High humidity,dust and high PM2.5 levels can affect sensor performance.Cities request clear,transparent guidelines of utility and uncertainty under varied operating conditions(i.e.more detailed specification sheets).There is a wide range of sensors on

78、the market,and many sensors come with limited information on data quality under various conditions.Without information specific to a range of deployment conditions,cities are concerned that some sensors may not be reliable or accurate enough for ambient air quality characterisation.(More information

79、 on improving data quality can be found on the C40 Knowledge Hub.)3.Solutions to energy supply disruptions and city-specific conditions:Intermittent electricity supply and high humidity are among the challenges that cities face in sensor deployment.Cities ideally want sensor systems with built-in so

80、lar panels,or batteries that last at least two weeks for ease of deployment.An integrated physical dryer could help mitigate humidity challenges.4.Estimating the useful lifetime of sensors:Transparent communication around sensor longevity and lifespan will help cities manage expectations and correct

81、ly prepare a budget for projects.Cities request that sensor manufacturers better communicate the lifespan of sensors,what types of conditions can result in sensor decay,the cost of replacement parts and more.5.Robust and responsive customer support:Lower-cost sensor technology is rapidly evolving.Ci

82、ty staff place high value on responsive customer service and guidance documentation,and would welcome proactive communication if there is a newer version or modification of an existing sensor product or data management system.15Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve

83、air quality goals14Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals6.Offer training to increase local staff capacity:Sensor manufacturers and other stakeholders are strongly encouraged to build long-term capacity by providing tailored and comprehensive traini

84、ng to city staff.Capacity-building gives cities the opportunity and freedom to work with manufacturers,instead of relying on manufacturers to manage cities sensor networks.7.Anticipate and reduce e-waste from sensors:Cities are creating procurement criteria to reduce sensor waste.(Read about Portlan

85、ds experience in Box 2).Manufacturers can prepare to meet procurement criteria by designing ways to mitigate waste,by building modular components or reusing external housing components when possible.Integrating components to achieve maximum function with a minimum number of sensors will also reduce

86、waste.8.Support with project-level budgeting:Cities have requested training and support from the sensor community in understanding budget needs across entire projects to better design well-resourced and sustained sampling campaigns.Cities sensor choices are influenced by their staff capacity needs a

87、nd low-capacity cities may preferentially select sensor companies that offer access to a technical support team.9.Guidance on data sharing and data management platforms:Cities request detailed guidance on data management and communications software.They often need a platform that can be used and sha

88、red across city agencies,research institutions and other entities.In some cities,state or federal government agencies provide data-sharing platforms for regulatory air quality data,but not for lower-cost sensor data,as it can be challenging to share sensor information with the general public.As a re

89、sult,cities must develop sensor data platforms with other partners,such as local universities,to integrate disparate data and normalise information and messaging.Increased guidance is needed on what is the most appropriate approach for data platform ownership:should cities own the platform,but share

90、 the raw data to allow others to create apps and develop meaningful stories?Or can sensor manufacturers support cities to harmonise data protocols,so that data from multiple companies/products can be transmitted and visualised on a single data platform?By addressing city concerns and desires around

91、issues from sensor design and specific operating conditions to costing,longevity,waste mitigation,data management and training sensor manufacturers have the opportunity to help cities better understand their air quality and also better serve an emerging,powerful market.As the demand for(and expectat

92、ion of)local air quality monitoring data grows,manufacturers can prepare by anticipating and preparing to meet the city-level needs described above.BOX 2/SENSOR WASTE AND SUSTAINABILITY:PORTLANDS EXPERIENCEAir pollution sensors have the potential to create new data to inform sustainability actions,b

93、ut they also have the potential to create waste.The City of Portland developed procurement criteria to minimise electronic waste during its first air quality sensor testing project,the Smart City PDX programme.The criteria were used to decide which sensors to purchase and test,and focused on the abi

94、lity to upgrade and modify a device.Sensor components need frequent replacement and maintenance.In the United States,not many recycling facilities are equipped to recycle the small electronic components used in sensor devices or other materials used in device housing.Creating and implementing these

95、criteria led to a design change by a sensor provider,Apis,Inc.,to improve sustainability.The sensor provider initially designed a modular sensor socket.The company was planning to start soldering sensors to circuit boards(a change that would have increased consumption of printed circuit boards and t

96、hus create more hazardous solid and liquid waste).When they saw the Smart City PDX procurement criteria,they decided to keep the modular design.This modular design is now a feature that they use to market their sensor product.Using procurement criteria to reduce electronics waste within sensor proje

97、cts is a process that is transferable to other cities.The sooner purchasers(such as cities)incorporate life-cycle requirements into sensor procurement,the sooner providers can make changes to their product design and manufacturing to meet those requirements.Smart City PDX acknowledges that the most

98、sustainable solution is to minimise the number of sensors used in the first place.Cities are encouraged to calculate and purchase the minimum number of sensors needed to address community needs and collect necessary data.Dar es Salaam K15 Photos/Unsplash1617Sensing change:How cities are using new se

99、nsing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsCITY CASE STUDIES2Lima Aarom Ore/UnsplashAnnual average PM2.5 in Addis Ababa is estimated to be 67 times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guidelines(5 g/m3),ranging

100、from 30-36 g/m3 in 20162020.Increasing air pollution and its impact on public health is a growing concern for the city in the face of rapid economic growth and urbanisation.In June 2021,the city launched its first Air Quality Management Plan(AQMP)with the aim of achieving the following goals by 2025

101、:1.Ambient concentrations of air pollutants comply with the relevant ambient air quality standards because of planned emission reductions.2.Cooperative governance promotes the implementation of the AQMP.3.Air quality management is supported by effective systems and tools.4.Air quality decision-makin

102、g is informed by sound research.5.Knowledge and understanding among decision-makers,stakeholders and the general public is improved according to an education and outreach plan.In October 2020,the Addis Ababa Environmental Protection&Green Development Commission(AAEPGDC)and C40 began a strategic effo

103、rt towards Goal 3“Air quality management is supported by effective systems and tools”,supported by the Clean Air Fund.Various stakeholders have been deploying lower-cost sensors in Addis Ababa in recent years(20 in early 2021);however,operational challenges with power and internet connectivity meant

104、 that limited data was generated through these deployments.While three reference-grade PM2.5 monitors exist in Addis Ababa,AAEPGDC and others have not been able to access these sites for continuous monitoring data or to calibrate lower-cost sensors.The AAEPGDC,C40 and Industrial Economics held a fou

105、r-day workshop in February 2021 with international and local stakeholders and relevant staff from national and local government agencies.The purpose of the workshop was to increase understanding among city staff of how to use and interpret air quality data in the context of local planning and evalua

106、tion,and,together with relevant parties,to produce a city-wide air quality monitoring strategy.Through the workshop and the development of the air quality monitoring strategy,it was agreed that the city could substantially advance its air quality efforts by owning and operating its own reference-gra

107、de monitor for PM2.5.By giving city and national officials unfettered,real-time access to data and serving as a hub for other organisations to co-locate their own lower-cost sensors,air pollution research in Addis Ababa could substantially advance along with the ability to support policy development

108、,and to evaluate background concentrations and health risks.Following the identification of a suitable site within the AAEPGDC compound and construction of a shelter,a Teledyne T640 was deployed in October 2021.The AAEPGDC,C40 and Industrial Economics held a two-day training session around the maint

109、enance and operations of the monitor and the Campbell Konect data management system.There is now a newly established team within the AAEPGDC responsible for air quality monitoring and managing the monitoring site and data,allowing new air quality data to be visualised and shared publicly.The site is

110、 also being prepared for future sensor co-location studies.One full-time employee overseeing four to five full-time employee data analysts/field officers to manage the city-owned and operated air quality monitors and the data management system and to support non-city stakeholders with sensor calibra

111、tion.Funding assigned to add an additional 15 lower-cost sensors across the city by 2030.Under the C40 project,US$23,000 was spent on the Teledyne T640 continuous PM2.5 monitor.ADDIS ABABA:Creating infrastructure for distributed sensor deploymentsBUDGET$Addis Ababa kaleab/Unsplash“We have seen rapid

112、 growth in the number of air quality sensors in the city and will have much better data for future monitoring and action.”The Mayor of Addis Ababa,Adanech Abiebie (AQMP Forward Message)21Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsIn 2020,C40,Dar es Salaa

113、m City Council(DCC),the Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI)Africa,the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development and the Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology(DIT)partnered together to develop a basic understanding of air pollution across the city.As a first step,a literature review a

114、nd stakeholder mapping exercise was conducted to identify organisations and agencies that had ongoing or past activities around understanding the citys air pollution levels.DCC,SEI and C40 hosted a workshop with these stakeholders to 1)introduce the purpose of the air pollution study effort and 2)di

115、scuss air quality issues and(past,present,potential future)efforts to address it in the city.Given the lack of reference(equivalent)monitors in Dar es Salaam,the project group proceeded to deploy 14 Purple Air sensors(PM2.5)in the same location(DIT)for a short co-location study,to analyse replicabil

116、ity of the samples.Following this co-location study,the PM2.5 sensors were then deployed across all five municipalities,at locations such as municipal offices,hospitals,and schools-where there was sufficient security and institutional staff on-site or nearby to troubleshoot any issues.To improve und

117、erstanding of levels across the city,the project team also analysed historic satellite-derived estimates of PM2.5,NO2,SO2 and CO from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the European Space Agency.Together with information from the deployed sensors,the spatial and temporal patter

118、ns were analysed in relation to important local sources,identifying transport and industrial sources as important local sources.The study has also shown that pollution levels are higher than expected by the city.A second stakeholder workshop was held to begin a dialogue on governance structures for

119、implementing effective emissions control strategies and to identify resources available to sustain and increase air quality monitoring activities in Dar es Salaam.DAR ES SALAAM:Understanding basic information on pollution levels US$4,000 spent on 14 Purple Air(PM2.5)sensors.Existing staff from Dar e

120、s Salaam City Council and the Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology maintain the sensors and data and work to identify further funding opportunities for additional sensor purchase.BUDGET$Figure 3:Locations of 14 sensors installed throughout Dar es Salaam.City of Dar es SalaamFigure 1(left)and Figure

121、 2(right):Air quality sensors featured in a public location in Dar es Salaam.Dar es Salaam Peter Mitchell/UnsplashDar es Salaam Stockholm Environment Institute/C4023Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsLove My Air DenverOn 1 January 2019,the city a

122、nd county of Denver was awarded a US$1 million grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies to develop Love My Air(LMA)Denver.The mission of the programme is to empower communities to live better and longer by reducing air pollution and limiting exposure through behaviour change,advocacy and community engage

123、ment.The approach includes installing lower-cost air sensors on public school campuses across the district and providing programmatic options for adoption by schools to allow for customised solutions tailored to the unique needs of individual school communities.For the LMA programme,Denver uses Luna

124、r Outpost Canary-S and Clarity Node S in the citys stationary ambient school sites.The city also employs the 2B Technologies personal air monitor(PAM)for their in-school curriculum,which allows students to do their own projects with hand-held devices.They also use 2B Technologies,AQSync to collect a

125、dditional air quality measurements through FEM(federal equivalent method)and near-FEM instrumentation to help fill gaps in the state monitoring network.School prioritisation process/equity considerations LMA Denver is working with 34 schools,elementary,middle and high-school levels,within the Denver

126、 public school system.The programme has identified high-priority schools using data on asthma rates and free and reduced lunch rates to ensure the programme has the greatest impact on Denver residents who are more vulnerable to health impacts from exposure to poor air quality.The methodology behind

127、programmatic engagement and implementation has been key to Denvers success.The city meets each principal at each school and explains the benefits of the programme for the health of their students and for improvements in ambient air quality.Getting buy-in from school leadership is an important step.D

128、uring that engagement,the principal typically hands off the project to a school champion who becomes the programs main point of contact and helps rally other staff,students and parents through implementation.By working collaboratively with those champions and highlighting their work through quarterl

129、y newsletters,Denver can scale the programme efficiently and effectively.DENVER:Educating and empowering schoolchildrenDenver Cassie Gallegos/Unsplash“Real-time access to air quality data is empowering the residents of Denver with the knowledge and tools necessary to make informed decisions about ai

130、r quality and their health.We look forward to continue growing the Love My Air programme within Denver Public Schools to protect childrens health across our city.”The Mayor of Denver,Michael B.HancockFigure 4(left):No idle zones are one way the LMA programme is reducing air pollution around schools.

131、Figure 5(right):A lower-cost sensor is placed outside of a school.Figure 6(left):Sensor locations throughout Denver.Figure 7(right):The LMA dashboard allows for viewing of real-time air quality data at participating schools.City and County of Denver City and County of Denver25Sensing change:How citi

132、es are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsInclusive participation of children,parents and teachers including legal and tactful approachesThe development of the LMA programme was thoughtfully considered and collaboratively implemented with individual schools as well as the sch

133、ool district.It was necessary to work very closely with students,parents,teachers and nurses while piloting,then scaling,the programme.The programme was launched in three schools,at which Denver ran focus groups with each group of stakeholders.This information was synthesised and brought back to tho

134、se same stakeholders for additional feedback and iteration.This process has been extremely valuable in creating a programme that meets the needs of residents as well as providing the opportunity for the city to build individual relationships and trust between local government and the community it se

135、rves.Outcomes and lessons learned Through development and scaling,Denver has learned that communicating information about air quality is challenging and multifaceted.Individuals and stakeholders need to understand what air quality readings mean,as well as what they can do to protect their health and

136、 prevent contributing to pollution.In an effort to improve its communication locally,Denver has led a state-wide group of air quality practitioners to better inform how local governments can communicate air quality impacts and mitigation strategies in an understandable and uniform way.Denvers LMA pr

137、ogramme provides a replicable model for other cities interested in using lower-cost distributed sensor networks to inform and improve air quality in their municipalities.Since 2018,US$1.52 million has been invested in Love My Air(US$850,000 from Bloomberg Philanthropies and US$674,000 from the City

138、of Denver).This covers development of the programme,hardware,software,and 2 full time employees.Going forward the city expects an annual cost of US$250,000 in personnel(two full time employees)and US$125,000 in technology(sensor system and management)and outreach/engagement.The city also covers empl

139、oyment costs of the programme manager(US$150,000/year)as well as programme overheads (US$224,000).BUDGET$Figure 9:Mayor Hancock and Denvers air quality programme manager.Figure 8:Focus group of stakeholders in a Denver public school.City and County of Denver City and County of Denver27Sensing change

140、:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsOverview of project:Why children and infants are vulnerable/at high riskOne in ten deaths of children under five years,worldwide,is caused by air pollution,according to the WHO.In metropolitan Lima,4%of mortality is caused by

141、 air pollution,and young children are particularly affected.According to Perus National Ministry of Environment,fine particulate matter is the predominant air pollutant and is most harmful to peoples health.Recent studies have shown that particles can cross the placenta of pregnant women,exposing fe

142、tuses to air pollution;this elevates the risk of miscarriage,premature delivery and low birth weight.Before 2019,Lima,and its surrounding province,had only 19 air quality reference stations.Given the size of the city,which is home to one-third of Perus population,it could not accurately assess its a

143、ir pollution.The lack of monitoring instruments and public access to air pollution information concealed the citys air quality problem and made it difficult for both authorities and citizens to take action to protect the environmental health of the most vulnerable groups.With these challenges in min

144、d,Lima is now implementing an air quality monitoring network focused on children,to design and implement actions that reduce air pollution and,specifically,exposure among infants.Methodological approach and contextTo increase public access to air quality information,in March 2020,Lima installed a mo

145、nitoring network of 30 air quality modules with lower-cost sensors.In March 2021,Horizonte Ciudadano Foundation(Chile)and Lima partnered to begin a project called Aires Nuevos para la Primera Infancia,with the mission of monitoring air quality in Lima.The project focuses on air pollution exposure am

146、ong infants.Five new air quality modules with lower-cost sensors were strategically placed around the city,adding capacity to the monitoring network;the sensors are located in hospitals,homeless shelters for children,kindergartens,paediatric centres,and schools.With this project,the city has strengt

147、hened its monitoring network by installing lower-cost,compact sensors in strategic areas that were previously unmonitored,allowing the city to present data in real time using a web-based application.Lima currently has 35 active air quality modules with lower-cost sensors.The city plans to relocate t

148、he 30 original modules to integrate them into the childhood-focussed network.Current plan to understand pollution risks to children and infants,including stakeholder and social engagement approaches The project is being implemented by the city in eight phases.In each stage,the city works with instit

149、utions in the childhood air pollution network:Stage 1:Develop the network by placing sensors in childhood-focussed locations.The information is then processed and used to create awareness in teachers and caregivers,so that they can use the data to reduce childrens exposure to toxic levels of environ

150、mental pollution.LIMA:Measuring the impact of air pollution on early childhoodLima Jhordy Rojas/Unsplash“Children have many challenges but breathing clean air shouldnt be one of them.”Elvira vila Ascarruz,Director/Manager,Management of City Services and Environmental Management,Metropolitan Municipa

151、lity of Lima29Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals Stage 2:Train stakeholders,such as teachers and caregivers.Stage 3:Educate children directly.This will be accomplished through air quality workshops,home experiments and educational materials such

152、 as comics and newsletters.The city is working closely with academic institutions on the design and implementation of scientific projects and actions that will benefit children.Stage 4:Develop scientific research with the data collected.Stage 5:Install more sensors in areas where infants are present

153、.Mobile monitoring will be done at a height of 95cm,to characterise levels in childrens breathing zone and to evaluate childrens pollution exposure(as Phases of Limas Aires Nuevos para la Primera Infancia project planIn August 2021,the first Red de Aires Nuevos para la Infancia newsletter was publis

154、hed on Limas Metropolitan Environmental Information System and on social networks.It identifies daily air pollution levels in the monitored areas and proposes measures to reduce levels of exposure among infants and caregivers.As of December 2021,the first and second stages of the project have been f

155、inished,and the third phase is currently in progress.More than 200 caregivers and teachers have been trained,and more than 1,400 children(512 years)are attending air quality workshops.The capacity-building process has been designed to be replicated and there are plans to deliver it to new member ins

156、titutions.Some important lessons are emerging from the project already.Consistent cooperation and communication with partner institutions has been crucial to Stage 2(teacher and caregiver education and awareness-building)and Stage 3(childrens educational activities and citizen science projects);espe

157、cially in ensuring active,compared to caregivers exposure).The results will be used to recommend safe travel routes in areas near hospitals,schools and other child-centred locations.Stage 6:Carry out activities that educate and increase awareness among children on air quality conditions.Stage 7:Crea

158、te an air quality strategy focused on children,to promote projects and actions focused on reducing exposures among children from their first years of life.Stage 8:Collaborate with the relevant stakeholders to support the design and implementation of actions for the benefit of children,reflecting les

159、sons learned throughout the project.ongoing participation among stakeholders.As an example of the projects early success,several stakeholders are modifying the schedules to hold outdoor activities for children during the least polluted times of day.Two of the institutions in the network,Casa de los

160、Pitufos(a shelter)and Divino Jess(a residential education centre),have already started prioritising outdoor time when air quality is best.As an example of how the data are being used to inform action,the sensor installed in the Fe y Alegra school was registering the highest levels of pollution in th

161、e network.Following the projects approach of creating actions based on data,the surrounding area is being changed to benefit the schools more than 1,200 students.The city is now working in alliance with nearby neighbours to create a calm zone and a safe route,by planting with green mulch and paving

162、roads in order to reduce pollution levels.Figure 10:Phases of the Aires Nuevos para la Primera Infancia project.CompletedP2P3P4P1P6P7P8P5AugustPHASES OF THE AIRES NUEVOS PARA LA INFANCIA PROJECTIn progressFuture20212022April MayOctober NovemberApril JuneJanuary AugustJanuary DecemberInstallation of

163、the Air Quality Monitoring Network for ChildrenAwareness-raising and empowerment of teachers and caregiversEnvironmental education for children through workshops and experimentsNetwork expansion and mobile monitoring at 95 cm heightPublication of scientific research using information from the networ

164、kApproval of the municipal ordinance Clean Air for Childhood DevelopmentFurther environmental education for children on air qualityCoordination with partner institutions for implementation of priority actionsJune DecemberTo bedefinedFundacin Horizonte Ciudadano monitoring network:five monitors purch

165、ased at a total cost of US$1,500.BUDGET$Lima Willian Justen de Vasconcellos/Unsplash Lima3031Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsFrameworkLisbon is committed

166、to being one of the best cities in the world to live in.To achieve zero air pollution and create a healthier city,Lisbon has been leading on the development of an ambitious policy to minimise pollution impacts and maximise quality of life.Over the last year,Lisbon has invested in a strategy to preve

167、nt,mitigate,monitor and undertake immediate action,to fight against pollution;both in normal conditions and in moments of disruptive events,such as the COVID-19 pandemic.The city has implemented a range of policies to improve air quality,including nature-based solutions such as increasing the citys

168、green space by 15%(300 acres)and adding more than 100 hectares of green canopy cover over the course of a decade.The city has improved the accessibility of its public transport systems,with the creation of a single monthly ticket for the metropolitan area.It has also increased the energy efficiency

169、of the municipal and public transport fleets,substantially expanded the citys cycling network,improved public spaces,and restricted the space allocated for cars.To better understand the impacts of these policies and evaluate their success,the city must continuously and thoroughly assess its air qual

170、ity.To achieve its vision of zero pollution,the city has installed a complex local sensor network.With 80 monitoring stations and 650 sensors,the city is now able to monitor environmental quality indicators such as air quality,noise,traffic and meteorological factors.This network was designed,develo

171、ped and implemented to receive and process information for decision-makers,operational and strategic service providers,parish councils,stakeholders,researchers,and citizens.The network includes a warning system for each environmental indicator(based on national threshold values or limits).It is host

172、ed on the Lisbon Intelligent Management Platform(PGIL),an integrated platform for intelligent city management,which centralises,manages,and analyses various data sources across the citys urban ecosystem.The information is available in real time and has already attracted a wide range of internal and

173、external users(municipal staff,citizens,researchers,and other private entities).Data can be downloaded from Lisbon City Councils open data portal Lisboa Aberta,a free data-sharing portal developed by the municipality and implemented by an external consortium.It aims to increase citizen participation

174、,encourage data sharing and use,highlight the investment in information and communication technology,and enable replication.Lisbon has also developed a system of indicators to issue warnings and alerts for relevant environmental parameters and to sound alarms when threshold values are exceeded.The a

175、im is to give citizens immediate awareness of environmental hazards and their severity,and to coordinate the municipalitys response(via an app,Microsoft Power BI).Spatial coverage and installationThe sensor network was created to better characterise air pollution and other environmental indicators o

176、ver Lisbons entire jurisdiction;and to create uniform city zoning maps with information on air quality,noise,traffic and climate.The following criteria were used to select locations for the sensor stations:City coverage with a 2x2 km grid.Meet project requirements of the Sharing Cities project.24 pa

177、rishes.Low Emission Zone.Map of climatopes(areas with similar microclimatic characteristics).Various land uses and classifications(green and blue areas riverfront,public services,schools).Road network(main and secondary).Pollution hot spots(cemeteries,airport,cruise terminal).LISBON:Increasing spati

178、al coverage of real-time monitoringLisbon Liam McKay/Unsplash33Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsThe network includes 80 monitoring stations,placed mainly on public lighting poles but also in other municipal and national facilities(such as green

179、 spaces,schools,urban parks,cemeteries,air quality and meteorological ground stations,etc.).The sensors hosted at the 80 stations measure air quality parameters(CO;NO2;PM10;PM2.5;SO2;O3;C6H6),noise,weather(temperature,humidity,pressure,wind intensity and direction,rainfall)and traffic(number of vehi

180、cles and classes).Overall,the sensing project has a 28-month timeline and is divided into three phases:Phase 1:The main objectives of this phase were to select sensor locations using the criteria above,choose equipment for each location,identify the type of energy supply needed,and select the commun

181、ication network.The initial calibration of the equipment,including all installed air quality sensors,was carried out by an accredited laboratory.A subset of the sensors was co-located with the official Air Quality Measurement Network to calibrate the sensors.The first phase was completed in the firs

182、t two months of the project,with the involvement of several Lisbon City Council departments(Public Space Management,Mobility,Police,and Public Lighting).Phase 2:This difficult phase involved integrating all data collection;calibration and validation of the entire sensor network;the calibration,repla

183、cement and verification of individual equipment;as well as the maintenance and repair of connections and communications whenever necessary.The phase started on 15 July with the monitoring of several parameters in sensing-as-a-service mode(24 months in progress).A calibration programme has also been

184、established using a mobile station that will verify the calibration parameters of the various air pollutants during Phase 2.Phase 3:This phase establishes the requirements for de-installation and collection of equipment by the consortium.It has an estimated duration of one month.The sensor project h

185、as a total cost of EU 349,900(US$394,967),financed by the Lisbon City Council and co-funded by the Sharing Cities project(EU 20,000/US$22,576)from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No.691895.It is important to highlight the alignment between thi

186、s project and the European programme Sharing Cities,a financing source dedicated to monitoring the city in areas such as energy efficiency,smooth mobility,renewable energies and smart buildings.The process was led by the Environment,Energy and Climate Change Department in collaboration with the Mobi

187、lity Department and the Lisbon Urban Intelligence and Management Centre.Lisbon City Councils internal team comprises a multidisciplinary team of 15 people,who spend around 1020%of their day on project management,with weekly meetings.It was essential to coordinate with external entities,including the

188、 Lisbon and Vale do Tejo Regional Coordination and Development Commission,as manager of the Official Air Quality Measurement Network and the Portuguese Environmental Agency.This enabled the team to not only to receive necessary authorisations but also facilitate access to the network stations and ca

189、librate project sensors with the monitors in the official network.BUDGET&RESOURCES$Figure 11:Spatial distribution of the Lisbon sensor network,by type.Figure 12:Sensor locations on light poles in Lisbon.OutcomesThe main objective of the Lisbon sensor network is to describe the status of the citys ai

190、r quality,noise and urban climate;monitor environmental indicators in real time;and provide additional data to complement the official air quality and meteorology monitoring networks.With the data collected from the network,Lisbon intends to update the citys strategic noise map as well as local clim

191、ate and meteorological scenarios(describing current baseline conditions and future climate change in 2030 and 2050).There will be special emphasis on validation of an urban heat island study,as well as wind patterns and hydrological trends,distribution of air pollutants,and assessment of measures to

192、 reduce high emissions of NO2,PM10 and PM2.5.In 2022,after collecting six months of data,the city will produce a progress report with its first findings on the spatial dispersion of various pollutants,including a map of NO2,PM10 and PM2.5 dispersion in the city.This map will be an important tool for

193、 implementation of the Air Quality Improvement Plan,which is currently in force and is due to be completed in 2023.The map,and underlying data,will allow the city to measure and evaluate the effect of relevant policies and actions(both planned and ongoing),such as the expansion of or adjustments to

194、the citys Low Emission Zone.Monitoring points outside of pollution hotspot areas,such as in green and blue spaces,schools and playgrounds,will provide information about the influence of these spaces on surrounding air quality.In the first months of the networks operation,the city has learned lessons

195、 around the difficulty of keeping the entire network in operation,to ensure real-time data communication for all relevant parameters and indicators.Another challenge is related to implementation of an interactive dashboard that facilitates monitoring and analysis of trends,using various sources of i

196、nformation like traffic congestion(from Waze),data from ground stations(air quality and meteorological)and satellite imagery.City of Lisbon City of Lisbon3435Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing techn

197、ologies to achieve air quality goalsThe ambition of Breathe London is to create a comprehensive and scalable air quality sensor network for Londons communities,making air quality data easily accessible and empowering Londoners with evidence to raise awareness and to inform future interventions.The B

198、reathe London air quality community sensing network launched in January 2021,following a successful two-year pilot that was financed largely by philanthropic funding from the Clean Air Fund and(CAF)supported by C40.The pilot phase incorporated three types of monitoring;fixed lower-cost sensors at ov

199、er 100 locations;mobile monitors on Google Streetview cars;and wearable monitors measuring childrens exposure on their route to school.The Mayor of London took over the funding of Breathe London in November 2020,investing in 136 small air quality sensors.Bloomberg Philanthropies subsequently joined

200、the Mayor,investing in 60 additional sensors for Londons communities and six sensors at cultural institutions and museums,making this a total of 202(Mayor and Bloomberg)funded sensors.The network is delivered by scientists from the Environmental Research Group(ERG)at Imperial College London.Empoweri

201、ng Londoners with hyperlocal air pollution data is a primary objective of Breathe London,and this is provided in three ways:1.Real time data is shown on the Breathe London website,and is available to all.2.Organisations,businesses and Londoners can buy into the network,which involves paying an annua

202、l fee to host a sensor in their preferred location,and receive all data management services.3.There are also 60 sensors available for community groups to apply for,to host a free sensor in a location of their choosing.Expected outcomes London will have an enhanced and advanced air quality monitoring

203、 network.A user-friendly data platform will enhance public awareness and support world class research.Researchers will be able to use on-site air pollution concentrations,recorded at hospital sensors,alongside patient records to better understand the relationship between air pollution and health eff

204、ects.Schools and hospitals will be able to understand changes in local pollution levels and consider the impacts of measures they take to improve air quality.Building the networkThe Breathe London network is comprised of static lower-cost air quality monitoring sensors.It significantly reduces the c

205、osts of sourcing reliable air pollution data;in the past,most air quality monitoring was undertaken by central or local government,using reference-grade monitors.Reference-grade monitors are accurate but expensive to buy and maintain(GB 15,000-100,000),usually requiring roadside infrastructure to ho

206、use them.The Breathe London sensors are smaller and weigh under 2kg,can be powered by solar panels or plugged into an electric connection,and are easy to install(by sensor hosts).They measure NO2,PM10 and PM2.5.Global sensing company Clarity Movement supplies the sensor nodes for the network.It is i

207、mportant to note that all sensor hosts not only receive the sensor hardware,but also its servicing,replacement,data calibration,and software.Customers pay an annual fee of GB 2,000.Unlike other small sensor networks,the service includes data analysis undertaken by scientists at Imperial College.This

208、 combines Breathe London data with Londons high-quality regulatory network(londonair.org.uk)to calibrate the measurements made by the lower-cost nodes.Real-time data is displayed on the Breathe London website alongside data from Londons regulatory monitors,giving Londoners a holistic view of air qua

209、lity across the capital.This hybrid network of reference-grade analysers alongside citizen and community-led monitoring is a significant step forward in air LONDON:Engaging and empowering communitiesLondon Anthony DELANOIX/Unsplash“Thanks to support from Bloomberg Philanthropies we will be helping c

210、ommunity organisations to monitor air pollution by enabling them to host sensors in a location of their choosing at no cost to them.”The Mayor of London,Sadiq Khan37Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsFigure 13:An air quality sensor located at a B

211、reathe London school.quality monitoring by small sensor networks,and a benchmark for other deployments.Now citizens can choose where they want to monitor air pollution and have access to the data in an integrated network across London,thereby empowering them with comprehensive and reliable data to m

212、ake interventions or campaign for change.In the first year,organisations including a property management company,hospitals and local authorities bought into the network.Some 141 sensors were bought by the South London Partnership,which is composed of five local authorities(Kingston upon Thames,Sutto

213、n,Richmond upon Thames,Merton,and Croydon).After the first year,there are nearly 300 sensors in operation.Engaging communitiesThe Breathe London network forms a vital part of supporting Londons green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic by tackling environmental and health inequities.Recognising that

214、 even a small annual fee will be prohibitive for community groups and individuals,there are opportunities for Breathe GlobalAs C40 Chair,London Mayor Sadiq Khan has committed two-thirds of C40s budget to support climate action and green recovery efforts in Global South cities experiencing the worst

215、impacts of the climate crisis.This also includes tackling air pollution and supporting air quality monitor networks in C40s member cities;Breathe Global will aim to reach 100 cities using learnings from Breathe London.How the Breathe Measuring the impact of transport interventionsUltra Low Emission

216、ZoneOn April 8,2019,London introduced the worlds first Ultra Low Emission Zone(ULEZ),an area in Central London requiring drivers to meet minimum emission standards(e.g.,Euro 6/VI for diesel vehicles)or pay a fee to enter the zone.With roughly seven months of mobile data before and after the policy w

217、ent into effect,Londoners to acquire free sensors via the Breathe London Community Programme.This programme is aimed at vulnerable communities including low-income,Black,Asian and minority ethnic Londoners.Areas were identified in the Greater London Authoritys Climate Risk Mapping analysis and inclu

218、des areas with poor air quality,limited green space,or with high deprivation.The programme has an independent Community Advisory Panel drawn from a diverse group of health,social,and charitable organisations.The group provides advice on reaching groups and communities in areas hardest hit by polluti

219、on.Applications from areas of deprivation and those from Black,Asian and minority ethnic groups are given weighting in the selection criteria.Several leading museums and cultural institutions,including the British Library,Kew Gardens,the National Gallery,the Science Museum,and the Serpentine will al

220、so join the network,supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies.Given their role as important community hubs,attracting thousands of visitors a year,the participating institutions will engage their visitors and other key stakeholders,and use the data collected to inform their activities.the Breathe London

221、 monitoring pilot enabled a detection of changes in the spatial pattern of pollution emissions that overlapped the period of sharpest impact for the ULEZ.Breathe London monitoring data found that after the ULEZ start date,there was a drop in NO2 levels at monitoring sites near roads inside the zone,

222、and for all Breathe London sites across Greater London.Breathe London monitors also detected an improvement in NOx emission intensity at many locations after the ULEZ policy took effect.These hyperlocal sensors were able to detect changes in the spatial pattern of pollution emissions,and complement

223、the reference network to build our understanding of the impact of the scheme.School StreetsAs part of the pilot,a study evaluated the air quality benefits of Londons School Streets interventions.Delivered as part of the Mayors Streetspace plan,which aims to rapidly increase walking and cycling as Lo

224、ndon transitions out of the pandemic,School Streets are designed to restrict traffic near schools to reduce exposure to traffic-related air pollution.Thirty sensors from the Breathe London Network were installed at 18 primary schools to record NO2 levels,and monitor the benefits of air quality in pl

225、aces where roads were closed in response to the“I am delighted that Londoners will now have access to real-time,accurate air quality data for their area from more than 300 monitoring sites.This will improve awareness and help people reduce their exposure to polluted air.”The Mayor of London,Sadiq Kh

226、an“Ive often said,“If you cant measure it you cant manage it.”Improving air quality monitoring gives us the data we need to tackle sources of pollution and protect public health.Bloomberg Philanthropies partnership with Mayor Sadiq Khan and London does exactly that.Our joint investment supports high

227、-quality air sensors across London and makes localised air pollution data available in real-time online.That will help policymakers identify problem areas and take steps to protect those who are most at risk,including school children and residents of lower-income neighbourhoods.”Michael R.Bloomberg,

228、UN Secretary-Generals Special Envoy for Climate Ambition and Solutions,Founder of Bloomberg LP and Bloomberg Philanthropies,and 108th Mayor of New York City Imperial College London3839Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities a

229、re using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalscoronavirus pandemic.The Breathe London monitors were able to detect changing levels of pollutants,in locations where regulatory monitors may not have otherwise.Closing roads around schools to traffic at pick-up and drop-off times reduced

230、 polluting NO2 levels by up to 23%and was strongly supported by parents.Bus garageDuring the pilot phase(described below),the network highlighted unusually elevated levels of air pollution in certain locations.One hotspot was close to a bus garage in Holloway,North London.While the introduction of t

231、he ULEZ and transition to Euro VI and electric buses led to a reduction in the number of air quality exceedances,Transport for London worked with the bus operator to investigate what more could be done,including stopping buses from idling outside the garage while waiting to park.This spike in pollut

232、ion would not have been discovered without the use of Breathe Londons sensor network need to add a space in between these words.The lessons learned in Holloway can now be applied to bus garages across London.PilotThe initial pilot phase lasted 12 months,with a 12-month extension agreed with CAF,as t

233、he pilot phase was delivering valuable insights into Londons air quality and some technical elements of the network were still being developed.CAF chose London to pilot this new approach in part because of Londons extensive existing air quality reference monitors,which meant data collected from the

234、new lower-cost network could be properly validated.After a successful pilot,CAF were ready to apply the learnings from London in cities with less capacity and so they began focusing their funding outside of London.The most recent publications on sensor uncertainty and mobile monitoring were publishe

235、d in February 2022.The Mayor of London is investing a total of GB 790,800(US$1 million)over four years,from 2020-2021 to 2023-2024.Bloomberg Philanthropies is investing US$1 million over three years.BUDGET$“As we look towards a recovery from the coronavirus pandemic,it is vital that we create a city

236、 that is cleaner and greener.Never has tackling Londons toxic air been more important,which is why I am taking these bold and innovative steps to improve it.”The Mayor of London,Sadiq KhanBOX 3/COVID-19 SPOTLIGHT:THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL SHUTDOWN ON LONDONS POLLUTION DATAAir quality and its relationship

237、 to COVID-19 has gained wide media attention,is of high interest to C40s mayors and is a topic of active research.Cities are working together to understand changes in pollution levels during the lockdown period.Several cities with robust local networks and high staff capacity have been able to evalu

238、ate,under real-world conditions,how activity changes in sources of pollution affected local air quality,providing valuable information to policy-makers moving forward.In London,for example:COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdown restrictions dramatically impacted on air quality in London.Evidence indic

239、ates that air pollution levels initially decreased following the pandemic.In response to a UK government call for evidence,the Mayor published data that showed NO2 levels during lockdown were roughly half their usual levels on some roads,but has since returned to previous levels of car use.Similarly

240、,analysis of the latest data from the Breathe London air monitoring network identified that NO2 fell by up to 50%at commuter hotspots in London during lockdown.The analysis focused on pollution levels during rush hour periods in the first four weeks of lockdown.During the period,on average,NOx level

241、s decreased by 30%around key transport routes in inner London.4041Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsThe Watts Rising Collaborative,with a US$32 million gran

242、t from the Strategic Growth Councils Transformative Climate Communities(TCC)programme,is leading the Watts Rising programme,which includes more than 25 climate-and equity-focused projects being delivered by more than 30 organisations.The overarching goal of these projects is to create a healthier an

243、d more resilient Watts neighbourhood.The projects are tackling this challenge in a wide variety of ways from tree planting to bus electrification to the installation of solar panels on more than 100 rooftops the overall programmes breadth is massive.As a complement to the TCC projects,the Watts comm

244、unity identified a need and desire to deepen the communitys understanding of local air quality.In response,a partnership was born between the City of Los Angeles(LA)and the TCC Watts Rising community groups to create a hyperlocal air quality monitoring programme.This project sets out to establish a

245、state-of-the-art hyperlocal air quality monitoring network to provide insights and learnings around the neighbourhoods air quality.The objectives of this project include:Providing real-time,hyperlocal and actionable measurements of PM2.5 and NO2 at seven sites and PM2.5,NO2,and O3 at six sites withi

246、n the community.Engaging vulnerable populations including children and seniors by strategically installing sensors near parks and schools.Catalysing air quality awareness and education in the community through outreach initiatives centred around the monitoring efforts.Providing long-term tracking of

247、 air pollution in Watts,which may serve as a tool to assess the benefits of other Watts Rising climate projects.Prioritisation for sensor placement was driven by community feedback during a kick-off meeting with community leaders at the beginning of 2020.The project launched in July 2020,with 13 low

248、er-cost sensors(Clarity and Aeroqual)being installed on city street lights in areas recommended by community members including,schools,senior centres and parks(areas where children,elders and families spend recreational time.Through denser sensor deployments in the Watts neighbourhood,this project i

249、s critical for advancing community interests in hyperlocal air quality.It capitalises on new low-to mid-cost sensor technology that provides insights about the air residents are exposed at a block-by-block level something that regulatory,regional monitors arent equipped to do.Community air quality m

250、onitoring is a critical component of LAs Green New Deal environmental justice and clean air objectives,as it brings a greater level of awareness about health-harming pollutants in a historically under-served yet over-burdened community.In October 2020,the Watts Rising air quality monitoring data por

251、tal was launched.Periodic updates of air quality insights are posted on the website.Additionally,periodic community meetings will allow community members to ask questions about the data and delve deeper into insights and learnings.LOS ANGELES:Empowering residents of historically disadvantaged commun

252、ities with data through collaborative approaches Los Angeles Olenka Kotyk/UnsplashFigure 14:An Aeroqual sensor that tracks PM2.5,NO2 and O3 installed on a city street pole in Watts.City of Los Angeles43Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals Los Ange

253、les is funding the Watts Rising Air Quality Monitoring project through a US$60,000 allocation in the city budget.The spending has been on the hardware sensor devices as well as a contract with Sonoma Technology Inc.to carry out reports summarising data analyses and insights over the course of the pr

254、oject.The project will run for approximately 2.5 years from start to completion.BUDGET$Los Angeles Alexis Balinoff/UnsplashFigure 15:Map of Watts sensor network showing locations.Figure 17:PM2.5 data results showing that smoke events associated with wildfires led to elevated PM2.5 concentrations in

255、September and October 2020.Irene Burga,Air Quality Advisory,Mayors Office of Sustainability City of Los AngelesFigure 16:Community participation is a critical element in setting programme visions and goals.City of Los Angeles45Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve a

256、ir quality goalsIn partnership with the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board and the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,Bloomberg Philanthropies supported a lower-cost sensor pilot project in Mumbai.The project involved a first-of-its-kind assessment in India of lower-cost air monitoring sensors f

257、rom November 2020 to May 2021.Monitoring air pollution is challenging in a resource constrained situation.Continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations(CAAQMS)that are used by government agencies to monitor the concentration levels of particulate matter are expensive.Lower-cost sensor networks

258、could be the answer to dense air quality monitoring in the future.However,lower-cost sensors require in-field calibration to improve their precision and accuracy in comparison with CAAQMS.This project introduced the possibility of scaling up air quality monitoring using lower-cost sensor-based techn

259、ologies across India and specifically in National Clean Air Programme(NCAP)cities.The main goal of the project was to work with the state pollution control board to pilot test the incorporation of lower-cost sensors into the air quality management system in the state of Maharashtra and showcase this

260、 as a model for national adoption which could benefit regions with very little or no existing monitoring capacity.Objectives Assess how well various models of Indian lower-cost sensors work in the Indian environment.Build comfort and familiarity among air quality regulators with the use of lower-cos

261、t sensors.Incorporate lower-cost sensors into the air quality management system in Maharashtra,and showcase this as a model for national adoption.Develop a robust machine-learning-based method for the calibration of PM2.5 lower-cost sensors.Forty sensors developed by four Indian start-ups were co-in

262、stalled with the Maharashtra Pollution Control Boards 15 regulatory grade CAAQMS in the greater Mumbai Metropolitan Region.Sets of four sensors were placed next to regulatory/government monitors,which cover the entire city of Mumbai.The specific regulatory monitors selected for co-location were chos

263、en so that there would be a representative sample of five settings-background,industrial,residential,commercial and traffic-impacted.While evaluating the sensors,the project also aimed to develop a robust machine-learning-based method for the calibration of PM2.5 lower-cost sensors.The 15 locations

264、selected for co-location are:Airport,Sion,Nerul,Vileparle,Mahape,Vasai,Borivali,Kalyan,Powai,Colaba,Mulund,Bandra,Kandivali,Worli,and Kurla.Four Indian startupsAirveda Technologies Private Limited,Personal Air Quality Systems(PAQS)Private Limited,Respirer Living Sciences Private Limited,and Oizom In

265、struments Private Limited were shortlisted to participate in the experiment.The lower-cost sensors used by each startup device are as follows:Respirer(PlanTower),Airveda(Nova Fitness),Oizom(Nova Fitness)and PAQS(Telaire Dust Sensor).Project Findings The uptime,or time during which the sensors were o

266、perational on a monthly basis,for lower-cost sensors was found to be comparable or superior(90%)to the CAAQMS monitors and required the least manual assistance during operation over the seven-month-long deployment.Machine-learning-based regression techniques were used to process the raw lower-cost s

267、ensor readings and calibrate results to reduce the mismatch between calibrated values and CAAQMS measurements.Twenty of the lower-cost sensors developed by indigenous start-ups have produced readings that differ from regulatory grade(CAAQMS)monitors by 10-15%.MUMBAI:City piloting of lower-cost senso

268、rs for national adoptionMumbai Hardik Joshi/Unsplash“The future of air quality monitoring lies in a hybrid approach combining regulatory grade monitors and sensors to provide hyperlocal data at a high temporal frequency.The results from Mumbais sensor experiment clearly demonstrate that indigenous s

269、ensor technology is ready to be deployed at scale for air quality monitoring in the country.”Dr.S.N.Tripathi,Department of Civil Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and National coordinator,National Knowledge Network,National Clean Air Programme47Sensing change:How cities are using new

270、 sensing technologies to achieve air quality goals The findings reveal that after calibration,the error(calculated as the ratio of the difference between the lower-cost sensor readings and the CAAQMS readings)is below 15%for two sensors and below 20%for other two sensors.The existing calibration met

271、hods for lower-cost sensor devices perform well at the same site and device at which they are trained.This work also focused on the development of a calibration model which is independent of the location and device.This calibration model could make scaling up more cost effective.Sensors co-deployed

272、with regulatory monitors in Mumbai that measured PM2.5 were in close agreement with readings from monitors in diverse environments with high and low The performance of the lower-cost sensors was relatively better from November to March,when compared with the performance from April to June.In the lat

273、ter period,the level of atmospheric humidity was much higher,implying that in certain instances sensors may require more than one calibration in a year-long deployment.Learnings from this pilot have led to increased interest from other states and cities.IIT Kanpur has already deployed more sensors i

274、n cities such as Jaipur and Lucknow,and there are plans to expand the network to rural areas in India.The findings of the study have thrown open the possibility of expanding the countrys monitoring network at a fraction of the existing cost.pollution loadings.For example,at the background site,lower

275、-cost sensors measured mean PM2.5 at 67 g/m3,while the regulatory monitor measured PM2.5 at 62 g/m3.For campus,industrial and traffic sites,lower-cost sensors measured PM2.5 at 60,94,74 g/m3 respectively,whereas CAAQMS monitors gave mean values of 67,91 and 76 ug/m3.The large amount of co-located da

276、ta(from the sensors and regulatory monitors)helped IIT Kanpur develop new machine learning models that could help reduce the duration of co-location needed and enable in-field calibration,thereby substantially reducing overall cost of monitoring in cities.Figure 19:Sensor deployment status.CAAQMS de

277、notes the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board sensors used for co-location.Figure 20:Photographs of the installed devices.KandivaliNerulAirportKandivaliSionColabaVile ParleWorliAirvedaOizomRespirerPAQsFigure 18:Lower-cost sensor devices of the four Indian start-ups.IIT Kanpur,India IIT Kanpur,India

278、IIT Kanpur,India4849Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsUnderstanding air pollution in schools Air pollution is responsible for at least 40,000 premature deat

279、hs in France every year and nearly 1 in 10 deaths in the Ile-de-France region.Paris has been leading efforts to improve its air quality by implementing ambitious policies to protect the health of its citizens,including those most vulnerable to it:children.Mayor Hidalgo has pledged to phase out heavi

280、ly-polluting diesel cars by 2024 and has deployed over 160 School Streets,pedestrianising roads around schools.In 2019,Bloomberg Philanthropies and the City of Paris launched a joint project to better understand and improve air quality at schools throughout the city.The pilot project was led by Airp

281、arifthe independent air quality observatory of the le-de-France region accredited by the French ministry in charge of the environmentdeployed and tested a network of Clarity lower-cost sensors to provide new insights and hyperlocal data on air quality and childrens exposure to air pollution.The year

282、-long large-scale pilot project also evaluated the performance of lower-cost sensors and other monitoring technologies,such as diffusion tubes,in real-world conditions in a major European city.Piloting innovative monitoring toolsThe pilot study took place over the course of one year,from September 2

283、019 to September 2020.A total of 138 Clarity lower-cost sensors,measuring PM2.5 and NO2 levels,were deployed at 44 Paris schools,nurseries and along neighbouring streets.Micro-sensors were installed in school courtyards and playgrounds and in nearby streets to assess childrens pollution exposure at

284、these locations.The project combined different monitoring technologies,including Clarity micro-sensors,diffusion tubes and 16 reference stations.The use of multiple tools helped to detect defective devices before deployment,calibrate the devices and inform post-processing of the raw data.During the

285、year-long project,partners jointly carried out the pilot project in the following steps:Two Initial Test Phases:Using co-location at Airparif reference stations,defective devices were identified and removed(approximately 10%per batch,which corroborates findings from Airparif and its partners in prev

286、ious micro-sensor experiments).This testing phase prior to field deployment is crucial for any project using micro-sensors to ensure data quality control and assurance.Micro-Sensor Sampling:A total of 138 lower-cost sensors supplied by Clarity were deployed.The sampling plan was designed to cover sc

287、hools most exposed to air pollution,as well as sites located both near and far from pollution sources.This ensured a representative sample of the range of air pollution exposure experienced in Parisian schools and nurseries.The rest of the sensors were installed in the streets adjacent to the school

288、s to assess variability in pollution concentrations measured in streets and schoolyards.Measurements were also taken at other points of interest,such as major intersections with potentially high concentrations in pollutants,and next to Airparifs reference stations,to verify measurements throughout t

289、he experiment.Diffusion Tube Measurement:Alongside the deployment of micro-sensors,NO2 measurement campaigns were carried out using diffusion tubes.These measurements took place over 11 weeks during four time periods(October-November 2019,March 2020,June-July 2020 and September 2020)PARIS:Piloting l

290、ower-cost sensors to better understand air quality at Parisian schoolsParis Rishabh Varshney/Unsplash“Breathing clean air is a fundamental right and a public health measure.Alongside many other cities around the world,Paris is committed to pursuing actions to tackle pollution in line with the Paris

291、Agreement.”The Mayor of Paris,Anne Hidalgo51Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsin 40 schools and 16 surrounding streets following the same sampling plan used for the micro-sensors.The objective was to assess the in-situ performance of the micro-s

292、ensors,provide reference information from the schoolyard to the street and measure the difference in exposure between these two environments.Evaluation Period:The project collected seven months of data on the performance and capabilities of the micro-sensors for tracking background concentrations of

293、 fine particles.These data were compared with Airparif maps developed with modelled data and observations(Horair)and shared online on Paris.fr.The objective was to assess the capability of the micro-sensors for supplementing or strengthening this data-sharing service.Project findings The findings of

294、 the project,which included lower-cost sensor data in conjunction with diffusion tubes and existing monitoring systems,confirmed that air pollution levels were significantly lower in schoolyards than in nearby streets.The study published by Airparif found that concentrations of air pollutants were i

295、nversely correlated with distance of school buildings from nearby streets;and that there was a“sheltering effect”provided by school walls.The study showed a 36%average difference in NO2 concentrations observed between school courtyards and neighbouring streets,finding that school air quality was in

296、line with the WHO air quality guidelines.However,the shielding effect of walls,and distance from the main roads,that was observed for NO2 did not carry over to PM2.5 concentrations.During the pilot programme,Airparif evaluated the performance of the sensors and quality of the data they collected.For

297、 PM2.5,the technology provider Clarity developed a correction algorithm based on measurements from Airparif reference stations.The algorithm greatly improved the micro-sensors measurements compared to raw data and was effective for sites in a background situation(e.g.those located in school yards).T

298、he study and results of the pilot project were published by Airparif in May 2021 and presented to city authorities,civil society and schools.The report included a factsheet for the participating schools,with air quality data collected at each location.Costs and next phase of the partnershipThe pilot

299、 project was funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies through support to Airparif and Clarity.The budget covered the network of Clarity sensors,maintenance costs and data analysis by partners.The City of Paris also provided in-kind assistance to the project.Following the completion of the pilot,Bloomberg

300、Philanthropies and the City of Paris announced the extension of their partnership with the launch of a new measurement campaign,led by Airparif,to monitor ultrafine particles in Paris and engage citizen participation in tackling air pollution.“Data is a critical tool in the fight against air polluti

301、on,particularly to protect the most vulnerable,including children.”Michael R.Bloomberg,UN Secretary-Generals Special Envoy for Climate Ambition and Solutions,Founder of Bloomberg LP and Bloomberg Philanthropies,and 108th Mayor of New York CityParis Alexander Kagan/UnsplashThe results obtained from P

302、M2.5 sensors placed in schools showed that the concentrations in the school yards were similar to those measured by the Airparif reference network background stations.This indicates that the citys background pollution is the main cause of air pollution exposure in schools.For NO2 pollution levels,se

303、nsor data showed some inconsistencies which led Airparif to decide not to use the data for the study.Airparif used the NO2 data collected by diffusion tubes installed at the different locations to complete their analysis.Outcomes and lessons learned The pilot project showed the benefit of pairing mi

304、cro-sensor networks with the reference network during various phases of implementation,to ensure:detection of defective devices before deployment,calibration of the devices(in particular to offset a drift over time,which was already perceptible in this one-year experiment),and post-processing of raw

305、 data with an algorithm tailored to the location.In its conclusions,Airparif recommended using a micro-sensor network alongside its reference station data to adequately calibrate the sensors,monitor pollution and inform the public.Lower-cost sensors perform differently depending on the location wher

306、e they are installed and on their use.This full-scale experiment has provided important learnings for other cities that are considering deploying lower-cost monitoring campaigns to inform policy and tackle pollution.At times,sensors can present uncertainties both in accuracy and in the ability to ca

307、pture the temporal variability of ground-level concentrations.Post-processing and calibration are necessary throughout the data collection phase.AirparifFigure 21:Map of Paris with monitoring sites equipped with micro-sensors(in purple),monitoring sites equipped with micro-sensors and diffusion tube

308、s(in blue),and reference stations of the Airparif network(in orange).5253Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsSensing change:How cities are using new sensing technologies to achieve air quality goalsIn 2020,C40,Quezon City Local Government(QCLG)and

309、 Clean Air Asia partnered to develop an air quality baseline study to support the delivery of Mayor Joy Belmontes commitments to the C40 Clean Air Cities Declaration.Sensor selectionAn initial assessment was conducted to identify existing monitors and sensors,key air pollution sources and critical p

310、opulation receptors(such as densely populated residential areas and locations with marginalised/vulnerable populations).This information was used to identify the pollutants of concern,and thus the most appropriate monitoring instruments to deploy that would complement rather than duplicate existing

311、infrastructure.The proposed sensors were discussed with various city,national government agencies and academic stakeholders to ensure alignment with other monitoring,research and management goals and to understand any previous challenges in conducting and sustaining urban air quality monitoring syst

312、ems.Ultimately,eight Clarity Node-S units,one Clarity-2BTech Ozone Sensor and one Davis Instruments Weather Station were purchased and shipped to the Philippines.Site identification To select sites to deploy sensors,a mapping exercise was conducted to identify areas with marginalised/vulnerable popu

313、lations not currently covered by existing monitors.This population-oriented approach to sensor deployment was taken to ensure a focus on understanding community exposure while guiding local government interventions to improve public health and revitalise the urban environment.Following this mapping(

314、see diagram),a cross-departmental exercise was conducted to nominate sites within the identified areas,using a siting checklist developed by Clean Air Asia.Over the course of a week,two to four personnel from the Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability Department conducted inspection visits

315、to the locations identified to ensure they were suitable for monitoring and that the sites could be managed and looked after by a local partner in partnership with QCLG personnel.Significant time(several weeks to several months),partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions,was required to secure

316、 permits and agreements with site owners/managers for the units.Once the sites and respective managers were confirmed,Clean Air Asia held a 23 day training workshop on the operation and maintenance of the sensors,in addition to establishing data management processes.At the same time,the PM2.5 sensor

317、s were moved to the nearest reference monitor for a two-week colocation study.QUEZON CITY:Collecting baseline data and identifying hotspotsQuezon City Ros/Unsplash“Through this technical assistance programme,the city is empowered to operate and manage its air quality monitoring systems through the s

318、killful guidance of C40 Cities and Clean Air Asia.We are advancing steadily to the attainment of cleaner air for our citizens as promised.Having real-time air quality data across the city can lead to more specific air quality management actions and decisions identifying sources and locations we need

319、 to focus on while providing guidance on health exposure of our citizens through the air quality index.”The Mayor of Quezon City,Josefina Belmonte Baseline Air Quality Study Final ReportFigure 22:Site selection based on marginalised/vulnerable areas.55Sensing change:How cities are using new sensing

320、technologies to achieve air quality goalsIdentifying baseline levels and hotspotsOnce the sensors were deployed,Clean Air Asia and Quezon City began to collect additional,pre-existing sources of information on air quality in the city to compare with monitored data.The sources included existing air p

321、ollution studies in Metro Manila,Philippines,pre-existing air quality data from government and academic institutions,information from published scientific journals,satellite-based pollution data and meteorological data.The comparison provided a comprehensive understanding and context for the baselin

322、e concentrations of air pollutants in Quezon City.Data from the air quality monitoring network was analysed to assess changes in air pollution levels in the context of activity changes due to the pandemic and other incidences that can have an impact on air quality(e.g.Taal volcanic eruptions).Sites

323、with elevated daily and hourly values are being identified for immediate action.From measured averages,reduction targets can be set per site while specific actions from the citys Air Quality Management Plan(AQMP)can be implemented.The baseline results will thus provide insights and opportunities for

324、 clean air interventions that are integrated into the citys AQMP and aim to meet World Health Organisation Air Quality Guideline values for criteria pollutants by 2030.Two to four full-time employees to manage the city-owned and operated sensors and data,plus two to four full-time employees assigned

325、 to overseeing the deployed sensors.Funding assigned to purchase one reference equivalent monitor(with PM10,PM2.5 and NO2 analyser),5 weather stations,12 lower-cost PM2.5 and NO2 sensors.BUDGET$BOX 4/WILDFIRES:HOW CAN CITIES IMPROVE AND EXPAND SENSOR NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONSDuring the 2020 extrem

326、e smoke events in Portland,Oregon,due to wildfires,city of Portland staff received questions from community members and staff showing confusion and frustration.Which data source should I look at for information?Why do one websites PM2.5 measurements differ from another one?Why does one website show

327、a five-day forecast but regulatory agencies do not?Which one do I use to inform my programme decisions?These were questions received from stakeholders who speak English as their primary language.As city staff looked at the next steps for their air quality sensor and communication project,they wonder

328、ed:what questions and needs did we miss?The Citys Bureau of Planning and Sustainability team used remaining funds in the sensor project to shift and focus on improved communication and actions during wildfire events.Smart City PDX partnered with Familias en Accin,a culturally specific organisation t

329、hat promotes health for Latino/x/e communities in Oregon,to build an interactive workshop to prepare for wildfire emergencies and smoke impacts.Familias en Accin communities have shared knowledge about the importance of emergency preparedness and poor air through a series of focus groups informing t

330、he workshop.They also identified a lack of resources available in Spanish.The El Aire Que Respiramos(The Air We Breathe)workshop focused on actions to take for wildfire emergency preparedness and how to mitigate smoke-related health effects.A discussion of what air quality means facilitated a cultur

331、ally specific way to talk about air pollution and health.The workshop also focused on how to find reliable,accessible information during a smoke event.There are many resources online but not all are available in Spanish.Regional blogs and apps in Spanish have been shared.For important data-focused r

332、esources only available in English,the curriculum walks through how to access and read them for example explaining what the data means and how one can use the colours and numbers to get the necessary information.Grant funds also supported the provision of go-to emergency kits and do-it-yourself air

333、filters.Instructions to build the filters are in Spanish and accompanied with photos of the materials they receive.The Familias en Accin staff are essential to helping city staff adopt communications and resources to resonate with and meet the needs of the communities they serve.Organisation staff and a Spanish-speaking city staff member facilitate and present the workshop.This coaching method ens